延时间隔对爆破振动信号时频特征的影响

为探索延时间隔对临近边坡爆破振动峰值速度、主频和信号中的能量分布等影响,在贵州某石灰石露天矿爆破施工现场进行爆破振动测试。采用小波包分析方法对不同延时间隔(25、42、65 ms)的爆破振动信号进行分析研究。结果表明,在相同爆心距条件下采用65 ms延时的爆破振动峰值速度最小,爆破振动信号的能量主要集中在0～62.5 Hz的中低频带,但是不同频带中的能量占比略有差异。随着延时间隔由65 ms减小至25 ms,其0～15.6 Hz频带的能量从54.01%增加至93.33%,15.7～62.5 Hz频带的能量从45.61%减小至6.61%,即随着延时间隔的降低,其爆破振动信号能量往低频带集中,而该频带非常接近边坡的固有频率,对边坡稳定性不利。     

电子雷管和导爆管雷管起爆的振动信号时频特性对比

为了对比电子雷管和导爆管雷管两种起爆方式的爆破振动信号,开展了某露天采石矿两种雷管起爆的深孔爆破振动测试。基于小波分析方法和Matlab程序小波工具箱,对爆破振动信号按照频率划分为10个频带,分析各频带能量和峰值质点速度(peak partide velocity,PPV)的分布特征及随爆心距的变化。结果表明:采用电子雷管和导爆管雷管起爆时,90%的爆破振动能量分布在2~6频带（9.77~312.50 Hz）和2~7频带（9.77~625.00 Hz）,且PPV分布在3~4频带（19.53~78.13 Hz）和4~5频带（39.06~126.25 Hz）,即电子雷管起爆的爆破地震波能量和PPV均向低频带分布,且信号的PPV更小;中、高频带能量大小与段药量成正比,与爆心距成反比;各频带能量占比和PPV大小是反映爆破振动强度的重要指标,采用电子雷管能有效地减少爆破振动。     

延时间隔对爆破振动信号时频特征的影响

为探索延时间隔对临近边坡爆破振动峰值速度、主频和信号中的能量分布等影响,在贵州某石灰石露天矿爆破施工现场进行爆破振动测试。采用小波包分析方法对不同延时间隔(25、42、65 ms)的爆破振动信号进行分析研究。结果表明,在相同爆心距条件下采用65 ms延时的爆破振动峰值速度最小,爆破振动信号的能量主要集中在0～62.5 Hz的中低频带,但是不同频带中的能量占比略有差异。随着延时间隔由65 ms减小至25 ms,其0～15.6 Hz频带的能量从54.01%增加至93.33%,15.7～62.5 Hz频带的能量从45.61%减小至6.61%,即随着延时间隔的降低,其爆破振动信号能量往低频带集中,而该频带非常接近边坡的固有频率,对边坡稳定性不利。     

缓冲孔对爆破振动信号幅频特性影响研究

为探索缓冲孔对爆破振动信号的峰值质点振动速度、主振频率和各频带能量分布等的影响,依托贵州某露天矿临近边坡爆破振动试验,获得了现场主爆破和缓冲爆破的振动信号。分别采用小波包分析和数值模拟方法对采用主爆破和缓冲爆破的振动信号进行分析。结果表明,临近边坡缓冲爆破具有明显的减震效应。相同测点条件下,水平切向振动信号的减振率最大,减振效果最好。且随着测点距爆源的距离越近,其减振效果越好。爆破振动信号的能量主要集中于60 Hz以内且分布极不均匀,存在多个主振频带。设置缓冲孔进行临近边坡爆破时,其振动信号的能量更向高频的主振频带集中,有利于避开边坡的自振频率。     

小波包分析在爆破震动信号能量衰减规律中的应用

爆破震动信号所包含的的能量信息对于其特征识别具有重要意义。结合工程实例,采用爆破震动信号能量分析方法,编写相关程序,对现场采集到的爆破震动信号进行了小波包分解。根据分析要求,将信号分解到第9层,相应地将其信号划分为几个重要频带,根据每层所包含能量的不同,确定不同频带上的能量分布情况。然后根据结果利用matlab软件自带cftool工具箱,拟合得到三向能量随爆心距的衰减特性,回归得到总能量的衰减方程。从分析得出结论:不同频率段所含能量呈现显著差异,整体上为:总能量垂向切向径向,在爆破近区衰减极为迅速,随着爆心距增至120 m后,衰减趋于平缓。利用小波包方法能准确把握采场该地形下爆破震动波衰减规律,可以为同类工程爆破施工和安全生产提供参考。     

坝基开挖爆破振动频带小波能量分析

结合蒲石河蓄能电站下水库坝基开挖爆破振动监测数据,运用小波分析方法,对爆破振动信号进行小波多层分解,获得各频带PPV及爆破振动分量的小波频带能量,通过分析比较,得出此次爆破振动信号的能量在频域上分布较广泛,但绝大部分能量集中在0～200 Hz,在传播过程中能量迅速衰减;小波频带能量可以反映爆破振动信号强度、频率和作用时间;并指出爆破振动出现的多子频、多峰值揭示了只采用单个主振频带来代替整个频域,有欠准确,在未来的研究中应将多主频的影响因素考虑进去.     

预裂缝对爆破振动频谱分布特征的影响

预裂孔首先起爆形成贯通预裂缝对随后主爆孔爆破的振动频谱特征和能量分布产生重大影响。依托金沙江白鹤滩水电站左岸坝肩边坡开挖爆破试验,通过对预裂孔爆破和主爆破(主爆孔+缓冲孔)的振动信号进行小波包分析,获得预裂孔爆破和主爆破的功率谱和能量谱。通过对比发现:爆破振动的能量主要集中于40 Hz以内且分布极不均匀,存在多个主振频带。而在同一次爆破试验中,不同测点预裂孔爆破的主振频带比主爆破的主振频带分布更广,主爆破的主振频带集中于低频段,并且主爆破的能量和功率向低频的主振频带集中,反映出预裂孔爆破形成的预裂缝能很好地阻挡主爆破能量的传播,并存在高频滤波效应,频率较高、波长较短的振动应力波被预裂缝过滤,而频率较低、波长较长的应力波能更好地穿透预裂缝。试验结论对揭示预裂缝和对爆破振动传播及其频谱特征变化的影响具有参考价值。     

京张高铁草帽山隧道爆破振动效应分析

为研究隧道爆破振动效应的变化规律,依托草帽山隧道工程,对现场实测爆破振动数据进行处理分析。首先,依据现有的爆破振动预测方程,归纳得到适用于本隧道工程的爆破振动强度预测模型。然后,利用小波包分析对实测信号进行处理。结果表明:随着最大单响药量的增大及爆心距的增加,爆破低频带能量占有百分比呈升高的趋势;一般构筑物的自振频率位于较低频带,因此隧道爆破施工很大程度会引起周边建筑物产生共振现象。提出适用于本隧道工程的控制爆破措施,并通过爆破振动强度及小波包能量分布规律验证了其可行性。     

单段爆破振动信号频带能量分布特征的小波包分析

爆破振动分析是研究爆破振动危害控制的基础,也是控制爆破振动危害的前提。根据爆破振动信号具有短时非平稳的特点,利用小波包分析技术对满足分析要求的单段微差爆破振动信号的能量分布特征进行研究。首先,简略地介绍了小波变换与小波包分析的特点。其次,基于MATLAB对单段爆破振动信号进行小波包分析,得到了爆破振动信号在不同频带上的能量分布图。最后,总结了单段爆破振动信号频带能量的分布特征。结果表明,在单段爆破中,爆破震动信号成分主要以中高频(39Hz~156Hz)为主,低频成分(39Hz以下)所占比例极少。     

岩体结构面对爆破地震波传播规律影响分析

为探索岩体结构面对爆破振动速度峰值、主频和信号中的能量分布等的影响,在钻沟石灰石露天矿爆破生产现场进行爆破振动测试。分别采用小波包分析和ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟软件对结构面影响下的爆破振动信号和爆破振动传播规律进行分析研究。小波包分析结果表明,当地震波穿过结构面时,爆破振动频率介于0~15.6 Hz之间的能量占爆破地震波能量比例随之增加,增幅达63.1%,而振动频率介于15.7~31.3 Hz之间的能量比例随之降低,降幅达56.9%。数值模拟结果表明,爆破地震波在未穿过结构面之前和穿过结构面后,振速峰值没有明显的衰减;而穿过结构面时,振速峰值衰减明显,其平均减震率为40.66%。此外,地震波在坡体内受高程和结构面双重作用,导致其放大系数呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

老旧砌石拱坝的结构安全度研究

依据现行《砌石坝设计规范》(SL25—2006)的坝体拉压应力的控制准则去评估砌体胶凝材料已老化劣化的小型砌石拱坝的结构安全度,往往无法得出符合定性判断的结论,因此须研究新的分析和评估方法.基于非线性多拱梁法,采用ADAO(arch dam analysis and optimization,拱坝分析与优化)软件模拟分...     

汶川地震后对大坝抗震安全的思考

简要概述了震区大坝,尤其是坝高超过100 m的4座大坝的震情;总结了此次破坏性地震中有关大坝安全的经验教训;对在我国强震区兴建高坝的有关大坝抗震安全的几个关键问题做了分析和探讨,并提出了相应的建议.     

Dams and Floods

The possible mitigation of floods by dams and the risk to dams from floods are key problems. The People’s Republic of China is now leading world dam construction with great success and efficiency. This paper is devoted to relevant experiences from other countries, with a particular focus on lessons from accidents over the past two centuries and on new solutions. Accidents from floods are analyzed according to the dam’s height, storage, dam material, and spillway data. Most of the huge accidents that have been reported occurred for embankments storing over 10 hm³. New solutions appear promising for both dam safety and flood mitigation.     

浅谈降低深孔梯段爆破大块率的措施

面板堆石坝是当今世界发展的主要坝型之一。为节省投资,近年来利用枢纽建筑物的开挖弃料进行坝体石碴填筑,因此对控制爆破产出的石碴级配料、尤其是大块率提出严格要求。通过西大洋水库正常溢洪道深孔梯段爆破的大量工程实践,从施工工艺、爆破参数、工程地质等方面分析了爆破试验大块率偏高的原因,并提出了降低大块率的具体措施。实践证明,只要采取行之有效的技术措施,完全可以控制大块率。     

Discussion on construction and type selection of China high dams

At the beginning of 21st century, with the rapid and steady development of China economy, a lot of large scale hydropower projects with large dam from 200 m to 300 m high are being or to be built. China dam constructions are reaching the level of 300 m high arch dam, 250 high CFRD and 200 m high RCC gravity dam. Due to the safety and the economy, the type selection for high dams have becomes the key issue during the argumentation for the hydropower projects, and further efforts are still needed in this aspect for high dams. After reviewing the high dam constructions in China and abroad, authors proposed some advices for the selection of dam types, and hope that it can provide some helpful information for the researches and the design of high dams.     

Environmental risk index: A tool to assess the safety of dams for leachate

Dams for leachate store very toxic substances that contain a large amount of organic material and, probably, heavy metals; they therefore constitute an important threat to the environment. Existing models of environmental risk assessment for landfills do not take into consideration the specific risk that leachate dams may represent for the environment. In this paper a methodology to improve the environmental safety is presented according to the parameters used in their construction and management. In order to do that, the following characteristics of the dam must be known: (1) geotechnical stability, (2) erosion of downstream slope, (3) type of sealing of the dam, (4) overtopping probability, (5) volume of leachate stored inside the dam and (6) pollution load of leachate. Once these parameters have been calculated, they are transformed by means of rating curves into homogeneous units, so as to make it possible to operate between them. From the study and analysis of these parameters an environmental risk index for a dam for leachate can be calculated. If the environmental risk index exceeds an established value then it involves a dam for leachate with high environmental risk, therefore preventive measures in its design, construction and management would be necessary.     

Interval risk analysis for gravity dam instability

Fuzziness and randomness are two inseparable uncertainty attributes of most factors influencing stability of gravity dam. Moreover, there is a fuzzy transition from stability status into failure status. Risk analysis and fuzzy mathematics are conducted to evaluate the stability problems of gravity dams, where the process of stability failure is studied as a fuzzy event. Membership functions are used to describe the extent of stability failure risk for gravity dams. The fuzziness of both the design parameters and failure criterion are accordingly eliminated through a transformation by use of the concept of the Level Set. Corresponding analysis procedures are then provided to calculate the fuzzy risk and its probability of the stability failure for gravity dams. Based on a real dam section, a detailed example is further provided to illustrate the proposed risk analysis approach. The results show that it is feasible to apply the present method to analyze the fuzzy risk of stability failure for gravity dams. The modeling approach is sound and the findings do improve the current understanding of this important problem. The conventional risk is a determinate value but the proposed fuzzy risk is an interval value. The obtained conclusions can reflect more reasonably the actual dam engineering.     

不同高度重力坝动水压力分析及Westergaard修正公式研究

对5种不同高度的重力坝进行了地震作用下坝体-库水系统耦合计算,将所得结果与Westergaard公式解析解相比较发现,两种方法得到的动水压力结果沿坝高度上的分布有很大不同,流固耦合结果在坝面上有上部偏大,下部偏小的趋势;随着坝体高度的增加流固耦合模型的这种趋势越为明显,坝面上出现动水压力最大值的位置也逐渐升高。据此,对Westergaard公式做出修正,考虑到多方面因素对动水压力的影响,对原公式引入了坝体高度修正项、坝体弹性修正项、库底吸收修正项。修正的Westergaard公式解与流固耦合结果及以往文献的试验和计算结果吻合良好。     

Hydrodynamic pressure on a dam with a periodically corrugated reservoir bed

Summary The problem of determining the hydrodynamic pressure, caused by earthquake forces, on a dam with a vertical upstream face and a periodically corrugated reservoir bed is solved approximately by employing a Fourier cosine transform technique to the linearised equations of inviscid and incompressible flow. A particular case of the present problem giving rise to results valid for dams with flat reservoir beds is shown to produce known results as a check of the method used.With 1 Figure     

论混凝土坝的几个重要问题

目前我国在建混凝土坝的高度、数量、规模均居世界第一位,文章就混凝土坝技术的几个重要问题进行讨论：（1）结束“无坝不裂"历史的关键技术;（2）应用氧化镁混凝土筑坝的两种指导思想和两种实践结果;（3）混凝土强度等级应用于混凝土坝欠妥,坝工混凝土仍以采用混凝土标号为宜;（4）我国特高拱坝的抗压安全系数偏低,应适当提高。（5）拱坝有限元等效应力问题。