基于弧长参数的Akima刀位轨迹拟合算法研究

在数控加工中,通常用小线段表达刀位轨迹,往往会导致刀位点庞大且轨迹不平滑。基于Akima曲线具有光顺连接且端点连接处保证G1以上连续等特点,将刀位点拟合成Akima样条曲线,提出了基于弧长参数的保凸Akima拟合刀位轨迹算法。该算法分为刀位点搜索和拟合两个阶段：首先利用拟合刀位轨迹的误差测试（双弦误差测试和弦切误差测试）约束,获得该段的首末刀位点;然后在该段内根据首末刀位点计算切线矢量,用弧长信息对刀位点参数化,生成一段Akima样条。利用UG软件生成了内含75个刀位点的鞋底模型,通过MATLAB编程和仿真实验,设置不同测试阈值,对比了弧长参数化Akima曲线与节点参数化Akima曲线、NURBS曲线之间的拟合效果,验证了算法的有效性。     

CNC codes conversion from linear and circular paths to NURBS curves

A novel approach is proposed for converting NC files of G01/G02/G03 codes into NURBS curves. The NC points are first acquired from an NC file composed of lines and arcs. A segmentation algorithm based on the angles and lengths evaluated from adjacent points is then used to subdivide the entire group of points into segments. An error-bounded constrained curve fitting algorithm is implemented to fit each segment of points into a curve, maintaining the accuracy, smoothness and boundary continuity between the curves. The chord errors between the NC points and the fitted curves are controlled, which ensures the accurate recovery of NC paths. Also, a knot insertion algorithm is proposed to determine the appropriate number of control points automatically, allowing effective fitting of all segments. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

Development of automatic surface reconstruction technique in reverse engineering

The computer-aided design model reconstruction process is generally very complex, as it requires substantial efforts in planning and editing data points, curves, and surfaces. A novel method is developed in this study for automatic surface reconstruction from a huge number of triangular meshes. The proposed method is mainly composed of the following five steps: mesh simplification, quadrilateral mesh generation, curve net construction, connectivity data preparation, and multiple surfaces fitting with G¹ continuity across the boundaries. The first three steps build the boundary curves of the surfaces. The fourth step prepares the data needed for surface fitting, which includes segmented points, continuity conditions on the boundaries, and topological relationship of the data. In the final step, all regions of points are fitted into appropriate surfaces, with the accuracy and smoothness of the surfaces controlled and G¹ continuity between the surfaces. A detailed discussion for each of the above algorithms is provided. Successful examples are also presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

一种基于插值拟合的复杂刀具轨迹在线平滑压缩算法

提出了一种基于插值拟合的在线复杂刀具轨迹平滑压缩算法,该算法依据主导点的选取策略,对原始数据点进行离线预处理,然后进行主导点的在线插值拟合以及非主导点的误差检测,进而生成一条满足拟合精度要求的B样条曲线。主导点依据离散数据点的曲率阈值、曲率极大值、曲线拐点,以及分段Bezier曲线逼近拟合后的误差最大值点进行选取。在具有C2连续性的分段Bezier曲线逼近拟合前,需要利用长度均分策略,提取长度突变点作为新增的主导点,以保证拟合的准确性。对主导点进行B样条插值拟合后,利用轮廓误差跟随法对非主导点到拟合曲线的误差进行检测。该方法与牛顿迭代法相比,其计算速度更快且能提高算法效率。仿真结果表明,提出的算法可对复杂刀具轨迹进行平滑压缩,且误差检测的精度能够满足要求。     

基于MLS改进算法的曲线拟合技术研究

针对散乱点拟合曲线的算法问题,分析了移动最小二乘逼近法（MLS）的特点,提出了用MLS改进算法对散乱点进行曲线拟合,并结合实例进行了验证。结果表明,MLS改进算法在拟合曲线时,选取不同阶的基函数和不同的权函数,在保证精度和光滑度的基础上,解决了传统曲线拟合方法在拟合曲线时出现的运算不稳定现象,显示了MLS改进算法在曲线拟合中的优越性。     

基于截面复合曲线约束重构的反求工程参数化建模

提出了基于截面复合曲线约束重构的反求工程参数化建模方法,并对其中的截面数据获取、平面离散曲线分段及整体约束逼近等关键技术进行了系统研究。给出了截面数据获取的点云切片法;设计了拟合误差控制下直线段与圆弧段数据分离的区域生长法;建立了截面复合曲线整体约束逼近的最优化数学模型,并用Lagrange乘子法进行了优化模型求解。最后给出了一基于约束重构的截面复合曲线进行反求工程参数化建模的实例。     

Correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm for free-form surface machining

The existing interpolation algorithm cannot meet the need of high-speed and high-accuracy machining of a free-form surface. So this paper proposed a correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm. Depending on the distance and angle evaluated from the adjacent command points, the machining path of free form can be divided into two machining types. For those regions where the accurate figure is critical such as corners, the convention linear interpolation is performed exactly between the adjacent command points. For those regions having a large radius of curvature where the smooth figure is critical, firstly, the interior point selection method based on circle transition is derived to reduce the tolerance between the machining path and the original surface; secondly, the interior point correction method based on the least-square method is proposed to reduce the calculation error and round-off error in the interior point and estimate the first- and second-order derivative vectors of the interior point; thirdly, the shape-defining point is selected by the bend direction of the machining path and fitted to a quintic spline curve which has the C2 continuity; fourthly, the fitting accuracy controlling method is proposed to ensure the machining accuracy; lastly, the curve interpolation is performed on the fitted smooth curve. Machining tests carried out on a vertical machining center show that the proposed algorithm can improve the machining efficiency and machining quality of a free-form surface.     

基于轮廓约束点的B样条曲面拟合算法

提出了一种面向截面测量数据的B样条曲面拟合算法。首先对原始数据点列进行降噪处理,然后遴选出曲率优势点,并将其作为初始的轮廓约束点,得到插值于约束点的初始曲线。再在需改善拟合精度的区域增加约束点,直至获得满足精度要求的B样条曲线。最后以约束点数目最多的曲线为准,在其余的曲线上增加差额数目的约束点,并进行平均弦长参数化,构造出B样条曲线簇,最终获得B样条拟合曲面。仿真实验结果表明,该方法可显著压缩曲面模型的控制顶点数目,具有较高的曲面重构效率。     

投影变换方法在光学测量投影仪系统圆度表示中的应用

针对光学测量投影仪测量圆形工件时圆度指标的图形表示,提出了一种几何投影变换方法,将原非单调区间的离散点投影在某单调区间内,在此单调区间内运用插值算法进行曲线拟合后,再对数据进行反向投影,使得原非单调区间内离散点光滑地连接起来,使圆度的图形表示更加合理。几何投影变换方法克服了一些用于连接离散数据点的插值算法不能在非单调区间使用的局限性,拓展了上述算法的应用范围。     

测量自聚焦光纤透镜聚焦常数的曲线拟合算法

提出了基于曲线拟合的光纤透镜聚焦常数的测试方法,用于超小自聚焦光纤探头研制过程中聚焦常数的直接测试。基于自聚焦光纤透镜模型及其折射率分布特征,研究了测量自聚焦光纤透镜聚焦常数的二次多项式拟合和线性化拟合算法。论述了聚焦常数对超小自聚焦光纤探针传光性能的影响。利用光纤端面折射率测试仪测试自聚焦光纤的折射率分布轮廓曲线,根据二次多项式拟合和线性化拟合算法分别求得聚焦常数和中心折射率。实验结果显示,利用二次多项式拟合算法和线性拟合算法求出的聚焦常数分别为5.587mm-1和5.513mm-1,与厂家的标称值5.5mm-1基本吻合,表明曲线拟合算法适用于对自聚焦光纤透镜聚焦常数的测量与分析。     

离散数据点的B样条曲线精确拟合

给出了用Ｂ样条曲线拟合离散数据点的一种算法,首先利用所给的离散数据点,确 定出拟合Ｂ样条曲线的分段连接点,即尖点和局部曲率最大点,然后假设拟合点残余误 差为白高斯噪声,采用贝叶斯判定律确定每一段拟合曲线的最佳阶次与控制顶点数目, 顺利实现Ｂ样条曲线拟合。实验证明采用该算法可以获得更佳的Ｂ样条曲线拟合。     

双圆弧及直线拟合技术及其在数控切割中的应用

提出双圆弧拟合和直线拟合混合应用的算法,解决数控切割中的拟合问题。获取切割对象轮廓的离散点后,使用逐点尝试回溯法,在满足精度和不破坏轮廓形状的前提下用一直线或者圆弧或者圆尽可能拟合更多的点,并且尽量保证拟合后的轮廓光滑性。根据离散点的切向变化和离散点前后连线的斜率来识别轮廓的拐点并且保留该拐点,对拐点的切向进行拟合前和拟合后的处理保证轮廓形状不变。结果表明,该算法性能良好,拟合后的矢量化结果在数控切割应用效果非常好。     

Feature extraction from slice data for reverse engineering

A new approach to feature extraction for slice data points is presented. The reconstruction of objects is performed as follows. First, all contours in each slice are extracted by contour tracing algorithms. Then the data points on the contours are analyzed, and the curve segments of the contours are divided into three categories: straight lines, conic curves and B-spline curves. The curve fitting methods are applied for each curve segment to remove the unwanted points with pre-determined tolerance. Finally, the features, which consist of the object and connection relations among them, are founded by matching the corresponding contours in adjacent slices, and 3D models are reconstructed based on the features. The proposed approach has been implemented in OpenGL, and the feasibility of the proposed method has been verified by several cases.     

热电偶特性曲线样条函数拟合的优化

介绍了优化的三次样条插值原理及对热电偶特性曲线的插值拟合应用。通过对样条函数三次非线性的分析，求算出优化的插值节点间距，并利用非等距最小二乘样条插值来拟合特性曲线，通过插值节点的不断调整以优化插值，使拟合精度提高。利用拟合结果，只需各三次的乘法与加法的运算量，普通微处理器就可实现优化的三次样条插值。     

考虑过载效应的金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据拟合及疲劳裂纹扩展速度计算方法研究

提出一种拟合金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据,并计算疲劳裂纹扩展速度的通用方法。该方法采用递增的三次多项式函数拟合疲劳试验数据,并采用平均加权方式计算各局部函数拟合的结果,提高了试验数据的拟合精度和疲劳裂纹扩展速度的准确性。通过在疲劳裂纹长度和扩展速度拟合结果的加权计算过程中引入delta函数,该通用方法能够有效地拟合常幅和存在过载载荷的疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据,并计算各试验点的裂纹扩展速度,同时保证了三次多项式拟合过程的连续性。通过多组常幅和存在过载载荷的疲劳试验数据拟合和现有方法及扩展有限元预测结果的对比分析,验证了该通用方法的有效性。     

RECONSTRUCTION OF SYMMETRIC B-SPLINE CURVES AND SURFACES

A method to reconstruct symmetric B-spline curves and surfaces is presented.The symme- try property is realized by using symmetric knot vector and symmetric control points.Firstly,data points are divided into two parts based on the symmetry axis or symmetry plane extracted from data points.Then the divided data points are pararaeterized and a symmetric knot vector is selected in order to get symmetric B-spline basis functions.Constraint equations regarding the control points are deduced to keep the control points of the B-spline curve or surface to be symmetric with respect to the extracted symmetry axis or symmetry plane.Lastly,the constrained least squares fitting problem is solved with the Lagrange multiplier method.Two examples from industry are given to show that the proposed method is efficient,robust and able to meet the general engineering requirements.     

海水淡化用高压泵轴向力数值模拟计算与试验对比

为提高反渗透海水淡化高压泵轴向力计算的准确性,应用CFD技术对模型泵内部的流动进行数值模拟,得到不同流量下前后泵腔的静压分布.并对模型泵样机进行试验研究,实测出不同流量下前后泵腔在不同半径处的静压值.应用多项式拟合分别绘制出两种方法下的压力分布曲线,对盖板进行面积分,计算轴向力大小.与通过试验数据计算出的结果相比,数值模拟计算出来的轴向力相对误差在9%以内,而经验公式计算的轴向力相对误差为14%,采用数值模拟方法计算轴向力具有更高的精度,对多级离心泵轴向力平衡的研究具有指导意义.     

异形螺杆数控加工技术

为了提高复杂螺杆的加工精度,从生产实际出发对包络法加工复杂螺杆的关键技术进行研究。为了提高截面曲线的计算精度,采用基于极坐标的样条曲线拟合算法对原始数据点进行密化,使密化点尽量均匀并光滑过渡;为了提高插补点的计算精度,采用二分法对盘铣刀刀触点进行计算。最后,采用专用机床对生成的加工程序进行加工验证,获得了良好效果,可以满足实际生产需求。     

The Pre-Processing of Data Points for Curve Fitting in Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering has become an important tool for CAD model construction from the data points, measured by a coordinate measuring machine (CMM), of an existing part. A major problem in reverse engineering is that the measured points having an irregular format and unequal distribution are difficult to fit into a B-spline curve or surface. The paper presents a method for pre-processing data points for curve fitting in reverse engineering. The proposed method has been developed to process the measured data points before fitting into a B-spline form. The format of the new data points regenerated by the proposed method is suitable for the requirements for fitting into a smooth B-spline curve with a good shape. The entire procedure of this method involves filtering, curvature analysis, segmentation, regressing, and regenerating steps. The method is implemented and used for a practical application in reverse engineering. The result of the reconstruction proves the viability of the proposed method for integration with current commercial CAD systems.     

反求NURBS曲线及其插补算法的研究与应用

在模具设计和制造中,通过三坐标测量仪测量出复杂产品外形曲面上的型值点,通过NURBS反算构建NURBS模型。现代计算机数控系统中已经普遍使用NURBS插补,但大多数NURBS插补算法都致力于取得恒定的进给速度而不是轮廓精度。因此,提出限定弓高误差自适应进给速度的NURBS曲线插补算法,实现产品的精确造型与精密加工。