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1.
David Beisecker 《Minds and Machines》2006,16(1):43-55
No philosopher has worked harder than Dan Dennett to set the possibility of machine mentality on firm philosophical footing. Dennett’s defense of this possibility has both a positive and a negative thrust. On the positive side, he has developed an account of mental activity that is tailor-made for the attribution of intentional states to purely mechanical contrivances, while on the negative side, he pillories as mystery mongering and skyhook grasping any attempts to erect barriers to the conception of machine mentality by excavating gulfs to keep us “bona fide” thinkers apart from the rest of creation. While I think he’s “won” the rhetorical tilts with his philosophical adversaries, I worry that Dennett’s negative side sometimes gets the better of him, and that this obscures advances that can be made on the positive side of his program. In this paper, I show that Dennett is much too dismissive of original intentionality in particular, and that this notion can be put to good theoretical use after all. Though deployed to distinguish different grades of mentality, it can (and should) be incorporated into a philosophical account of the mind that is recognizably Dennettian in spirit. 相似文献
2.
Sandro Caparrini and David Speiser critique the 1996 paper of John Clagett on “Transformational Geometry and the Central European
Baroque Church” in order to shed light on how to study the Nexus of Architecture and Mathematics. 相似文献
3.
Some results on the Collatz problem 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The paper refers to the Collatz's conjecture. In the first part, we present some equivalent forms of this conjecture and a slight generalization of a former result from
[1]. Then, we present the notion of “chain subtrees” in Collatz's tree followed by a characterization theorem and some subclass
of numbers which are labels for some chain subtrees. Next, we define the notion of “fixed points” and using this, we give
another conjecture similar to Collatz's conjecture. Some new infinite sets of numbers for which the Collatz's conjecture holds
are given. Finally, we present some interesting results related to the number of “even” and “odd” branches in the Collatz's
tree.
Received: 15 September 1999 / 2 June 2000 相似文献
4.
The Method of Levels of Abstraction 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Luciano Floridi 《Minds and Machines》2008,18(3):303-329
The use of “levels of abstraction” in philosophical analysis (levelism) has recently come under attack. In this paper, I argue that a refined version of epistemological levelism should be retained as a fundamental method, called the method of levels of abstraction. After a brief introduction, in section “Some Definitions and Preliminary Examples” the nature and applicability of the epistemological
method of levels of abstraction is clarified. In section “A Classic Application of the Method of Abstraction”, the philosophical
fruitfulness of the new method is shown by using Kant’s classic discussion of the “antinomies of pure reason” as an example.
In section “The Philosophy of the Method of Abstraction”, the method is further specified and supported by distinguishing
it from three other forms of “levelism”: (i) levels of organisation; (ii) levels of explanation and (iii) conceptual schemes.
In that context, the problems of relativism and antirealism are also briefly addressed. The conclusion discusses some of the
work that lies ahead, two potential limitations of the method and some results that have already been obtained by applying
the method to some long-standing philosophical problems.
相似文献
Luciano FloridiEmail: |
5.
Thomas Kühne 《Software and Systems Modeling》2006,5(4):369-385
With the recent trend to model driven engineering a common understanding of basic notions such as “model” and “metamodel” becomes a pivotal issue. Even though these notions have been in widespread use for quite a while, there is still little consensus about when exactly it is appropriate to use them. The aim of this article is to start establishing a consensus about generally acceptable terminology. Its main contributions are the distinction between two fundamentally different kinds of model roles, i.e. “token model” versus “type model” (The terms “type” and “token” have been introduced by C.S. Peirce, 1839–1914.), a formal notion of “metaness”, and the consideration of “generalization” as yet another basic relationship between models. In particular, the recognition of the fundamental difference between the above mentioned two kinds of model roles is crucial in order to enable communication among the model driven engineering community that is free of both unnoticed
misunderstandings and unnecessary disagreement. 相似文献
6.
Euclidism and Theory of Architecture 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Michele Sbacchi 《Nexus Network Journal》2001,3(2):25-38
Michele Sbacchi examines the impact of the discipline of Euclidean geometry upon architecture and, more specifically, upon
theory of architecture. Special attention is given to the work of Guarino Guarini, the seventeenth century Italian architect
and mathematician who, more than any other architect, was involved in Euclidean geometry. Furthermore, the analysis shows
how, within the realm of architecture, a complementary opposition can be traced between what is called “Pythagorean numerology”
and “Euclidean geometry”. These two disciplines epitomized two overlapping ways of conceiving architectural design. 相似文献
7.
The traditional style of working with computers generally revolves around the computer being used as a tool, with individual
users directly initiating operations and waiting for the results of them. A more recent paradigm of human-computer interaction,
based on the indirect management of computing resources, is agent-based interaction. The idea of delegation plays a key part
in this approach to computer-based work, which allows individuals to relinquish the routine, mechanistic parts of their everyday
tasks, having them performed automatically instead. Adaptive interfaces combine elements of both these approaches, where the
goal is to have the interface adapt to its users rather than the reverse. This paper addresses some of the issues arising
from a practical software development process which aimed to support individuals using this style of interaction. This paper
documents the development of a set of classes which implement an architecture for adaptive interfaces. These classes are intended
to be used as part of larger user interface systems which are to exhibit adaptive behaviour. One approach to the implementation
of an adaptive interface is to use a set of software “agents”– simple processes which effectively run “in the background”–
to decompose the task of implementing the interface. These agents form part of a larger adaptive interface architecture, which
in turn forms a component of the adaptive system. 相似文献
8.
T. Hugh Crawford 《AI & Society》2010,25(4):379-385
Deleuze and Guattari develop a notion of “minor literature” in their short book on Kafka, and the opposition major/minor has
been used with varying degrees of success by critics working in a range of disciplines including architectural theory. Teasing
out the potentially subversive implications of the major/minor opposition requires reading it in relation to other binarisms
developed by Deleuze and Guattari in those same years, e.g., state/nomadic science, striated/smooth space, optic/haptic, as
well as Guattari’s useful concept “machinic heterogenesis.” Then, one ends up with a minor architecture concerned with partially
subversive practices rather than with structure per se. A building’s minor status is figured through its deployment in and
production of a space that is a technological, social and political pattern as well as a line of flight. This paper reads
minor architecture by examining the minor house built by Henry David Thoreau at Walden Pond and those currently being assembled
by the Mad Housers in Atlanta, Georgia. 相似文献
9.
Gonçalo Jorge Morais Costa Nuno Sotero Alves Silva 《Information Systems Frontiers》2010,12(4):399-413
Historically education has been supported by technology; however, during the past three decades electronic technologies for
educational purposes have been used to achieve better learning outcomes. There are two propositions regarding the use of computers
for educational purposes; that is, people can learn “from” technologies or people can learn “with” technologies. The, e-learning
literature reveals that technological and instructional perceptions are diffuse. Furthermore, only recently have the ethical
and cultural issues been considered. The philosophical discussion within this paper considers these issues and explores the
idea of knowledge or content in e-learning, teasing out the differences between these two concepts. In order to contextualize
the debate, the literature is reviewed, and a philosophical debate using an inquiry example is presented. 相似文献
10.
Lorenzo Magnani 《Minds and Machines》2009,19(4):477-493
What I call semiotic brains are brains that make up a series of signs and that are engaged in making or manifesting or reacting to a series of signs:
through this semiotic activity they are at the same time engaged in “being minds” and so in thinking intelligently. An important
effect of this semiotic activity of brains is a continuous process of disembodiment of mind that exhibits a new cognitive
perspective on the mechanisms underling the semiotic emergence of meaning processes. Indeed at the roots of sophisticated
thinking abilities there is a process of disembodiment of mind that presents a new cognitive perspective on the role of external
models, representations, and various semiotic materials. Taking advantage of Turing’s comparison between “unorganized” brains
and “logical” and “practical” machines” this paper illustrates the centrality to cognition of the disembodiment of mind from
the point of view of the interplay between internal and external representations, both mimetic and creative. The last part
of the paper describes the concept of mimetic mind I have introduced to shed new cognitive and philosophical light on the role of computational modeling and on the decline
of the so-called Cartesian computationalism. 相似文献
11.
A framework for “improvisational” social acts and communication is introduced by referring to the idea of “relationalism”
such as natural farming, permaculture and deep ecology. Based on this conception, the notion of Existential Graph by C. S.
Peirce is introduced. The notion of extended self in deep ecology is substantiated based on the Roy Adaptation Model in Nursing
Theory and Narrative approaches. By focusing on Leibnizian notions of space and time and by introducing Petri net, a spatio-temporal
model of improvisation is constructed. This model is expected to substantiate the interesting notion of “Ba” proposed by H.
Shimizu reflecting Japanese culture. 相似文献
12.
When people speak about “communication barriers”, what they usually think about are such things as the limitations set by
human nature itself, or the constraints that are inherent in the tools we use for communicating. As an example of the first,
consider the limited range of the naked human voice; for the second, we may think of the limitations imposed by such primitive
communicative devices as the bonfire, the heliograph, or an old-fashioned megaphone.
Our contribution draws attention to the fact that, despite enormous advances on the technological side of human communication
(such as demonstrated by the existence and use of computers as communication devices), there still are some barriers to be
removed as far as the human side is concerned. We call these barriers the “stumble-blocks of the mind”. Their existence is
demonstrated by the study of two case stories, which show that understanding the communicative implications of computerizing
information is more important than increased emphasis on ever fancier and more expensive hardware products.
The next question has to do with the reasons for these “stumbling blocks” to occur. Current communicative and linguistic theoretical
findings are used in an effort to explain and solve the communicative dilemmas that are encountered in the organization of
our communication, among others in the area of human-computer interface. In particular, the notion of “privacy” in speech
acting is suggested as an overlooked aspect, and the notion of “information transfer” is replaced by that of “creating mental
activity”.
Finally, some conclusions are drawn, and a number of practical applications are offered.
This paper is a revised version of the authors' presentations at the International Symposium and Workshop on Human Interface
(organized by Project FRIEND'21) in Tokyo and Hakone, Japan, Sept. 5–8, 1989. Thanks to Isabel Ferreira for easing the communication
flow
The final editing was performed by the first author; however, both authors assume full responsibility for the entire content
of their joint contribution. 相似文献
13.
A software architecture centric engineering approach for Internetware 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
As a new software paradigm evolved by the Internet, Internetware brings many challenges for the traditional software development methods and techniques. Though architecture-based component composition (ABC) approach is originated in the traditional software paradigm, it supports the engineering of Internetware effectively due to its philosophy, rationales and mechanisms. ABC has three major contributions to the en- gineering of Internetware in detail. First, the feature oriented domain modeling method can structure the “disordered”“software entities” to “ordered Internetware” bottom-up in the problem space. Second, the architecture centric design and analysis method can support the development of self-adaptive Internetware. Third, the component operating platform is a reflective and self-adaptive middleware that not only provides Internetware with a pow- erful and flexible runtime infrastructure but also enables the self-adaptation of the structure and individual entities of Internetware. 相似文献
14.
Raz Tamir Yehuda Singer 《The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases》2006,15(1):40-52
This article presents a new interestingness measure for association rules called confidence gain (CG). Focus is given to extraction
of human associations rather than associations between market products. There are two main differences between the two (human
and market associations). The first difference is the strong asymmetry of human associations (e.g., the association “shampoo”
→ “hair” is much stronger than “hair” → “shampoo”), where in market products asymmetry is less intuitive and less evident.
The second is the background knowledge humans employ when presented with a stimulus (input phrase).
CG calculates the local confidence of a given term compared to its average confidence throughout a given database. CG is found
to outperform several association measures since it captures both the asymmetric notion of an association (as in the confidence
measure) while adding the comparison to an expected confidence (as in the lift measure). The use of average confidence introduces
the “background knowledge” notion into the CG measure.
Various experiments have shown that CG and local confidence gain (a low-complexity version of CG) successfully generate association
rules when compared to human free associations. The experiments include a large-scale “free sssociation Turing test” where
human free associations were compared to associations generated by the CG and other association measures. Rules discovered
by CG were found to be significantly better than those discovered by other measures.
CG can be used for many purposes, such as personalization, sense disambiguation, query expansion, and improving classification
performance of small item sets within large databases.
Although CG was found to be useful for Internet data retrieval, results can be easily used over any type of database.
Edited by J. Srivastava 相似文献
15.
Marie-José Montpetit Natalie Klym Thomas Mirlacher 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2011,53(3):519-532
As more and more content migrates to the Internet, “personal” video choices are becoming the norm not the exception. The impact
of Internet content and IP-based video distribution is still difficult to evaluate. However, there is obviously no turning
back as this content pervades the home and the community. Driven in large part by the near-ubiquitous IP-based communication
services, the TV experience has been extended over the years to embrace many of the same ancillary services provided by web
applications. This new TV promises to deliver a world of content and services to “any device, anywhere, anytime.” This article
addresses the architecture, the value chain and the technical and business challenges of implementing this new connected mobile
and social TV experience. To put the architecture into a context, this article also presents a use case of the distributed
community Digital Video Recorder (DVR) as an implementation of this vision. 相似文献
16.
This paper proposed a new concept of management: Managing According to Reason (MR). Since “manage” means to lead, plan, organize
and control, and “reason” means to understand the law of the development of objects being managed, this new concept is an
integration of the two elements of “managing” and “reason”. MR studies the contradictory relationship between “managing” and
“reason”, and considers how such a relationship changes and develops. MR is an integration of the disciplines of management,
philosophy, natural science, engineering technology, and social science. We believe the MR is a comprehensive scientific discipline
that will greatly benefit humanity. Since “management” cannot work without power, while “reason” relies on science, MR is
an integration of power and science. Power is MR’s assurance, and science is MR’s basis. We believe that MR will play a major
role in twenty-first century. 相似文献
17.
Ramakrishnan Ramanathan 《Electronic Commerce Research》2010,10(2):191-208
We explore in this paper how performance of e-commerce websites in terms of various criteria influences customers’ intention
to shop again in the same website. Our approach is based on an interesting use of statistical regression in the hotel literature
that attempted to classify different cues in hotels as critical, satisfier, dissatisfier, etc. We use online ratings for 484
e-commerce websites for this study. Our study shows that “satisfaction with claims” is the single most important criterion
valued as critical by online customers. “Comparative prices” and “Refunds/returns” are desirable criteria. “Management accessibility”,
“Payment process” and “Privacy experience” are satisfiers while “on-time delivery” is a dissatisfier. 相似文献
18.
Tsutomu Oohashi Tadao Maekawa Osamu Ueno Norie Kawai Emi Nishina Katsunori Shimohara 《Artificial Life and Robotics》2001,5(2):77-87
To examine the effect and significance of the phenomenon of death, we have developed an artificial life simulator, SIVA-III
(simulator for individuals of virtual automata III), based on a “programmed self-decomposition model”. The architecture of
this simulator consists of a “finite heterogeneous habitation environment” and “artificial life with programmed individual
death and concurrent self-decomposition”. We conducted experiments under various settings to comparare and contrast mortal
life and immortal life. The results clearly demonstrated the validity of a self-decomposing, programmed individual death,
and the limitations inherent in immortal life, suggesting a striking superiority of mortal life over immortal life.
This work was presented in part at the Fifth International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January
26–28, 2000 相似文献
19.
Patrick Moratori Sanja Petrovic José Antonio Vázquez-Rodríguez 《Applied Intelligence》2010,32(2):205-215
This paper investigates the problem of inserting new rush orders into a current schedule of a real world job shop floor. Effective
rescheduling methods must achieve reasonable levels of performance, measured according to a certain cost function, while preserving
the stability of the shop floor, i.e. introducing as few changes as possible to the current schedule. This paper proposes
new and effective match-up strategies which modify only a part of the schedule in order to accommodate the arriving jobs.
The proposed strategies are compared with other rescheduling methods such as “right shift” and “insertion in the end”, which
are optimal with respect to stability but poor with respect to performance, and with “total rescheduling” which is optimal
with respect to performance but poor with respect to stability. Our results and statistical analysis reveal that the match-up
strategies are comparable to the “right shift” and “insertion in the end” with respect to stability and as good as “total
rescheduling” with respect to performance. 相似文献
20.
A. F. Newell P. Gregor M. Morgan G. Pullin C. Macaulay 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2011,10(3):235-243
Although “User-Centred”, “Participatory”, and other similar design approaches have proved to be very valuable for mainstream
design, their principles are more difficult to apply successfully when the user group contains, or is composed of, older and/or
disabled users. In the field of design for older and disabled people, the “Universal Design”, “Inclusive Design” and “Design
for All” movements have encouraged designers to extend their design briefs to include older and disabled people. The downside
of these approaches is that they can tend to encourage designers to follow a traditional design path to produce a prototype
design, and only then investigate how to modify their interfaces and systems to cope with older and/or disabled users. This
can lead to an inefficient design process and sometimes an inappropriate design, which may be “accessible” to people with
disabilities, but in practice unusable. This paper reviews the concept that the authors have called “User-Sensitive Inclusive
Design”, which suggests a different approach to designing for marginalised groups of people. Rather than suggesting that designers
rely on standards and guidelines, it is suggested that designers need to develop a real empathy with their user groups. A
number of ways to achieve this are recommended, including the use of ethnography and techniques derived from professional
theatre both for requirements gathering and for improving designers’ empathy for marginalised groups of users, such as older
and disabled people. 相似文献