Large-sized Holographic Interferometry in Real Image

The recording of large holograms has been performed on photographic plates up to 1·5m². Applied to holographic interferometry, this achievement permits the analysis of holographic real images of large models and the recording of the topography of interference fringes.     

Multiwavelength electronic speckle pattern interferometry for surface shape measurement

Profilometry by electronic speckle pattern interferometry with multimode diode lasers is both theoretically and experimentally studied. The multiwavelength character of the laser emission provides speckled images covered with interference fringes corresponding to the surface relief in single-exposure processes. For fringe pattern evaluation, variations of the phase-stepping technique are investigated for phase mapping as a function of the number of laser modes. Expressions for two, three, and four modes in four and eight stepping are presented, and the performances of those techniques are compared in the experiments through the surface shaping of a flat bar. The surface analysis of a peach points out the possibility of applying the technique in the quality control of food production and agricultural research.     

Optical fringe multiplication in moiré interferometry

An optical method for multiplication of moiré fringes is proposed to increase the sensitivity of moireé interferometry. The process involves two recording steps. In the first step, a traditional moiré interferometry setup is used. The moiré pattern containing carrier fringes and load fringes is recorded onto a glass-based holographic plate. The carrier frequency is much lower than that of the original specimen grating. The plate is then developed. In the second step, the holographic plate, regarded as a distorted specimen grating, is further examined by a similar moiré interferometry system. The frequency of the second virtual grating is arranged to be 2n times that of the carrier fringes contained in the recorded plate. As a result, the load fringes are revealed with a multiplication factor of 2n. The interpretation of the optical multiplication method from wave-front interference theory is given and an experiment is conducted.     

Determination of model airplane attitudes using dynamic holographic interferometry

We demonstrate how real-time holographic interferometry yielding two-dimensional fringes can be recorded and used to determine changes in three-dimensional attitude of a model airplane through digital image processing. A simple bench-top experiment with a model airplane as a test object is conducted to demonstrate interference fringes superposed on the image due to changes in attitudes (pitch, yaw, and roll) as well as distortion. A novel second-generation thermoplastic camera suitable for dynamic multiple reversible registration of thin-phase holograms using thermoplastic and semiconductor film on glass substrate is used for in situ recording and readout during real-time holographic interferometry. Thin-phase holograms also offer the advantage of exact image reconstruction from forward-phase conjugation.     

Anwendung der holografischen Interferometrie in der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung

Usage of Holographic Interferometry for Non-Destructive Materials Testing . Holographic interferometry has meanwhile developed into a usable method for non-destructive materials testing, which permits even large-area components to be tested by using high-power lasers. Recording the fringe structures makes a subsequent detailed resolution evaluation possible. Appraisal of the video recordings makes the origin and change of the secondary interference fringes clearly recognizable and interpretable and thus substantiates very informatively the introduction of holographic interferometry for non-destructive materials testing.     

Generation of carrier fringes in holography and shearography

Double-exposure holography and double-exposure shearography are often used together with the carrier fringe technique, which requires additional shifting of the light source in a prescribed manner between exposures. In the holographic carrier fringe technique, difficulty in prescribing a suitable movement of the light source may be alleviated through visualization of the moiré fringes that are reconstructed by slight displacement of two overlaid families of ellipsoids in a holodiagram. Because shearography is the first differential of holography, it is often impractical to perform two successive optical differentiations on the ellipsoids to visualize the shearographic carrier fringes. A simple method of discerning holographic and shearographic carrier fringes is described. The method is based on the hyperboloids in a holodiagram that represent Young's (interference) fringes produced by the interference of two point sources. The hyperboloids are analogous to holographic carrier fringes, whereas the moiré patterns reconstructed from two overlaid hyperboloids are analogous to shearographic carrier fringes. Use of this method for explaining the formation of deformation fringes in plate bending, as well as the effect of light-source movement on the deformation fringes, is also illustrated.     

Holographic imaging and interferometry with non-Bragg diffraction orders on volume and surface-relief gratings in lithium niobate and photo-thermoplastic materials

The recording of holographic volume and surface-relief gratings in a photorefractive crystal using a photo-thermoplastic (PTP) holographic camera with an image-bearing signal beam leads to the appearance of two Bragg and two or more non-Bragg diffracted beams that show the transformed images in each beam (rotation and angular amplification of images). Using this real-time mode of interferometry, the hologram is retrieved with a deformed object beam, resulting in the appearance of fringes with a proper phase shift in each of four diffracted beams. This one-shot (one-exposure) phase-shifting interferometry results in clarification of the object wave-front information (for example, from surface deformation) and solution of the sign ambiguity problem. This procedure demonstrates that high-resolution holographic imaging of the PTP holographic camera static deformations in the order of ～0.1?mm can be revealed on the diffusion reflection surface. In addition, it was demonstrated that using the PTP materials could achieve holographic recording and imaging through phase aberration, with the image appearing in the non-Bragg diffraction order.     

Combination of free-space and guided-wave optical interconnects for angularly multiplexed multiwavelength holographic memory

We propose and test experimentally a new scheme to implement spatially multiplexed multiwavelength holographic memory. An electro-optically modulated phase grating array on LiNbO(3) substrate is used as a guided-wave interconnect to activate the reconfigurable reference beam. The object beam is provided by free-space interconnect. An electro-optic modulation efficiency of 18 +/- 2.5% is achieved with an applied voltage of 100 V. The reference beams with different diffraction angles can implement the angle-multiplexing holographic recording. We believe this is the first report of the implementation of guided-wave electro-optic interconnect together with free-space interconnect in holographic memory applications.     

Simultaneous determination of the refractive index and wedge angle of an optical wedge plate using a photorefractive holographic interferometer

Abstract

A simple and effective method for simultaneously determining the refractive index and the wedge angle of an optical wedge plate is described. The method is based on a real-time holographic interferometer which uses a photorefractive crystal as the recording and reconstruction medium. The wedge sample under test is inserted into a rectangular cell that is placed in the object light beam of the holographic interferometer. The interference patterns produced before and after a reference liquid is poured into the cell are received by a CCD camera and stored in a computer, respectively. The refractive index and the wedge angle of the wedge sample are determined by measuring the number of fringes falling inside a fixed aperture. The principle of the method is analysed and some experimental results with adequate accuracy are given.     

Diffusivity studies of transparent liquid solutions by use of digital holographic interferometry

Real-time digital holography is used to study the diffusion process in transparent liquid solutions. Holograms of an object diffusively reflecting through an experimental cell containing diffusing solutions are recorded at different time instances. The recording medium is a CCD chip. The holographic interference of the object at two time instances is carried out numerically in a PC and is used to determine the diffusion coefficient. Holographic interferometric fringes can be displayed on a PC monitor in near real time. The software developed for this method determines the diffusion coefficients automatically. The calculated diffusion coefficients obtained with this method matched well with literature values.     

Development of a phase-displacement equation for panoramic interferometry

We developed the parametric equations that are needed to quantify the modulations in the sensitivity vector that occur when the phase-displacement equation is applied to make panoramic interferometric measurements. The measurement system relies on two collinear panoramic annular lenses, one to illuminate and the other to image their surroundings. When a coherent light source is used and a reference beam is added, interference occurs over the region of interest defined by the illuminating and viewing lenses. A holographic system is used to demonstrate the approach and quantify the analysis. We obtained interference fringes in real time by comparing holograms recorded before and after a section of cylindrical pipe is displaced relative to the measurement system. The annular images and the holographic fringes are acquired and stored digitally in a computer system, and image transformation algorithms are applied to remove optical distortions in the holographic patterns. Excellent agreement is obtained when the fringe loci are compared with those predicted on the basis of theory.     

Design relationships of photoelectric systems for the recording and automatic counting of interference fringes

Conclusions We have developed and tested out a method for computing the luminance function of an interference pattern by evaluating the width and direction of interference fringes at any point of the interference pattern by means of formulas (3), (4), and (6). This method can be used in developing photoelectric systems for recording and automatically counting interference fringes.     

动态傅里叶变换轮廓术实现路面形变快速检测

公路表面的三维结构对于判断公路路面破损状况具有重要的意义。基于光栅投影的傅里叶变换轮廓术将物体的高度信息编码在投影到待测物面上的正弦条纹的形变信息中,可以实现对物体的垂直测量。探讨了傅里叶变换轮廓术在高速公路路面面形测量-动态实时系统中的应用,提出了利用自适应标准模版匹配,基于特征图像识别的方法,分选破损的公路路面,从而实现对高速公路路面形变的快速实时检测。     

High-sensitivity measurements for formation of holographic interferograms of wedge-shaped plates

It is shown how to increase the sensitivity of wedge angle measurements by means of the formation of holographic interferograms. The sensitivity can be improved by increasing the number of interference fringes in the interference patterns formed during the optical processing of a pair of holograms of a wedgeshaped plate. The proposed method has been experimentally verified.     

Automating the analysis of results of a holographic experiment

This article examines an algorithm for the computer analysis of holographic interference fringes of cylindrical shells in a three-hologram, double-exposure experiment conducted to study displacements. The method, based on graphical input of the coordinates of reference points on lines of equal order and approximation of order surfaces on the basis of regression analysis, makes it possible to formalize selection of the type of nonlinear mathematical model and speed up subsequent calculations. The statistical characteristics of the model and the regression process improve with an increase in the number of points. An analysis is made of the accuracy of the analysis of holographic interference fringes by the proposed method using the example of results of tests of a cylindrical shell with a nonplanar end in uniaxial compression. Satisfactory agreement is seen between data obtained by the proposed method and the traditional method.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 78–85, May, 1994.     

Beam-splitting cube for fringe-projection, holographic, and shearographic interferometry

We describe a simple method in which the techniques of fringe-projection, holographic, and shearographic interferometry may be readily realized with a commercial beam-splitting cube, a laser source, and a beam expander. With the use of a computer algorithm, moiré fringes may be derived digitally from the fringes that are projected onto a reference surface and onto an object surface. Successful use of the beam-splitting cube for these optical methods is attributed to the refraction of the two split beams that exit from the two adjacent faces of the cube. By careful orientation of the cube, the two refracted light beams will converge and interfere, resulting in the formation of Young's interference fringes for the fringe-projection method. When the hypotenuse of the beam-splitting cube is placed nearly normal to an illuminated object, both the image and the mirror image of the object will be formed behind the cube where a camera is placed. This optical setup thus forms the basis for double-exposure holography when these two images are fully overlapped and for shearography when the images are slightly laterally displaced.     

Computer-originated planar holographic optical elements

We present novel, to our knowledge, methods for the analytical design and recording of planar holographic optical elements in thick materials. The recording of each planar holographic element is done by interference of two aspherical waves that are derived from appropriately designed computer-generated holograms such that the element has the desired grating function for minimizing aberrations and closely fulfills the Bragg condition over its entire area. The design and recording methods are described, along with calculated results of representative elements.     

一种改进的基于条纹对比度的三维测量方法

基于条纹对比度的三维测量方法由于具有垂直测量的特点,可用于测量表面有突变的复杂物体的三维信息.本文在现有方法的基础上,提出了一种改进的基于条纹对比度的三维测量方法.该方法利用投影仪将一组相移的正弦条纹依次投射在被测物体上,并使被测物体位于投影仪成像面的前方,CCD相机通过一个半透半反镜从投影方向获取物体表面的条纹图像,...     

Localization of Interference Fringes in Holographic Interferometry

For the case of holographic interferometry when one measures changes in position and shape of diffusely reflecting surfaces new, quite general relations determining the localization of interference fringes are derived. The important properties of fringe localization are also discussed and a useful practical solution is drawn.     

基于彩色双通道投影的快速调制度测量轮廓术

针对传统调制度轮廓术测量速度较慢的问题,本文提出了彩色双通道投影的调制度轮廓术.该方法将两个正弦光栅通过不同的通道同时成像在被测物体上,两光栅像面不重合(相互离焦),采用彩色CCD采集条纹图,利用彩色CCD的色通道性质,分离出两个单一通道的条纹图,得到其调制度分布.由于调制度比值和物体高度存在一一对应关系,由此可重建物体三维面形.文中给出了实验的设计方案、信息获取的方法、实验结果及误差分析,讨论了影响测量精度的几种原因.实验结果表明,该方法测量深孔等面形复杂物体,测量速度快,算法简单,且可以达到较高测量精度.