茂名市浅层地下水pH值偏低的原因分析

原生地质环境、工业废气 (酸雨 )、酸性工业废水及工业废渣共同造成了茂名市浅层地下水pH值偏低。     

河南省永城市浅层地下水水质污染分区

永城市浅层地下水水量丰富 ,水质良好 ,是一处理想的供水水源。本文运用模糊数学方法对该区浅层地下水水质进行了评价 ,确定了该区的环境背景值 ,并把该区分为 3个区。     

天津滨海新区浅层地下水侵蚀性分区研究

由于滨海新区地下水对基础侵蚀性较严重,故开展了此课题研究。该项目主要是利用已有地下潜水水质分析试验资料,对滨海新区基础侵蚀性分布规律进行研究。     

淮南市区浅层地下水资源的计算方法

本给出淮南市区浅层地下水的参数、补给和排泄资源的计算方法，且为制定用水方案，进行了多年均衡的计算，结果表明：浅层地下水平均每年还有６５５０万ｍ＾３资源供利用；在干旱年份里动用的储存资源，丰水年可以得到回补；浅层地下水合理位埋深应为３．５ｍ。     

浅层地下水的腐蚀机理综述

引起浅层地下水病蚀的主要因素是高浓度的腐蚀性离子、溶解的气体及微生物。系统总结了水中各主要盐类,阴、阳离子、腐蚀性气体、生物细菌等,对金属及混凝土桩的腐蚀机理。为合理有效地采取保护措施提供参考。     

河南省浅层地下水水化学特征研究

为了全面反映河南省地下水环境问题及其严重程度,使已有的环境地质调查成果更好地服务于国民经济建设。本文在充分收集前人环境、水文、地质资料的基础上,以重点城市居住区为研究对象,在地下水问题严重区加密取样、核查,并基于含盐量,划分了氟化物、碘化物、锰、铁以及不同水化学类型的分布范围和分布面积;同时将不同年度含盐量进行类比,找出了各地区地下水环境演化过程和污染原因,总结了原生劣质地下水的成因及存在地区;并对河南省开采运用地下水提出有效、切实可行的合理化建议。     

黄河滩地浅层地下水开发利用研究

黄河滩地和河床下蕴藏着较丰富的浅层淡水资源 ,这个淡水资源来源于黄河渗透水 ,经过试验研究 ,初步探明了黄河滩地及河床浅层地下淡水资源的分布规律 ,揭示了这一淡水资源主要接受黄河渗透激发补给 ,评价分析了地下水资源量 ,提出了合理开发利用的取水方式和建议。     

山东省日照市地下水环境背景值的初步研究

本文初步研究了山东省日照市地下水环境背景值的确定，形成制约因素，以及与地方病的关系，并提出开发保护意见。     

浅层地下水源热泵系统若干问题的研究

对浅层地下水源热泵系统中易忽视的空调循环水泵并联、空调井外网保温、空调井、水源热泵+地板辐射采暖系统等相关问题进行了探讨,并对可能解决的方案进行了讨论,对浅层地下水源热泵系统的设计与施工有一定指导意义。     

谈沟谷浅层地下水的特性和地下水路堑勘察

结合铁路路堑实例浅述了山区沟谷浅层地下水在补给、径流和排泄等方面的特殊性，并阐述了针对浅层地下水特殊性而应采取的地质勘察方法，列举了由于对浅层水的特殊性认识不足给工程造成损失的实例。     

Studies of hexavalent chromium attenuation in redox variable soils obtained from a sandy to sub-wetland groundwater environment

Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize and quantify the capacity and kinetics of the combined effects of natural attenuation processes, such as adsorption, reduction, and precipitation, for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in a variable geochemical (i.e. fraction of organic carbon [foc], redox) environment of glaciated soils. Equilibrium attenuation terms: linear sorption (K(d)), estimated capacity, and non-linear Langmuir (K(L), Q) sorption parameters; varied over several orders of magnitude. The pseudo-first-order rate of disappearance of Cr(VI) from aqueous:soil slurries ranged from approximately 10(-5) to approximately 10(-1)/min. An operationally defined kinetic attenuation term, attenuation capacity (AC), describing the quantity of Cr(VI) disappearing from the slurries, ranged from 1.1 to approximately 12 microg Cr(VI)/g soil/7 days. The linear K(d)'s and estimated attenuation capacities were indirectly and directly related to increasing soil pH and foc, respectively. The AC values decreased and increased as a function of increasing soil pH and foc, respectively. The parameters determined in this work were used to evaluate the kinetics, capacity, and stability of chromium attenuation in the sub-wetland saturated soils in Hellerich (2004. A field, laboratory, and modeling study of natural attenuation processes affecting the fate and transport of hexavalent chromium in a redox variable groundwater environment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut-Storrs) using a statistical simulation framework.     

Erratum to “Effects of intensive urbanization on the intrusion of shallow groundwater into deep groundwater: Examples from Bangkok and Jakarta”

Asian megacities have severe pollution problems in both coastal and urban areas. In addition, the groundwater potential has decreased and land subsidence has occurred because of intensive groundwater pumping in urban areas. To prevent the adverse effects of urbanization on groundwater quality, it is necessary to confirm the changes in groundwater flow and contaminant transport caused by urbanization. We examined the effects of urbanization on contaminant transport in groundwater. The research areas were located around Bangkok, Thailand, and akarta, Indonesia, cities with populations of approximately 8 and 12 million, respectively. Each metropolitan city is located on a river delta and is adjacent to a bay. We measured the water level and collected water samples at boreholes at multiple depths (100 to 200 m) in 2004 and 2006 in Bangkok and Jakarta, respectively. The current hydraulic potential is below sea level in both cities because of prior excess abstraction of groundwater. As a result, the direction of groundwater flow is now downward in the coastal area. The Cl⁻ concentration and δ¹⁸O distributions in groundwater suggest that the decline in hydraulic potential has caused the intrusion of seawater and shallow groundwater into deep groundwater. Concentrations of Mn and NO3⁻-N in groundwater suggest the intrusion of these contaminants from shallow to deep aquifers with downward groundwater flow and implies an accumulation of contaminants in deep aquifers. Therefore, it is important to recognize the possibility of future contaminant transport with the discharge of deep groundwater into the sea after the recovery of groundwater potential in the coastal areas.     

Effects of human activities and urbanization on groundwater environments: an example from the aquifer system of Tokyo and the surrounding area

The Kanto plain that is the largest depositional plain in Japan has the largest urbanized area called Tokyo Metropolitan Area. This plain has experienced extensive groundwater withdrawals for water resources and human induced disasters such as land subsidence in the process of urbanization. Japanese national government and local governments have monitored groundwater levels and settlement of ground surface for about half a century. These data are useful not only for the prevention of these disasters but for the evaluation of the change of groundwater flow beneath the urbanized area. However, few hydrological and hydrogeological studies about the change of groundwater flow in this plain have been conducted until now except for several studies which were limited in areal extent. In this paper, changes of the distribution of hydraulic heads in the central part of this plain are discussed using the long-term groundwater level observation data to evaluate the change of groundwater flow. The temporal changes in the distribution of hydraulic heads in a major confined aquifer (the second aquifer) and the areal extent of the urbanized area for approximately 50 years can be summarized as follows. In the latter half of the 1950s, urban area was limited in the southern region of the study area and hydraulic head gradually declined from the northwest to the southeast in the study area. After the 1960s, urban area extended toward the north and groundwater in the northern part was largely abstracted until the 1980s. As a result, hydraulic heads in this area markedly declined. On the other hand, hydraulic heads in the southern part began to rise because of the restriction of groundwater withdrawals. In recent years, low hydraulic head area has been formed from the northern region to the central region. These results suggest that the groundwater flow which was affected by urbanization (groundwater withdrawals) has continued to change over several decades, even after the regulation of withdrawals, and hence, the continued monitoring of the groundwater environment is important for the sustainable use of groundwater resources.     

洞庭湖区农村既有住宅节能改造措施

根据洞庭湖区气候条件,结合湖区农村建筑能耗现状与农民经济水平,研究了适合湖区当前农村住宅施工技术与经济条件的门窗及屋顶的节能改造措施。     

Removal of chlorophenols from groundwater by chitosan sorption

The equilibrium and kinetics of chlorophenol (CP) sorption by chitosan, poly D-glucosamine, were studied under simulated groundwater conditions. Lower temperature, from 25 degrees C to 15 degrees C and then 5 degrees C, markedly decreased the adsorption rates by a factor of 30-53% and 7-22%. Comparison between two types of chitosan, flakes and highly swollen beads, demonstrated that the maximum pentachlorophenol (PCP) uptake capacities in Langmuir and Freundlich models depend on the specific surface area of the particle. Low temperature (5 degrees C) significantly increased the PCP uptake capacity in comparison to higher temperatures (15 degrees C and 25 degrees C). PCP uptake capacity was halved at pH levels higher than 6.5, and NaCl concentrations greater than 1% blocked PCP sorption almost completely. Of five kinds of chlorophenols, i.e. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 3,4-dichlorophenol (3,4-DCP), 2,3-dichlorophenol (2,3-DCP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), 3-monochlorophenol (3-MCP), TCP had the maximum sorption efficiency on flake-type chitosan, followed by DCPs, and finally MCP (the three kinds of DCP, with the same elemental compositions, achieved similar sorption performances).     

Groundwater contamination from well points -- an experience from the Norwegian groundwater monitoring network

Until 2005 the observation wells of the Norwegian Groundwater Monitoring Network in Quaternary aquifers were equipped with metal well points with brass lining. A laboratory leaching test using a new well point demonstrated that the well point material (galvanized iron pipe), the brass lining and the solder used to fix the lining could cause substantial contamination of the collected well water with a long list of chemical elements (Sn, Zn, Pb, Sb, Cd, Fe, Cu, Mn and Al), depending on well capacity, contact time water/well point and pH. Because groundwater chemistry is receiving increased attention in groundwater monitoring all wells were equipped with high density polyethylene (HDPE) points during the years 2004-2005. The HDPE points did not return any values above detection in a similar leaching test, with some minor values of Zn being the only exception.     

The impact of industrial-scale cartridge filtration on the native microbial communities from groundwater

Groundwater is a major source for bottled water, which is increasingly consumed all over the world. Some categories of bottled water can be subjected to treatments such as disinfection prior to bottling. In the current study, we present the quantitative impact of industrial-scale micro-filtration (0.22 microm pore size) on native microbial communities of groundwater and evaluate subsequent microbial growth after bottling. Two separate groundwater aquifers were tested. Flow-cytometric total cell concentration (TCC) and total adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) analysis were used to quantify microbial abundance. The TCC of the native microbial community in both aquifers was in the range of 10(3)-10(4) cells/ml. Up to 10% of the native microbial community was able to pass through the cartridge filtration units installed at both aquifers. In addition, all samples (either with or without 0.22 microm filtration) showed significant growth after bottling and storage, reaching average final concentrations of 1-3 x 10(5) cells/ml. However, less growth was observed in carbon-free glassware than in standard polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Furthermore, our results showed that filtration and bottling can alter the microbial community patterns as observed with flow cytometry. The current study established that industrial-scale micro-filtration cannot serve as an absolute barrier for the native microbial community and provided significant insight to the impact of filtration and bottling on microbial concentrations in bottled water.     

岳阳洞庭湖大桥主索鞍受力分析

以岳阳洞庭湖大桥为背景,介绍了该桥主索鞍的设计概况。根据设计细则对该桥进行了抗滑计算,并运用空间计算程序对主索鞍进行了受力分析,并研究了拉杆施加与否对索鞍受力的影响,对类似悬索桥索鞍的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Maximum likelihood mixture estimation to determine metal background values in estuarine and coastal sediments within the European Water Framework Directive

Some of the recently derived European Directives, such as the Water Framework and Marine Strategy, have, as ultimate aims, to achieve concentrations of hazardous substances in the marine environment near background values. Hence, the determination of natural background levels, in marine sediments, is highly relevant. The present study proposes the use of the maximum likelihood mixture estimation (MLME) to determine regional background levels and upper threshold of metal concentration, with the Basque Country as a case study (with a data set of 575 samples, from estuarine and littoral areas, including both intertidal and subtidal sediments). The heuristic procedure is applied with unimodal data distributions (Cd, Cr, Fe and Ni) and the mixture density estimations, based upon maximum likelihood, are carried out with polypopulational data distributions (As, Cu, Mn, Hg, Pb and Zn). The upper limits of the distribution are proposed, as the limits between 'High Status' and 'Good Status' (according to the Water Framework Directive terminology). The regional upper limits were 0.45 microg g(-1) for Cd, 71 microg g(-1) for Cr, 53,542 microg g(-1) for Fe, 57 microg g(-1) for Ni, 24 microg g(-1) for As, 64 microg g(-1) for Cu, 447 microg g(-1) for Mn, 0.27 microg g(-1) for Hg, 66 microg g(-1) for Pb, and 248 microg g(-1) for Zn. The results from this study can assist further in the determination of sediment reference conditions, to assess chemical status, within the above-mentioned directives; likewise, it will be studied as a useful methodology in determining regional metal backgrounds in other European countries.     

地下水流动对埋地换热器影响的模拟研究

通过求解含水层中地下水流动的二维能量方程,分析了地下水流动对U型埋地换热器与周围土壤换热的影响,并与非含水层情况进行了比较。模拟结果表明,地下水流动显著影响埋地换热器周围的土壤温度场。与粘土层相比,埋地换热器在含水层内土壤温度变化较小,到达稳态时间较短。埋地换热器周围热作用半径,沿上游方向较小且很快达到稳态,而沿下游方向上的热作用半径基本与运行时间成正比关系。地下水流速越大,埋地换热器周围介质的平均温度越低,这有利于夏季排热工况。