土壤动物在农业生态系统中的研究进展

近些年来随着对生态学的深入研究,人们认识到土壤动物的群落结构、功能以及在生态过程中积极的不可替代的作用,土壤动物逐渐成为生态学研究的热点之一。本文分析评价了国内关于土壤动物的研究进展。同时对国外土壤动物在土壤环境评价、凋落物分解、土壤健康的指示作用、与污染环境的关系、二氧化碳浓度对其的影响、在农业生态系统中的作用、在城市生态系统研究中的作用、在废弃物处理及土壤改良中的应用、在N循环中的作用、湿地土壤动物研究等10个方面的研究动态进行了综述。并提出了对土壤动物研究工作的几点建议。     

洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对洛川苹果园地土壤样品的采集、监测,依据无公害果同产地土壤环境质量标准和绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准,重点分析评价了对土壤环境及人体危害较大的Cd、As、Cr、Ph等重金属元素的污染现状.评价结果表明:以无公害果园产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染程度有As＞Cr＞Cd＞Ph的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.51,土壤Cd、As、Cr、Pb单项污染指数平均值均小于0.7,土壤环境中的重金属元素含量现状水平符合无公害苹果生产的要求;以绿色食品产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染程度有As＞Pb＞Cr＞Cd的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.64,土壤Cd、Cr、Pb单项污染指数平均值均小于0.7,土壤As单项污染指数平均值大于0.7,但小于1.土壤环境中的重金属含量现状水平符合绿色食品苹果生产的要求.但土壤As单项污染指数平均值为0.74,已超过绿色食品产地土壤污染警戒线.洛川苹果园地土壤重金属As污染程度较高,主要是由于人为长期不合理使用含As农药、化肥所致.因而,洛川苹果生产中应将土壤环境中的As作为严控的土壤污染物.     

基于遥感和GIS技术的青海湖环湖地区生态环境脆弱性评价

以青海湖环湖地区为研究区,从生态环境脆弱性的影响因子和脆弱性形成的结果表现入手,通过遥感与GIS技术提取出8项生态因子包括植被指数、土壤亮度和土壤湿度指数、高程和坡度以及气温降水和土地利用作为评价指标,利用层次分析法（AHP）计算各评价指标的权重,然后计算研究区综合脆弱度,并根据统计结果将脆弱度的大小划分为微度脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱和重度脆弱4个不同等级。结果表明：研究区轻度脆弱和中度脆弱所占面积比例较大,分别占到研究区陆地面积的35.2%和40.7%,说明该区总体环境质量较好。     

郑州市郊区土壤重金属污染评价分析

为揭示城市化过程对土壤环境质量的影响,本研究以郑州市郊区为例,对其表层土壤重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As含量进行了测定分析,按照单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,根据土壤环境背景值标准进行了评价,并应用克里格插值方法对研究区内表层土壤污染的空间变异特征进行了分析.结果表明,研究区表层土壤中各种重金属均有超过背景值现象;其中Cr含量远远高于背景值,重度污染,为主要污染因子,Ph为轻污染,其它重金属处于警戒线等级;污染综合指数均超过1,处于轻污染以上等级;各重金属单因子污染指数和综合污染指数在郑州市郊区的分布特点各不相同.     

基于GIS的黄河三角洲土壤肥力质量自动化评价

土壤盐碱加重、质量退化是黄河三角洲土地开发利用中面临的重要问题,定量客观评价土壤质量对该区土地资源合理利用与保护有重要意义。本文运用相关分析法筛选土壤质量评价指标,确定其权重,通过G IS叠加分析划分评价单元,以隶属度模型和指数和法计算土壤质量综合指标值,进而评价土壤质量。结果显示:黄河三角洲土壤总体质量较差,适宜种植业的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等地仅占土地总面积的18.62%,质量最差的Ⅷ等地(光板地)占19.56%,质量中等Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ等地占总面积56.78%;评价结果与实际作物产量高度相关。在此基础上,研究提出了该区农业生产和土地资源合理配置的措施建议。     

基于DEMATEL-图论法分析民航飞行员核心胜任力的影响因素

本文在现有研究的基础上结合实际飞行运行情况,构建了民航飞行员核心胜任力的影响因素体系,分析了民航飞行员核心胜任力影响因素之间的关系和层次,并使用决策实验与评价实验室方法（DEMATEL）量化分析,探讨了各项行为指标的重要程度、中心程度等。研究结果显示,该方法可以有效区分各因素的层次,优化飞行评估中的评价体系和凸显各项行为指标的评价侧重点,为核心胜任力体系的建设提供重要的理论参考。     

抚仙湖流域土地退化动态遥感监测研究

通过对抚仙湖流域1974年MSS,1990年TM,2000、2006、2009、2012年ETM+、2014年OLI数据的土地利用/覆被(LUCC)、复合植被指数、水土流失、土地沙化和土壤含水率各指标的获取,构建流域土地退化评价模型,开展抚仙湖流域土地退化评价研究,并采用层次分析法(AHP)构造包含上述5种指标的判断矩阵,利用层次分析软件对判断矩阵的计算分别获得上述退化指标的权重,通过GIS空间分析方法完成对抚仙湖流域土地退化的动态监测与评价并由此提出退化防治综合措施。结果表明:抚仙湖流域土地退化从1974~1990年总退化面积趋势急剧上升,到2000和2006年土地退化面积又有小幅下降,2009和2012年期大幅下降,土地退化总面积到2012年为200.27km~2达到历史最低,2012~2014年总退化面积又有小幅增加,但增幅不大。     

深圳市主要公园及道路绿地土壤重金属含量状况比较研究

对深圳城市主要公园和道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量状况进行取样调查分析。研究结果表明,绿地土壤重金属含量与土地利用类型有关,表现为道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量高于公园绿地土壤,而Cd平均含量则相反。采用不同土壤重金属污染评价方法对深圳城市绿地土壤进行的环境质量评价均表明深圳城市绿地土壤Cd污染现象显著。在考察的四种重金属元素中,Zn含量与土壤有机质、pH有关,其中pH对Zn含量的影响相对较大;土壤Cu与Pb、Zn呈直线相关,表现出相互依存的关系。     

宝鸡燃煤电厂周围土壤环境Hg污染及其评价

通过对宝鸡燃煤电厂周围土壤环境的调查、采样,研究了土壤汞的污染状况。结果表明,电厂周围土壤中Hg的含量为0.137~2.105mg kg-1,平均值为0.606mg kg-1,高于陕西、全国和世界土壤中Hg的平均含量。单因子污染指数、地质累积指数和潜在生态危害系数评价结果表明,电厂周围土壤出现不同程度汞的污染。     

基于层次熵权和AHP方法的灾害应急演练综合评价

针对应急救援的特殊性(主观性与客观性、确定性与不确定性的混合),为实现应急演练过程与结果的有效评价,建立了一种主客观混合的层次评价体系。首先,分析"负面事件"信息熵和复杂网络各项测度等应急演练评价指标的合理性,指出应急演练评价的特殊性。用传统单一评价方法已经无法满足需求。其次,在分析经典熵权法不足的基础上,构造并分析了层次熵权法并给出核心的算法步骤;分析了层次熵权法和AHP方法的优缺点和各自的特点,并构造了基于层次熵权法和AHP方法的混合评价体系模型、给出了融合算法中修正值的计算方法。最后,运用本文提出的方法对化工厂应急演练中各项指标进行分析建模,通过一个应用案例证明了该混合评价方法的可行性与有效性。本文为应急演练过程与结果的有效评价提供新的方法。     

兰州市削山造地区域生态变化遥感评价方法

针对现有方法无法准确提取削山造地范围以及定量评价削山造地区域生态变化问题,由此提出了基于三维地形变化的削山造地范围提取方法;同时,基于1991、2001、2009和2016年遥感影像,以绿度、湿度、热度和干度指标构建遥感生态指数（Remote Sensing Ecological Index,RSEI）,对比分析4个时期生态质量时空变化。结果表明：RSEI不仅能够定量反映生态环境质量,而且可以空间化可视化。1991—2016年,兰州市周边削山造地工程面积不断增加,RSEI值由1991年的0.297上升至2016年的0.406,兰州市生态环境质量整体呈上升趋势,但是具有明显的空间差异。生态变差区域集中在兰州主城区北部山区、兰州新区东南部的削山造地工程范围,削山造地工程致使建筑用地和裸土地激增,植被覆盖度降低,表明削山造地工程对区域生态环境质量有一定影响,因此应该控制削山造地工程规模,加强保护生态脆弱区域环境。     

基于Landsat-5 TM数据的河南省白沙灌区地表温度反演研究

地表温度是土壤水分和植被水分状态的指示计,在干旱遥感监测中有重要作用。应用Landsat-5 TM遥感数据和气象资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)区分地表覆盖类型,采用Van de Griend的经验公式法结合典型地表赋值法计算出地表比辐射率。用单窗算法和单通道算法分别对河南省白沙灌区地表温度进行反演,结果表明:两种方法均能较好地将白沙灌区地表温度分布趋势反映出来,单窗算法的反演精度较高,绝对误差为1.1 ℃,更适宜白沙灌区的地表温度反演,进而可以提高灌区旱情遥感监测精度。     

Optimizing parcel exchange among landowners: A soft alternative to land consolidation

For decades, public policy has favored the use of land consolidation to reduce the fragmentation of land ownership. Private actors, on the other hand, have focused on the purchase, rental and exchange of land plots. Plot exchange can be very useful in the restructuring of holdings, particularly when a large number of owners participate; however, the number of possible exchange combinations grows very quickly with the number of participating landowners and parcels. Finding an acceptable exchange solution can easily become challenging. In this paper we evaluate the practical use of a support system for land exchange processes. The system is based on the use of genetic algorithms, a particular kind of heuristics that loosely replicate the rules of evolution and natural selection. We assess the influence of the geometric distribution of parcels in the quality of the solution, as well as usefulness and performance of the system, via parallelization techniques. The proposed algorithm (GA-PE, Genetic Algorithm for Parcel Exchange) is tested with regards to several parameters, from several alternatives for certain steps of the algorithm to the resource distribution for the parallelizations implemented. We tested the algorithm in 6 different real and representative test cases, and provide results with different metrics. With the positive results obtained, we argue that land exchange is a process worth considering for private actors, and that genetic algorithms can be used to propose fair exchanges, even in complex scenarios, shortening in a meaningful way the time usually required to perform administrative procedures associated to land fragmentation problems.     

基于遥感与GIS的县域土地利用/覆被变化研究-以青海省湟中县为例

研究湟中县土地利用/覆被变化,对于准确把握湟中县土地利用动态、提出针对性的建设意见、改善当地生态环境质量具有重要现实意义。基于1987、1999和2007年3期遥感影像,通过土地利用转移矩阵、动态度、利用程度等方法,研究了湟中县1987~2007年近20 a土地利用变化特征及其空间分异规律。结果表明:① 近20a湟中县林地数量总体增加,耕地面积减少;②1987~2007年间湟中县耕地面积出现明显波动;③ 1987年以来,各土地利用类型年均变化幅度差异较大;④ 研究时段湟中县土地利用综合指数平均值为252.35,低于我国东部地区,高于西部偏远地区。     

一带一路沿海超大城市热岛时空特征遥感分析

城市热岛不仅影响城市局地及区域气候,而且对城市空气质量、能源消耗、居民健康等有显著的负面作用。利用长时序遥感数据,系统地分析各超大城市热岛的时空特征,能够为城市热岛效应减缓政策的制定提供参考,对带路城市可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2001~2017年MODIS地表温度产品和Landsat土地利用分类数据,以城市热岛强度（Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity, SUHII）作为指标,从季节和年际的角度分析一带一路沿海超大城市2001~2017年热岛效应时空格局的变化。研究结果表明：①2001~2017年期间各超大城市的核心区存在扩张趋势,高强度热岛主要分布在人口活动密集的城市核心区;②年均城市热岛强度最大的城市是卡拉奇,多年SUHII平均值为3.02 ℃,热岛强度显著上升的是金奈（0.07 ℃/a,P<0.1）;③各城市热岛强度存在季节性差异,其中夏季城市热岛强度最大的城市是伊斯坦布尔,SUHII平均值为2.88 ℃,冬季城市热岛强度最大的城市是卡拉奇,SUHII平均值为4.45 ℃。     

县(市)级土地利用现状数据库关键技术实现

结合自身建立土地利用现状数据库系统的实践，探讨了GIS基础上建立县(市)级土地利用现状数据库系统的技术流程、质量控制及数据转换等问题，提出了具体可行的技术方法。     

Using neural networks and GIS to forecast land use changes: a Land Transformation Model

The Land Transformation Model (LTM), which couples geographic information systems (GIS) with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to forecast land use changes, is presented here. A variety of social, political, and environmental factors contribute to the model's predictor variables of land use change. This paper presents a version of the LTM parameterized for Michigan's Grand Traverse Bay Watershed and explores how factors such as roads, highways, residential streets, rivers, Great Lakes coastlines, recreational facilities, inland lakes, agricultural density, and quality of views can influence urbanization patterns in this coastal watershed. ANNs are used to learn the patterns of development in the region and test the predictive capacity of the model, while GIS is used to develop the spatial, predictor drivers and perform spatial analysis on the results. The predictive ability of the model improved at larger scales when assessed using a moving scalable window metric. Finally, the individual contribution of each predictor variable was examined and shown to vary across spatial scales. At the smallest scales, quality views were the strongest predictor variable. We interpreted the multi-scale influences of land use change, illustrating the relative influences of site (e.g. quality of views, residential streets) and situation (e.g. highways and county roads) variables at different scales.     

Accuracy assessment using sub-pixel fractional error matrices of global land cover products derived from satellite data

Information on land cover distribution at regional and global scales has become fundamental for studying global changes affecting ecological and climatic systems. The remote sensing community has responded to this increased interest by improving data quality and methodologies for extracting land cover information. However, in addition to the advantages provided by satellite products, certain limitations exist that need to be objectively quantified and clearly communicated to users so that they can make informed decisions on whether and how land cover products should be used. Accuracy assessment is the procedure used to quantify product quality. Some aspects of accuracy assessment for evaluating four global land cover maps over Canada are discussed in this paper. Attempts are made to quantify limiting factors resulting from the coarse spatial resolution of data used for generating land cover information at regional and global levels. Sub-pixel fractional error matrices are introduced as a more appropriate way for assessing the accuracy of mixed pixels. For classification with coarse spatial resolution data, limitations of the classification method produce a maximum achievable accuracy defined as the average percent fraction of dominant land cover of all pixels in the mapped area. Relationships among spatial resolution, landscape heterogeneity and thematic resolution were studied and reported. Other factors that can affect accuracy, such as misregistration and legend conversion, are also discussed.     

Monitoring by Remote Sensing of Habitat Quality Changes in Xianyang City

With the accelerating process of society，economy and urbanization，land use and landscape changes have gradually become important to make effects on regional habitat quality.It is necessary to further investigate those two effects，the result of which can provide a scientific basis for regional habitat conservation and reasonable utilization of land，then will be of great importance in habitat protection and development of the region.In this paper，the study area was located in Xianyang city，Shaanxi Province，which had the frequent human activities and obvious land use changes.Based on the classification of land use data which interpreted by remote sensing，supported by ArcGIS software，the land use transfer matrix of Xianyang from 2000 to 2010 was analyzed.Landscape metrics were calculated by the Fragstats software，which represented for the landscape pattern changes and spatial characteristics.The InVEST model was selected to evaluate habitat quality in study area.The habitat quality changes was monitored.The results indicate that the integrated land use dynamics of Xianyang city is 2.34%，and the changes of land use rate is slow.The main transition from cultivated land and grassland to forest and construction land，which cause the area of first two land use types reduced，and the latter two types increased.The degree of fragmentation and the complexity of structure in landscape are higher than before.Habitat quality improved slightly，and its overall spatial pattern is that central and north areas are relatively higher than the south.Area percentage of excellent，good and poor grades increase，while the habitat quality of medium grade significantly decline.Among 14 districts and counties of habitat quality in Xianyang city，Xunyi County is the best，and the improved magnitude of Liquan county is the most significant.The main driving force of habitat quality change is the transform of land use pattern.Therefore，the relevant departments of Xianyang city should continue to implement the ecological protection measures，and increase the intensity about the protection and management of environment.Thereby to promote the coordinated sustainable development of land use and habitats.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of China's cropland during 1990-2000: An analysis based on Landsat TM data

There are large discrepancies among estimates of the cropland area in China due to the lack of reliable data. In this study, we used Landsat TM/ETM data at a spatial resolution of 30 m to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of cropland across China for the time period of 1990-2000. Our estimate has indicated that total cropland area in China in 2000 was 141.1 million hectares (ha), including 35.6 million ha paddy land and 105.5 million ha dry farming land. The distribution of cropland is uneven across the regions of China. The North-East region of China shows more cropland area per capita than the South-East and North regions of China. During 1990-2000, cropland increased by 2.79 million ha, including 0.25 million ha of paddy land and 2.53 million ha of dry farming land. The North-East and North-West regions of China gained cropland area, while the North and South-East regions showed a loss of cropland area. Urbanization accounted for more than half of the transformation from cropland to other land uses, and the increase in cropland was primarily due to reclamation of grassland and deforestation. Most of the lost cropland had good quality with high productivity, but most gained cropland was poor quality land with less suitability for crop production. The globalization as well as changing environment in China is affecting land-use change. Coordinating the conflict between environmental conservation and land demands for food will continue to be a primary challenge for China in the future.