土壤对石油烃吸附及其释放规律的研究

试验采用恒温振荡法和土柱淋洗法研究了土壤对石油烃的吸附及其释放规律。试验结果表明:在石油烃溶液浓度较低条件下,供试土样对石油烃的等温吸附线均呈y=ax+b直线关系,石油烃吸附量随土壤有机质含量和物理性粘粒含量的增加而增加。在去除土壤有机质的条件下,土壤对石油烃最高吸附量由1082.32mg·kg-1下降到165.63mg·kg-1。土壤中石油烃的释放是极其缓慢的,石油烃的释放率分别为0.86%、0.73%和1.30%。     

山东主要土类有机质及其与供磷特性的关系

山东省3大土类中棕壤的有机质含量最高,平均为10.69g kg-1,其次为褐土和潮土;高产农田的有机质含量平均为10.9g kg-1,高于中低产田。相关分析结果表明,土壤的主要养分含量中有机质含量与土壤有效磷含量的密切正相关,进一步分析表明,土壤的有机质含量与土壤全磷、有机磷、有效磷、磷酸化酶活性和土壤微生物转化难溶性磷的强度均呈正相关,而与磷吸附最大缓冲容量MBC、固磷百分率、解吸能Qm呈负相关;逐步回归结果表明有机质对棕壤中的中度活性有机磷MLOP、潮土中的Ca2-P、褐土中的A l-P、高产农田中的A l-P,中低产田的Fe-P均显著的正相关;而且这种相关性均是高产农田大于中低产田。有机质不仅直接丰富了高产农田的磷库,而且通过提高磷酸化酶的活性,降低土壤磷的吸附、固定,促进解吸,增加了土壤磷的有效性。     

安徽凤阳几种土壤对锌的吸附

研究了凤阳县几种土壤吸附锌的性能,讨论了这几种土壤对锌的吸附性能与它们的理化性质的关系。结果表明:供试土壤吸附锌的能力比较接近,土壤吸附锌的量随平衡液浓度的增加而增加,吸附符合Freund lich吸附、Langmu ir吸附和Temk in吸附关系;在土壤质地比较接近的情况下,土壤对锌的最大吸附量与土壤的酸碱度、有机质含量、质地等因素有关。     

阿特拉津在土表的光解行为动力学研究

研究了阿特拉津在土壤表面的光解行为的动力学,并研究了各种因素对光解的影响。实验表明,土壤粒度、湿度、pH值、有机质、腐殖酸和表面活性剂都影响阿特拉津在土壤中的降解。在太阳光辐射下,阿特拉津在土壤表面降解速率常数为0. 08~0. 17d-1,光解深度为0. 3mm以内,半衰期为4~8d。     

双草醚在稻田土壤中的降解及其影响因子的研究

采用了实验室模拟方法研究了双草醚在不同土壤中的降解动态。结果表明,在未灭菌的土壤中,双草醚三种浓度(2.0、10.0、50.0mg kg-1)处理的半衰期为7.6~10.3d,远远小于在灭菌土壤中3种添加浓度处理的半衰期(43.3~61.9 d);双草醚在偏酸土壤中降解较快,随着土壤含水量的增加和环境温度的增高,双草醚降解速度加快。4种试验因子中土壤微生物是影响双草醚降解的主要因素,有利于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素,如偏酸的土壤、较高的温度和土壤湿度等,也能促进土壤中双草醚的降解。     

设施栽培条件下土壤养分及有机质组成变化趋势的研究

以黄泛平原壤质潮土不同年限的设施栽培土壤为研究对象,探讨了设施栽培条件对土壤养分及土壤有机质组成的影响。结果表明,设施栽培土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、盐分含量均明显高于大田,其含量主要取决于施用化学肥料的种类和数量,随栽培年限的增加而增加;土壤有机质、腐殖酸、胡敏酸含量随种植年限有升高趋势;HA/FA与栽培年限显著相关,表示设施栽培条件下,土壤熟化程度随有机肥料的逐年施用而有所提高,但HA/FA变化幅度不大,这可能与设施栽培形成的高温高湿条件及施用有机肥料中难分解物质的含量有关。     

几种人工林土壤有机碳和养分研究

对中亚热带柳杉林、银杏林和楠木林3种人工林地进行分层采样分析,研究了土壤有机碳状况和养分含量(有机质、全氮、全磷及全钾等)及其垂卣分布规律.结果表明:3种林地SOC含量分别为12.26g kg-1,12.40g kg-1和9.33g kg-1,SOC密度分别为15.59kg m-2,15.20kg m-2和8.11kg m-2.3种林地有机碳贮存水平差异较大.SOC含量和密度的剖面垂直分布都表现为随土壤深度增加而减小.3种林地养分含量较高,肥力表现好,有利于人工林的可持续经营.土壤有机质和全N随土层深度增加而减小.     

土壤中颗粒状有机质对重金属的吸附作用

为了解土壤颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属富集机理,用室内分析方法研究了土壤POM对Cu、Cd、Co、Pb、Ni和Zn等6种常见重金属的吸附作用.研究表明,土壤中颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属有较高的吸附潜力,吸附过程是一个快速反应,在100分钟内可接近平衡.POM对重金属的吸附强度随pH的变化而变化,在pH5～7范围达到较高水平,pH＜5和pH＞8均可降低POM对这些重金属的吸附;POM对重金属的吸附明显高于相同粒径的矿物质,也高于或接近于细土(＜0.053mm).重金属元素共存时,POM对重金属的吸附强度由大而小顺次为Cu＞Pb＞Cd＞Cr＞Co＞Zn＞Ni.移去土壤颗粒态有机质将显著降低土壤对重金属的吸附,增加土壤重金属的淋失风险.POM对重金属的强吸附性能可能是土壤中POM重金属富集的主要机理之一.     

长期培肥过程中塿土物理性质演变规律

通过对长期培肥试验田不同处理土壤的比重、容重、孔隙度、团聚体等物理性质的系统分析,企图揭示在长期培肥过程中土壤物理性质演变规律。研究结果表明:未进行培肥作用的土壤(对照)小区仍维持着原来土壤有机质含量水平,该试验小区土壤所具有的是最基础的物理性质,其它不同培肥处理的土壤比重和容重均随有机质积累而明显减小,孔隙度随土壤有机质含量增加而升高。不同培肥措施都明显地促进土壤大团聚体的形成,特别是增加了>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量,降低了团聚体破坏率,逐渐地改善了土壤物理性质。在常年休闲过程中土壤结构性能明显地被破坏。     

麦秸强化微生物降解石油烃及场地试验

在油-盐混合污染耕地的耕作层中施加麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和促进微生物对石油烃的降解.通过实验考察了麦秸添加量对降解石油烃所用的阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)的生长及其对于石油烃降解行为的影响.结果发现,在土壤中添加5%(质量分数)麦秸可使土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量提高至对照样品的25和3倍;19 d时总石油烃降解率从29.2% 提高到48.0%,其中饱和烃、芳烃的降解率分别从31.5%和39.1%提高到55.7%和55.9%.在中原油田污染耕地现场试验结果表明,石油烃降解菌添加25 d后,添加麦秸的修复土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量为对照土壤的158和9倍;45 d后试验地块中的总石油烃质量分数降至0.3%以下,石油烃降解率最高达到75%.上述结果显示出添加麦秸与真菌-细菌协同修复方法相结合在治理油-盐混合污染耕地中具有很好的应用前景.     

Soil spectral effects on 4-space vegetation discrimination

The influence of soil background on vegetation discrimination in four-band reflectance space was examined. Dry and wet reflectance data were obtained for 20 soils covering a wide range in spectral properties with a hand-held radiometer. Principal components analysis was used to study the distribution of soil spectra in 4-space and to define a mean soil line. Soil-specific background lines were similarly derived and used to examine the overall cloud of soil spectra in individual soil form. Reflectance data from a full-canopy wheat plot were used to compute unit vector coefficients in the greenness direction from the mean soil line and from the individual soil lines. Analysis of the mean soil line showed that it was not possible to discriminate bare soil from low vegetation densities. Greenness measurements were shown to be sensitive to both soil type and soil moisture condition. In contrast, the use of individual soil lines as a base to measure greenness minimized soil background influence and improved vegetation assessment, particularly at low green plant canopy covers.     

Soil loss predictions with three erosion simulation models

Quantification of soil loss is one of the greatest challenges in natural resources and environmental planning. Computer simulation models are becoming increasingly popular in predicting soil loss for various land use and management practices. In this study, three soil erosion prediction models — the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC), and the Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation (ANSWERS) were used for simulating soil loss and testing the capability of the models in predicting soil losses for three different tillage systems (ridge-till, chisel-plow, and no-till). For each model, the most sensitive model parameters were calibrated using measured soil erosion data. After calibration, models were run and predicted soil loss values were compared with the measured soil loss values. The measured soil erosion data were collected from an erosion experiment field of Kansas State University at Ottawa (Kansas), USA. Field experiments were conducted from 1995 to 1997 on small plots to measure runoff and soil losses under all three tillage systems. All three models were evaluated on the basis of individual event, total yearly, and mean event-based soil loss predictions. Results showed that all the three models performed reasonably well and the predicted soil looses were within the range of measured values. For ridge-till and chisel-plow systems, WEPP and ANSWERS gave better predictions than those by EPIC model. For no-till system, WEPP and EPIC predictions were better than those by ANSWERS. The overall results indicate that WEPP predictions were better than those by the other two models in most of the cases, and it can be used with reasonable degree of confidence for soil loss quantification for all the three tillage systems.     

Soil particle size distribution and its relationship with soil water and salt under mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang of China

Soil particle size distribution(PSD),one of the most important soil physical attributes,is of great importance to soil water movement,soil erosion and soil solute migration.In this study,the soil PSD of 563 soil samples from the mulched drip irrigated cotton fields in Xinjiang of China were measured by laser diffraction particle size analyzer.The soil PSD characteristics and its relations with soil water and salt were studied by using the combined methods of textural triangle,fractal and multifractal analys...     

辽宁省沈阳样区土系的划分

本文在对沈阳样区进行广泛调查的基础上 ,对约 10 0个土壤剖面进行了详细观测、描述 ,对 14个典型土壤剖面进行了取样、分析和比较 ,探讨了土族和土系划分的原则与依据 ,并在样区建立了 14个土系     

Soil slaking and the possibilities to record with infrared line scanning

Extended areas of light textured soil may deteriorate when weather and cultural practices are favourable for slaking. In 1979 newly reclaimed polder soil slaked and in 1980 was slaked artificially. The soil surface roughness, pore volume and water infiltration rate decreased with slaking, whereas soil moisture content and penetration resistance were increased. These changes in soil characteristics decreased soil surface radiant temperature by ±2degC, while differences in reflectance were small, in the afternoon of a sunny day when soil moisture content was high or medium. Slaked fields were easily detected in spring by the use of infrared line scanning, while possibilities using aerial photography were uncertain. Under dry soil conditions false colour photography may be preferred to thermal imagery. Differences early in the morning were not measurable.     

土壤健康及土壤动物生物指示的研究与应用

对土壤健康的概念、土壤健康指示生物－土壤动物的特性、土壤动物及其作为土壤健康生物指示作用研究的进展及发展方向进行了论述,为我国从土壤动物学角度开展土壤健康质量研究提供参考。     

土壤微生物量碳氮作为土壤肥力指标的探讨

通过对不同肥力水平黑土、棕壤、黄棕壤、红壤土壤微生物量碳氮的比较,研究和探讨土壤微生物量碳氮与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明:有机肥或无机肥施入土壤均能增加土壤微生物量C、N的含量,且有机肥与无机肥配合有显著的正交互作用。土壤微生物量C、N从北到南的地带性变化规律不强。BC/BN及TC/TN从北到南逐渐减小,BC/TC及BN/TN从北到南逐渐增加。相关分析结果表明:土壤微生物量C、N与全C、全N均呈极显著相关,可以作为指示土壤肥力的重要指标。     

滨海盐渍土可见近红外高光谱特征

土壤光谱是遥感监测的物理基础，盐渍化土壤光谱特征研究对于盐渍化土地的监测有着重要的意义。以黄河三角洲地区的滨海盐渍土为研究对象，通过野外土壤样品采集和高光谱测量，研究在去除水分以及剔除土壤质地影响后，不同盐渍化程度的滨海盐渍土在350~1 100 nm区间的高光谱反射和吸收特征，并且试图构建光谱预测模型。结果表明: 平滑后的光谱曲线能更准确有效地描述光谱的反射特征及吸收峰。不同盐化程度的土壤光谱曲线形态一致，但反射率大小差异较大。连续统去除后，490 nm处轻度盐化土吸收最小,在760~920 nm区间重度盐化土的吸收更强烈。原始光谱不能预测土壤盐渍化信息，但是二阶微分变换能够提高波段敏感性，建立的光谱预测模型能够基本满足预测要求。     

青海省东部山区旱作农田土壤团聚体特征研究

比较了青海省东部山区垂直梯度分布的三种旱作农田土壤(黑钙土、栗钙土、灰钙土),在0~60 cm土层的不同粒级土壤风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量间的差异,并结合其它土壤质量指标(有机质、粘粒)对不同土壤结构和抗侵蚀能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,>0.25mm风干团聚体、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机质含量与土壤类型间有密切关系。均表现为黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土。黑钙土和栗钙土的土壤有机质含量与>0.25mm水稳性团聚体间存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),灰钙土则无明显相关性;三种土壤粘粒含量与>0.25mm风干团聚体和0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量间无明显相关性。各项指标综合比较,三种土壤抗侵蚀能力大小为:黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土。     

滨海盐渍土可见近红外高光谱特征

土壤光谱是遥感监测的物理基础,盐渍化土壤光谱特征研究对于盐渍化土地的监测有着重要的意义。以黄河三角洲地区的滨海盐渍土为研究对象,通过野外土壤样品采集和高光谱测量,研究在去除水分以及剔除土壤质地影响后,不同盐渍化程度的滨海盐渍土在350~1 100 nm区间的高光谱反射和吸收特征,并且试图构建光谱预测模型。结果表明: 平滑后的光谱曲线能更准确有效地描述光谱的反射特征及吸收峰。不同盐化程度的土壤光谱曲线形态一致,但反射率大小差异较大。连续统去除后,490 nm处轻度盐化土吸收最小,在760~920 nm区间重度盐化土的吸收更强烈。原始光谱不能预测土壤盐渍化信息,但是二阶微分变换能够提高波段敏感性,建立的光谱预测模型能够基本满足预测要求。