关于平衡施肥中土壤供肥性能的研究

以田间试验所设的缺素区产量代替无肥区产量 ,所建立的定产式更接近实际 ,增加了土壤供肥量的计算量 ,减少施肥量。缺素区产量及其养分吸收量是计算土壤供肥量、土壤有效养分校正系数和相对产量等的基础参数。文中讨论的确定土壤供肥量的三种方法精度均较高 ,吻合度均大于 90 %。使平衡施肥建议施肥量达到定量水平     

辽宁省土壤长期定位监测试验1992～2002年结果初报

总结了辽宁省1992～2002年土壤长期定位监测的试验结果。结果表明,我省的基础地力水平约在40.2%～71.9%之间,平均每年以3.98%的速度下降,有机肥的施用,氮、磷、钾化肥的配合施用对提高作物产量、培肥土壤作用明显。     

湖北四种典型土壤硫肥效应

选择黄棕壤、红壤、灰潮土和水稻土等湖北省四种主要土壤类型,对油菜和水稻分别进行盆栽和田间硫肥试验。试验结果表明:黄棕壤、红壤和灰潮土三种土壤盆栽油菜施用硫肥后,均能促进油菜的生长发育并增加油菜的干物重,但总体上施石膏的效应比施硫磺要好。水稻土田间水稻硫肥试验后,明显提高了水稻产量,但施硫磺粉的效果要比施石膏好,前者的增产率达到27.44%,后者是14.88%。试验前后土壤有效硫的变化进一步说明施用硫肥可以维持土壤硫素平衡,满足作物营养需求。使用澳大利亚KC l—40方法测定土壤有效硫含量,能反映土壤供硫水平与作物产量的相关性,这对于指导我国农业生产具有重要的意义。     

施用涂层尿素对水田土壤氮去向及其利用率的影响

采用水稻盆栽试验方法,研究施用涂层尿素对水田土壤氮的挥发、土壤残留、水稻吸收三个去向及其氮素利用率的影响。研究结果表明:施用涂层尿素可显著抑制NH3和NOX挥发损失,NH3和NOX挥发量之和的减少幅度为22.1%~24.8%;使土壤中全氮含量增加,增加幅度为1.9%~2.1%。等氮用量条件下,施用涂层尿素可极显著提高氮素利用率,其提高幅度随施用量增大而减小;使水稻经济产量显著增加,中用量和高用量水平处理经济产量增加幅度分别为21.8%和21.5%。说明施用涂层尿素不仅能提高水田土壤氮素利用率,而且可减轻生态环境污染。     

生态施肥技术对桔园土壤生态环境和柑桔产量及品质的影响

根据柑桔树体对土壤生态环境和营养元素的季节性需求变化特点,综合考虑各营养元素间的平衡、有机养分与无机养分之间的协调、土壤生物和土壤物理性状的改善,提出不同因子组合处理,进行了3年定位试验。结果表明:新型生态施肥技术,对桔园土壤生态环境和柑桔产量、品质有明显的效果,有效地提高了土壤有机质、全N、P、K和速效N、P、K含量,以速效P增幅最大,三年增26.92%~40.0%;除能提高所施用微量元素含量水平外,还提高土壤有效态Fe、Cu含量水平;土壤容重三年降低了0.04 g cm-3~0.10 g cm-3,总孔隙度增加10.4%~16.8%,通气孔隙增加19.9%~30.1%,全容水量增加7.0%~12.1%;有效地改善了柑桔的品质,增加了果实的单果重、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量以及Vc含量。     

有机无机生物活性肥料对蔬菜作物生长及土壤生物活性的影响

田间试验结果表明 :施用有机无机生物活性肥料能明显提高蔬菜作物长势 ,提高甘蓝抗根腐病能力 ,有效提高甘蓝单球重 ,田间直观效果比较理想。等成本条件下可比习惯施肥、等量其它无机复混肥料增产 4.0 %以上 ,达显著水平。同时 ,施用有机无机生物活性肥料可明显改善根际土壤微生物区系 ,显著提高土壤酶活性 ,达到改良土壤、提高土壤肥力的目的。     

土壤Nmin在南疆棉花氮肥推荐中的应用研究

结合6个施氮水平下土壤Nmin速测值分析了土壤Nmin与施肥量和棉花产量关系,对应用土壤Nmin进行棉花氮肥推荐进行了研究。分析结果表明:土壤Nmin与棉花产量和施氮量均呈正相关关系,与土壤深度呈负相关关系;其中0~20cm土层土壤与施氮量和棉花产量相关性最强,可以很好的表征土壤初始供氮能力,因而可以利用它作为棉花氮肥推荐的指标。在考虑土壤初始供氮能力下,供试棉花品种达到最高产量时的最佳施肥量为226kghm-2,此时0~20cm土层土壤Nmin临界值为为20mgkg-1,并结合最佳施肥量和0~20cm土层土壤Nmin临界值计算出了棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期的氮肥追施量。     

控释肥料的大蒜肥效研究

对控释肥料(CRFs)的大蒜肥效进行了田间试验,结果表明控释肥料与普通肥料(OFs)相比,在肥料施用量低和中等时具有提高肥效、增加产量的作用,大蒜的生物量分别增加80.5%和51.1%,蒜苔和蒜头产量分别增加180%、100%、和69.2%、29.3%,而高用量时产量反而降低;在比普通肥料(300kg/hm2)减少一半用量的情况下,控释肥料(150kg/hm2)处理的大蒜生物量、蒜苔和蒜头产量分别增加15.6%、61.5%和11.6%.经过大蒜的整个生长季,控释肥料处理的根际土壤有效养分仍能维持较高的水平,控释肥料能显著提高大蒜体内的氮磷钾含量及肥料的养分利用率.     

棕壤地区玉米和水稻施用聚合物包膜尿素效应初报

通过一年田间小区试验,研究了棕壤地区施用MEISTER热塑性树脂包膜尿素对玉米和水稻生物性状、产量以及田间土壤NH 4-N和NO-3-N一直保4-N和NO-3-N的影响。结果表明,施用MEISTER包膜尿素能使土壤NH 持在较高水平,并且使玉米和水稻产量分别增加了5.1%和15.1%。当MEISTER包膜尿素施用量减少20%时,玉米和水稻产量与尿素追施处理相当,但玉米根和叶中氮的含量以及水稻秸杆和根中氮含量明显降低。MEISTER包膜尿素配施DCD没有进一步增加玉米和水稻的产量,DCD抑制土壤硝化作用的效果不稳定。     

东北风沙半干旱区雨水资源跨时调控对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

针对东北风沙半干旱地区春旱严重、降雨资源年内分布不均的气候特点,在秋收后、霜冻之前进行灭茬覆膜处理,对旱地雨水资源跨时调节;通过对翌年春季土壤含水量、玉米生长状况及产量的调企结果表明,秋覆膜处理的耕层土壤含水最比未覆膜处理高出65%,播种14天后土米出苗率达到88%,抽穗期玉米株高比未覆膜处理高35cm、径粗增加0.43cm,秋收时玉米穗重比未覆膜处理提高了50.6%.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.