几种人工林土壤有机碳和养分研究

对中亚热带柳杉林、银杏林和楠木林3种人工林地进行分层采样分析,研究了土壤有机碳状况和养分含量(有机质、全氮、全磷及全钾等)及其垂卣分布规律.结果表明:3种林地SOC含量分别为12.26g kg-1,12.40g kg-1和9.33g kg-1,SOC密度分别为15.59kg m-2,15.20kg m-2和8.11kg m-2.3种林地有机碳贮存水平差异较大.SOC含量和密度的剖面垂直分布都表现为随土壤深度增加而减小.3种林地养分含量较高,肥力表现好,有利于人工林的可持续经营.土壤有机质和全N随土层深度增加而减小.     

不同农田土壤酶活性与土壤养分相关关系研究

通过对不同农田土壤养分和酶活性相关关系的研究,探讨了土壤酶活性作为土壤肥力质量指标的可能性。研究结果表明,不同农田土壤养分含量和酶活性存在显著差异,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与有机质和大多数土壤养分呈显著线性相关,可以作为敏感的土壤生物学指标。但土壤转化酶和纤维素酶活性与土壤养分的变化没有明显的相关性。     

东北黑土地区主要土壤肥力质量指标的空间变异性

采用地理信息系统(G IS)和地统计学相结合的方法研究了本世纪初东北黑土区土壤表层(0~20 cm)pH、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、粘粒这5种土壤肥力指标的空间变异性。结果表明:土壤pH和粘粒的理论模型均为指数模型;有机质、速效磷和速效钾的理论模型均为球状模型。速效磷、速效钾的C0/(C0 C)较大,为46.63%和49.91%,说明这2种肥力指标具有中等的空间相关性;而pH、有机质、粘粒的C0/(C0 C)分别为10.80%、16.57%、12.88%,说明这3种肥力指标具有较强的空间相关性。根据每个采样点的指标数据计算出该地区土壤肥力质量综合评价指数,最终得到研究区土壤肥力质量的分布图。     

樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究

为探讨樟子松林土壤生化特性及其与土壤肥力的关系,本文对我国最重要樟子松原产地—红花尔基地区的不同林龄樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性进行了测定和分析,结果表明:不同林地的土壤养分、微生物和酶活性均表现出差异。土壤养分、微生物和土壤酶活性总体变化趋势是先随着树龄增加而增加,到60~70年树龄时达到最大,后随着树龄增大各项指标呈现下降的趋势。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤养分含量之间呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。     

土壤微生物量作为土壤肥力指标的探讨

对不同利用方式19个黑土样品的微生物量和养分进行了分析,结果表明林地的微生物量明显高于玉米地和大豆地,但玉米地和大豆地之间未表现出显著差异,土壤微生物量和土壤养分含量大体上都呈现出林地>大豆地>玉米地的一致的趋势;同时土壤微生物量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾和碱解氮呈现出显著或极显著正相关关系,分析结果还表明土壤微生物量碳作为评价土壤肥力指标比土壤微生物量氮更为灵敏。因此,土壤微生物量可以作为评价不同利用方式的黑土肥力水平的一个生物指标。     

盐碱地稻田旱作后土壤肥力变化及其对作物生长的影响

研究了盐碱地稻田旱作后土壤肥力变化及其对作物生长的影响。结果表明,滨海滩涂盐碱地在水田改旱后土壤盐分呈现上升趋势,而土壤pH呈现下降趋势;不同培肥方法对水田改旱后土壤盐分、pH、土壤速效养分及有机质的影响作用不同,石膏处理能明显降低土壤pH值;绿肥处理能增加土壤速效养分和有机质含量;有机肥能抑制和延缓土壤盐分上升、降低土壤pH值、明显增加土壤速效养分和有机质含量,最终促进作物生长,增加作物产量。     

土壤酶在土壤有机培肥研究中的意义

土壤酶在土壤碳、氮、磷、硫等元素的循环中起着重要的生物学催化剂的作用,其活性的强弱直接与土壤肥力因素密切相关,各种有机培肥措施可直接或间接地影响土壤酶的活性。在土壤有机培肥研究中,可以把土壤酶活性作为评价土壤肥力的指标之一,直接研究各种酶类的活性变化,对于揭示土壤有机质转化的过程、方向及规律,土壤养分形成机理具有重大的意义。     

卫星遥感反演土壤有机质研究进展

土壤有机质是评价土壤质量的关键指标,了解土壤有机质含量及其空间分布,对实现土壤养分精准管理、促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。近年来,遥感技术的迅猛发展为土壤属性定量化研究提供了丰富的数据源,卫星遥感反演土壤有机质逐渐吸引了更多的关注。文章针对土壤有机质反演的相关研究,阐述了土壤遥感及传感器发展历程、土壤有机质遥感反演机理;系统归纳了直接法、间接法以及实测高光谱与卫星遥感相结合3种反演方法的发展现状;将不同研究方法的优势及不足进行对比,并详细分析制约土壤有机质反演精度的关键因素,最后对卫星遥感反演土壤有机质的发展趋势进行展望。     

淮北变性土性状特点对其生产性能的影响及农业利用对策

本研究基于黄淮海平原多个变性土剖面分层土壤样品的土壤理化性状分析数据,对其肥力特征、生产性能以及培肥改良措施进行了系统研究。相关结果表明,机械组成中粘粒含量高、质地粘重、土壤结构和孔隙性差是变性土主要物理性状特征,受其影响,土壤表现出耕作性能差、蓄水能力弱、保水性能不强等特点;化学性状主要表现为有机质含量不高、质量差,土壤氮素水平仍较低,耕层土壤速效磷含量分异加大,土壤速效钾含量缓慢降低,土壤CEC含量较高,土壤保肥性能强,但供肥性能较差等特点。这些性状特点对土壤生产性能的影响主要表现在土壤适耕期短,易受旱、涝(渍)灾害的危害,土壤有效养分低、营养失调,钙质结核影响土壤蓄水能力和水分运行以及作物根系生长等方面。指出:(1)增加土壤有机质,改良土壤理化性质;(2)合理施肥,促进土壤养分平衡;(3)改进耕作、灌溉技术,调控土壤水分状况等是培育变性土肥力质量、提高土壤生产性能的关键性措施。     

土壤肥力对烟叶化学成份及品质的影响

采用典型相关分析和逐步回归分析讨论了贵州省主产烟区土壤养分对烟叶的化学成份和品质的影响。土壤养分选取反映土壤肥力的主要因素(有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH)作为指标,烟叶化学成份是通过主成分分析从15个因素中萃取出9个(总糖、还原糖、烟碱、蛋白质、K、Cl、Mg、Cu、Zn)作为指标,烟叶品质指标选用施木克值和糖碱比。典型相关分析结果表明:贵州主产烟区土壤各养分对烟叶化学成分作用的大小依次为:速效氮>速效磷>有机质>pH>速效钾;对烟叶化学成分的影响分别是:速效氮主要影响烟叶中糖组分含量,对还原糖的积累有利,对总糖积累不利;速效磷的作用与速效氮相反;有机质对矿质元素含量和含氮化合物影响较大,对Cu、烟碱的积累不利,对Zn、Cl的积累有利,并与糖碱比值呈负相关;由于研究区域中烟叶化学成分K变异较小,土壤速效钾对烟叶化学成分中的K没有明显的影响。逐步回归分析建立了土壤养分与烟叶化学成分的量化方程。     

电容式冻土测量传感器设计

冻土与未冻土中的介电常数和温度物理参数有一定的差异,且差异在数值上较明显。基于这一特性,提出了利用空气、固态土、水和冰物理特性存在差异的原理检测冻土的方法,设计了一种电容式冻土测量传感器,实现了土壤水分、地温及冻土深度多参数融合测量。通过与人工测量的冻土深度进行对比分析,结果表明:其相关系数达到了0.99,平均绝对误差小于2.5 cm,满足冻土自动测量技术要求,可应用于冻土观测站,代替人工观测。     

Effective soil moisture sampling depth of L-band radiometry: A case study

The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the soil moisture sampling depth in the parameterization of soil emission in microwave radiometry at L-band. The analysis is based on brightness temperature, soil moisture and temperature measurements acquired over a bare soil during the SMOSREX experiment. A more detailed profile of surface soil moisture was obtained with a soil heat and water flows mechanistic model. It was found that (1) the soil moisture sampling depth depends on soil moisture conditions, (2) the effective soil moisture sampling depth is shallower than provided by widely used field moisture sensors, and (3) the soil moisture sampling depth has an impact on the calibration of soil roughness model parameters. These conclusions are crucial for the calibration and validation of remote sensing data at L-band.     

我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展

在阐述了土壤质量的内涵基础上,分析了土壤质量和土壤健康、土地质量及土壤服务功能的联系。重点对我国土壤质量的评价研究进行了回顾和概述,从指标体系的选取和评价方法入手,探讨了评价的发展过程,分析了我国土壤评价指标体系因子选择的范围,在论述了国际土壤质量最新进展的基础上,指出了生物学指标研究是需要加强的方向;同时着重分析了我国土壤质量评价方法研究的进展,对我国土壤质量评价的方法进行了概括,指出了空间化,过程化,应用化和综合化的发展方向,并讨论了我国土壤评价研究的方向和趋势。     

Multi-scale analysis of intrinsic soil factors from SAR-based mapping of drying rates

Intrinsic soil factors affect and are affected by the spatial variation of soil properties. Therefore, intrinsic soil factors may both characterize and serve as an indicator for soil taxonomy. Difficulties in inferring intrinsic soil properties hamper attempts to assess their variability, on both local and regional/broad scales. Radar remote sensing might facilitate a breakthrough in this field, due to its sensitivity to the soil water content. In this research, a raster Geographic Information System (GIS) methodology is developed for combining multi-temporal ERS-2 SAR and Landsat TM data, which allows the estimation of drying rate patterns in bare soil surfaces. The drying rates provide further indication about intrinsic soil properties. The multi-scale behaviour of soil-drying rates is described using the richness-area curves and characteristic curves are determined to four soil formations typical to a climatic gradient between Mediterranean and semi-arid environments in Israel. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to document the effect of intrinsic soil factors on the soil system at the regional scale. The results achieved here demonstrate the connection between drying rates, richness-area variation and soil hydraulic conductivity of the four soil formations.     

湖北四种典型土壤硫肥效应

选择黄棕壤、红壤、灰潮土和水稻土等湖北省四种主要土壤类型,对油菜和水稻分别进行盆栽和田间硫肥试验。试验结果表明:黄棕壤、红壤和灰潮土三种土壤盆栽油菜施用硫肥后,均能促进油菜的生长发育并增加油菜的干物重,但总体上施石膏的效应比施硫磺要好。水稻土田间水稻硫肥试验后,明显提高了水稻产量,但施硫磺粉的效果要比施石膏好,前者的增产率达到27.44%,后者是14.88%。试验前后土壤有效硫的变化进一步说明施用硫肥可以维持土壤硫素平衡,满足作物营养需求。使用澳大利亚KC l—40方法测定土壤有效硫含量,能反映土壤供硫水平与作物产量的相关性,这对于指导我国农业生产具有重要的意义。     

Influence of soil surface roughness on soil bidirectional reflectance

The non-Lambertian behaviour of soil surfaces depends on its roughness at micro-scale and larger scales, as well as on the incident angle of the direct solar beam on the surface. A geometrical model, taking into account the diffuse as well as the specular component of energy leaving soil surfaces in the visible and near-infrared, is used in the paper to describe the influence of soil surface roughness, caused by soil aggregates or soil clods, on the soil bidirectional reflectance distribution. A rough soil surface in the model is simulated by equalsized opaque spheroids lying on a horizontal surface. The model was tested in outdoor conditions on artificially formed soil surfaces made of two spectrally different soil materials: a mineral loam, and a loam with high organic matter content. The spectral data were measured by a field radiometer in the three SPOT (HRV) bands. The model predicts that at specific illumination conditions, soils surfaces with the highest roughness, expressed by the minimum distances between soil aggregates, can show lower variation of reflectance in the view zenith angle function than soil surfaces of a lower roughness.     

卫星遥感技术在永定河流域（河北）土壤侵蚀调查评价中的应用研究

利用Landsat-5TM图像,在分析土壤侵蚀影响因素的基础上,首先进行与土壤侵蚀相关密切的各单项要素的解译;其次,以土壤侵蚀在TM图像上的综合反映为标志进行基本侵蚀图斑的综合解译;第三步通过选定的的土壤侵蚀强度评判模型,对每个基本侵蚀图,由不同权重的各单项要素给出其分值,最后根据综合分值确定每个图斑的土壤侵蚀强度等级。研究结果表明,冀西北地区土壤侵蚀是非常严重的,以轻度侵蚀为下限的侵蚀区面积占全区面积的65％。两大地貌单元区相比,盆地区更严重于山地区。但多时相对比研究也表明,近十几年的治理工作取得了明显成效,土壤蚀的总趋势是向减缓方向发展。     

Interference of salt and moisture on soil reflectance spectra

This article portrays the effects of salt and moisture on soil reflectance spectra and their consequent influences on the estimation of soil salinity and soil moisture contents (SMC). It is amid to demonstrate and discuss how the interference of salt and moisture, as soil constituents, on soil spectra can affect the estimation of either soil salinity or SMC when spectral variabilities are used as predictive variables. To achieve this objective, a data set was obtained from a test area where soil salinity and SMC were largely varied. Furthermore, the Inverted Gaussian (IG) modelling approach, which has been successfully used for the estimation of soil salinity under laboratory conditions and for the estimation of SMC for non-saline soil, is used in this study. Using the IG function, the near-infrared (NIR) and the shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions of the salt-affected soil spectra, with various amount of moisture, were fitted to an IG curve. Parameters of the fitted curve such as functional depth, distance to the inflection point and area under the curve were then used as predictors in a multi-regression analysis to quantify the effect of soil salinity and SMC on soil spectra. The results suggest that a combination of salt and moisture in soil causes anomalies and therefore variations in neither salt nor moisture contents can be modelled accurately on the basis of quantification of soil reflectance. These results suggest that further studies are required to determine a set of calibrating coefficients that can be used to eliminate the background spectral effects caused by either soil salinity or SMC.     

Dielectric properties of salt-affected soils

A detailed laboratory experiment was conducted on three soils of different textures viz., sand, sandy clay loam and clay to study the influence of soil salinity and sodicity on the complex dielectric behaviour of soils as a function of volumetric soil moisture using an L-band (1 ·25 GHz) dielectric probe. The results revealed that soil salinity has no influence on the real part of the dielectric constant (?') whereas, the imaginary part (?'') is dependent and increases with increase in salinity for all the soils considered. It was found that the real part is more dependent on soil moisture and imaginary part on soil salinity. The sodicity of a soil has no influence either on real part or imaginary part. This study shows L-band (1·25 GHz) microwave response to soil salinity. It also demonstrates the possibility of separating saline soils from sodic soils at L-band frequencies under moist soil conditions.     

土壤背景对冠层NDVI的影响分析

归一化差值植被指数NDVI是植被遥感中应用最为广泛的指数之一, 但它受土壤背景等因素的干扰比较强烈。结合实测的土壤数据以及公式推导、PROSAIL 模型模拟等方法分析了这种影响。首先, 假定与土壤线性混合且叶片呈水平分布的植被冠层, 根据土壤与植被分别在红光、近红外波段处的反射率值、植被覆盖度等参数, 利用公式推导了土壤背景对不同覆盖度下冠层NDVI的影响。其次, 利用PROSAIL冠层光谱模拟模型, 模拟分析了土壤背景对不同LAI下冠层NDVI的影响。分析的结果表明:LAI 越小, 土壤背景的影响越大; 暗土壤背景下的冠层NDVI值大于亮土壤背景下冠层的NDVI值; 并且,暗土壤条件下,NDVI值对土壤亮度的变化更敏感,而亮土壤下,NDVI值则对LAI或覆盖度的变化更敏感。最后利用实测的不同土壤背景下的冬小麦冠层光谱数据, 验证了公式推导和模型模拟的结果。