步进扫描投影光刻机中的曝光剂量控制技术研究

讨论了步进扫描投影光刻机中的曝光剂量控制技术 ,详细阐述了步进扫描投影光刻机中的曝光剂量控制原理 ,提出了一种曝光剂量控制算法。实验表明 ,应用此剂量控制技术使系统的曝光剂量控制精度达到 1.3 7% ,剂量重复精度达到 0 .3 1% ,满足亚半微米光刻图形的曝光剂量控制要求     

论光刻机的曝光控制系统

<正> 概述 光刻机是生产半导体器件的重要工艺设备之一,它可分为工作台对准系统和光学曝光系统两大部分。对于一台性能优良的光刻机光学曝光系统起着不容忽视的作用。近代发展起来的光刻机在曝光系统上采用了一系列新技术,例如在光学设计上采用复眼透镜组来减少光学衍射效应,提高光的均匀性;在幅照光源上采用恒光强控制(如Rarlsu-ss,uv系列光刻机);对曝光时间采用积分曝光(如Canon PLF-500系列光刻机)等。本文仅从电学角度来论述光刻机的曝光控制系统,并对某些专题进行较详细地分析,以便读者可有一深入和系统了解。     

光刻机曝光均匀性在线检测方法

光刻机的曝光量和焦距会随着做片量的增加发生漂移,具体表现为曝光场内和圆片内出现曝光不均的质量异常。设计了针形解析图形和方形显开解析图形,利用Ultra Step 1000光刻机进行实验,分析了曝光量和焦距的变化对解析图形解析值的影响。结果表明,曝光量对针形光胶解析图形影响较大,焦距对方形显开解析图形的影响较大。设计了解析图形在曝光场内和圆片内的布局方案,以及在线检测曝光场内和圆片内的曝光均匀性的具体方法,利用该方法可以有效提高光刻机曝光均匀性的在线监控效率,提早预防曝光不均异常现象的发生。该监控方法可以应用于其他类型的光刻机。     

基于双掩模光刻机的真空复印机构与工艺研究

介绍了双面光刻机的类型、工作原理及特点,研究分析了双掩模光刻机的曝光方式,提出了一种通过改进曝光模式、提高双掩模光刻机曝光分辨率及基片曝光线条均匀性的方法,并通过生产线工艺验证及数据分析,得出通过该工艺曝光模式,满足生产线实际工艺要求。     

光刻机的分辨率和对准特性研究

本文以PLA－501F光刻机为例,研究如何使光刻机的分辨率和对准精度得到充分发挥。指出了光源、光刻胶、滤光片和主物镜的相互匹配是充分发挥光刻机分辨率的关键问题;在提高光刻工件的对准精度方面,牵涉到母板的套准图形设计及对准时的技巧。本文还分析了接近式曝光和接触式曝光的主要优缺点。     

关于提高接触式光刻机套刻精度的几个问题

随着半导体技术突飞猛进的发展,对于制造半导体器件的重要工艺——光刻工艺的要求也越来越高。这些要求中“关于如何提高接触式光刻机套刻精度问题”已成为当前设计新的接触式光刻机的焦点。本文仅就这个问题谈一些粗浅看法。一、目前光刻机发展概况从目前光刻机发展趋向来看,曝光光波越来越短。因为光刻图形分辨率与所用曝光光波的长度的平方根成正比,所以总的趋向是改变曝光的光源。由于它的改变又引起曝     

1:1投影光刻机和10:1缩小片子步进机和混合光刻中的图形位置误差

本文主要参照1:1投影光刻机和10:1缩小片子步进机混合光刻中的套刻图形的差异,研究了这两种机器的特征图形位置误差。分析样品采用近年来由那些高度复杂的光刻机的用户所研制成,专用于精确鉴定大量元件的图形与图形之间的套准误差。通过使用这些样品和数据,就可以看出怎样使这两种类型的曝光设备能够成功地用于经济而有效地制作苛刻图形的器件。对于现今的高密度器件的制造来说,采用一次性全片对准的片子步进机与1:1投影光刻机的混合曝光方法是完全可以胜任的。并研究出了一个用于10:1片子步进机,1:1投影光刻机,以及用于这两种设备混合曝光的实际生产套刻值的预算表。     

激励激光器在微光刻中的应用：一种有潜力的新用途变成现实

1982年,IBM公司的研究者首次报道将激励激光器用于半导体光刻。从此,激励激光器进入了用于接触曝光和掩模制造等的商品系统中。然而,最终的目标是研制激励激光器圆片步进光刻机,因为步进光刻机是任何半导体厂的骨干设备。1986年,AT＆T Bell实验室报道了激励激光器步进光刻机,打那以后,许多不同的工艺实验室和步进光刻机生产厂公开了他们关于类似计划方面的进展。若干光刻设备制造厂开始接受激励步进光刻机的定单,但是激励激光器在光刻中的前途并不见得比以往更为光明。     

光刻机光强影响因素分析

曝光系统是接触接近式光刻机的核心部件,系统的曝光强度对光刻工艺有很大的影响。通过对曝光光路系统进行详细分析,对影响光强的各种因素进行了论述和计算,为进一步改善曝光系统光强指明了方向。     

应用于数字光刻机的DMD数据处理及控制系统

无掩膜数字光刻机已在PCB光刻及半导体光刻领域逐渐开始应用,相比传统掩膜式光刻机,可缩减光刻流程,节省光刻成本,使光刻数据在线实时调整变得更为简单。而DMD（数字微镜器件）目前作为数字光刻机常用的一种SLM（空间光调制）图形发生器,对其所需要进行的数据处理及控制较为关键。会直接关系到数字光刻机的曝光效率和产能。文章从DMD的驱动控制原理,探讨研究DMD在数字光刻机中的数据处理和控制流程、方法,实现较高的设备光刻效率。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks