人工快渗系统在神定河水质提升中的应用

采用高密度沉淀+人工快渗工艺对神定河河道水质进行提升,分析了人工快渗处理系统对污染物的去除效果和工艺优势。工程实践表明,人工快渗系统对COD的平均去除率为82. 03%,氨氮平均去除率为92. 08%,总磷平均去除率为87. 39%,这三项出水指标均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ类水标准;对SS的去除率为92. 74%,出水SS可达10 mg/L以下。     

CRI处理氧化沟出水的效果及菌群分析

采用改进型人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)对氧化沟出水进行深度处理,对比分析添加/不添加玉米芯作为固体碳源的CRI系统对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的去除效果和机制,并对饱水段和非饱水段的微生物菌群进行Illumina高通量测序分析。结果表明,CRI对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到60%～73. 3%、62. 5%～100%、57. 1%～89. 3%和85. 9%～99. 4%。CRI去除TP的主要途径是化学沉淀、渗滤介质吸附和微生物代谢等,其中海绵铁的高效化学除磷是主要作用。高通量测序结果表明,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Acidobacteria是CRI内主要的门级菌群;但在属水平上,饱水层和非饱水层的厌氧菌、兼性菌、好氧菌、聚磷菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌等存在明显差异,这可能与溶解氧浓度和外加碳源有关。     

泥位、HRT对高效初沉发酵池运行的影响

以高效初沉发酵池中试装置为试验对象,通过单因素控制,研究了泥位和HRT对其运行效果的影响。结果表明,在合理的运行条件下,高效初沉发酵池对改善生物段进水碳源有显著作用;不同泥位下高效初沉发酵池运行效果排序为:75%>60%>35%>90%,最佳泥位时的出水COD/SS、VSS/SS值分别比进水提高了23.0%、26.0%,而COD/TN值则降低了11.0%;当HRT为0.75 h时高效初沉发酵池的运行效果明显优于其他HRT的,此时出水COD/SS、VSS/SS值与进水相比分别提高了23.0%、22.7%,而COD/TN值降低了13.0%。     

生物、生态组合技术处理农村生活污水研究

采用厌氧/跌水充氧接触氧化/水生蔬菜型人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水,考察了工艺的运行效果及各处理单元对去除污染物的贡献率.试验结果表明,该组合工艺对污染物具有较好的去除效果,且处理效果很稳定,其对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为68.15%、68.15%、69.50%、86.30%.跌水充氧接触氧化池对去除TN、TP的贡献率较小,对去除COD的贡献率相对较大;人工湿地对去除TN、TP的贡献率较大,对去除COD的贡献率相对较小.跌水充氧接触氧化与人工湿地相结合可以发挥两者的优势,并提高出水水质和系统运行的稳定性.     

强化混凝用作土地处理系统预处理的生产性试验

通过生产性试验考察了混凝沉淀技术作为土地处理系统预处理工艺的可行性。结果表明，混凝沉淀有效降低了人工快渗池的污染物负荷，保障了整个系统的出水水质，其对COD、SS、TP的平均去除率分别达到了55．6％、82．8％和56．5％；试验中人工快渗工艺的水力负荷达2．25m／d，大大降低了人工快渗系统的占地面积；混凝沉淀工艺与人工快渗工艺相互补充，技术搭配理想。     

高效初沉发酵池处理城市污水的中试研究

应用生物絮凝沉淀和水解发酵耦合工艺,将传统的初沉池改造为集进水悬浮固体的沉淀分离和沉淀污泥的产酸发酵为一体的高效初沉发酵池,以优化碳源结构,提高后续工艺的污泥活性和脱氮除磷能力。在水力停留时间为0.75 h、悬浮污泥絮体层界面高度不低于高效初沉发酵池有效池深的70%、SRT为4 d的条件下,考察了高效初沉发酵池对进水水质的改善效果。结果表明:高效初沉发酵池对SS的去除率为78%,是普通初沉池的近2倍;出水VSS/SS均值为71.9%,较普通初沉池提高了17.3%;出水C/N和C/P值较进水值分别提高了33%和14%,且明显高于污水厂普通初沉池出水水质。碳源结构的改善提高了后续生物处理工艺的脱氮除磷效果,对TP的去除率稳定在90%～98%。     

A~2/O系统对雨季水量冲击负荷的适应能力研究

通过模型试验考察了雨季合流污水水量冲击负荷对A2/O系统去除污染物效果的影响,以及冲击过后恢复初始状态时对各指标的去除效果和规律。当控制F/M值基本不变,且二沉池表面水力负荷较低时,水量提高至3倍对COD、SS和TP的去除效果影响较小,出水COD、TN、TP浓度可达到一级A排放标准,出水SS可达到一级B标准。随着水量冲击负荷的提高,对COD、SS和TP的去除率呈下降趋势,但降幅不大,从1倍负荷提高至3倍负荷,去除率下降约10%;但水量负荷的提高对去除TN的影响较大,当水量负荷由1倍提高至3倍时,去除率下降了约35%;对去除TN而言,2.5倍水力负荷为极限冲击负荷。水量冲击负荷由3倍降至1倍,对COD、SS、TP的去除率较初始1倍负荷的略有下降,去除率降幅小于3%;对TN的去除率较初始1倍负荷时稍有下降,去除率降幅约为7%。     

厌氧池/人工湿地/生物塘系统处理奶牛养殖场废水

采用厌氧池/人工湿地/生物塘的组合工艺对某奶牛养殖场废水进行处理.结果表明,该系统的处理效果良好,SS和COD主要在厌氧池和人工湿地中被去除,NH 4-N、TN和TP主要在人工湿地和生物塘中被去除,整个系统对SS、COD、NH 4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为91%、74%、72%、62%和85%,出水水质可达到<农田灌溉水质标准>(GB 5084-2005)的要求.该系统的成本低廉且易于运行维护,具有良好的经济效益与环境效益.     

改进型MBR处理生活污水及减缓膜污染的效能研究

通过长期运行试验,考察了改进型膜生物反应器(MBR)对污染物的去除效果和减缓膜污染的能力.结果表明,改进型NBR对COD和NH3-N的去除效果与传统MBR的类似,出水COD和NH3-N分别低于50 mg/L和5 mg/L;改进型MBR对TN的去除效果优于传统MBR,且具有更好的减缓膜污染的能力,在近90d的连续运行过程中,改进型MBR的膜组件仅需清洗2次.而传统MBR的膜组件则清洗了5次.     

高速公路路面径流雨水沉降特性试验研究

采用累积沉泥法分析了高速公路路面径流雨水的沉降特性.结果表明:沉降过程的前30 min内对SS的去除效果明显,去除率占沉降2h去除率的67.15 % ; SS沉降去除率越大,对应的沉降速率范围限值越小;沉降过程对COD和TP的去除效果较明显,沉降2h的平均去除率分别为25.86%、23.03%,但对TN的去除效果较差;SS沉降去除率与COD、TP沉降去除率的相关性较好;径流雨水的温度对SS沉降去除率的影响显著,初始SS浓度与SS、COD和TP的沉降去除率均呈正相关性,而pH值对这3种污染物的沉降去除率影响不显著.     

地下渗滤系统的中间分流强化脱氮研究

构建了两套以粘性红壤土为填充介质的地下渗滤中试系统(水力负荷为4cm／d)，应用其处理村镇生活污水的试验结果表明，中间分流能够明显提高地下渗滤系统对总氮的去除效果，可使总氮去除率由约55％(未采取分流措施)提高到约65％，且未对COD和总磷的去除效果产生明显影响。     

Baseline study of methane emission from anaerobic ponds of palm oil mill effluent treatment

The world currently obtains its energy from the fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal. However, the international crisis in the Middle East, rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as climate change have driven the world towards renewable energy sources which are abundant, untapped and environmentally friendly. Malaysia has abundant biomass resources generated from the agricultural industry particularly the large commodity, palm oil. This paper will focus on palm oil mill effluent (POME) as the source of renewable energy from the generation of methane and establish the current methane emission from the anaerobic treatment facility. The emission was measured from two anaerobic ponds in Felda Serting Palm Oil Mill for 52 weeks. The results showed that the methane content was between 35.0% and 70.0% and biogas flow rate ranged between 0.5 and 2.4 L/min/m(2). Total methane emission per anaerobic pond was 1043.1 kg/day. The total methane emission calculated from the two equations derived from relationships between methane emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were comparable with field measurement. This study also revealed that anaerobic pond system is more efficient than open digesting tank system for POME treatment. Two main factors affecting the methane emission were mill activities and oil palm seasonal cropping.     

Material balances of organics and nutrients in an oxidation pond

A series of experiments concerning a tertiary oxidation pond was performed from 10 January to 12 November 1979, using a model oxidation pond of 21 m² in capacity. The concentrations of organics and nutrients in influent and pond water were measured so as to consider the conversion of water quality in a tertiary oxidation pond. The sedimentation rates were measured weekly, and the final sediments were analyzed at the end of experiments, so that the material balances in respect to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated and the various transition reactions were evaluated quantitatively. The result of the material balances showed that there were three main reactions in pond: the assimilation to algae; the sedimentation of suspended substance; and the decomposition of sediments. The regeneration rates of nutrients from sediments were so active that the removal of nutrients by algal solidification were not effective. Consequently, the overall removal efficiency of nutrients was 45% in total nitrogen and 43% in total phosphorus by a tertiary oxidation pond with 16 days detention time.     

Groundwater contamination by trace level organics from a rapid infiltration site

The trace organic removal efficiency for a rapid infiltration system is described. A broad spectrum monitoring of trace organics in the secondary sewage effluent applied to a rapid infiltration site is compared to a similar broad spectrum analysis of the groundwater beneath the site. Overall removal efficiency was about 92%. A chemical class breakdown of the organics yields removal efficiencies from 70 to 100%. The effects of groundwater dampening on concentration fluctuations was also treated over a 5-day period, showing very little difference over this time period.     

Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater

A combined constructed wetland formed by a facultative pond (FP), a surface flow wetland (SF) and a subsurface flow wetland (SSF) was studied from December 2004 until September 2005 in north-western Spain in order to evaluate their efficiency in the removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms and to determine their relationships. Microbial removal ranged from 78% for coliphages to over 99% for helminth eggs, depending on the treatment system. The highest removal of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens) occurred in the stabilization pond, reaching 84%, 96%, 89% and 78%, respectively. However, the greatest removal of protozoan pathogens (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) and coliphages was found in the SSF wetland, 98%, 97% and 94%, respectively. In contrast, the SF wetland was most efficient in the removal of pathogenic parasites when considering superficial removal rates. Seasonal differences in organism removal were not statistically significant during the study period. First-order removal rate constants ranged from 0.0027 to 0.71 m/d depending on the microorganism and type of wetland. Significant correlations were found between pathogenic parasites and faecal indicators in the influent of the treatment system but not in the other sampling points suggesting that such relations varied along the system due to the different survival rates of the microorganisms.     

高效藻类塘去除农村生活污水中的磷

研究了高效藻类塘系统运行初期对农村生活污水中磷的去除效果,对高效藻类塘和水生生物塘中磷的各种形态变化进行了分析,并初步探讨了高效藻类塘内叶绿素a浓度、pH值和磷酸盐去除率的变化规律以及三者之间的关系。     

组合生态系统氨氮去除最佳单元及其去除机制研究

通过考察稳定塘-湿地组合生态处理系统各单元对氨氮去除速率的差异，提出了去除氨氮的最佳单元类型，分析了该单元对氨氮的主导去除机制。结果表明，在该组合生态处理系统中，水深为1．0m左右、大量生长浮萍等水生植物及溶解氧浓度较高的水生植物塘是去除氨氮的最佳单元。在水生植物塘中，生物吸收（有机氮固定）作用是低温期去除氨氮的主导机制，同步硝化反硝化作用则是高温期去除氨氮的主导机制。     

Productivity and nitrogen balance in large scale phytoplankton cultures

Biomass production and nitrogen balance was studied in 35,000 gal (133,000 1) phytoplankton cultures comprising the first stage in a tertiary sewage treatment-mariculture system. The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum persisted for most of the study. At secondary sewage effluent loadings sufficient to produce residual dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations above approximately 5 μg atoms l⁻¹, an N:C ratio (molar) of 0.17 was obtained and algal growth was not nutrient-limited. Biomass levels, and hence pond particulate carbon and nitrogen output, varied in response to solar irradiance and dilution rate, but not temperature. Mean winter and summer yields were approximately 1 and 5 g (83 and 417 mg atoms) C m⁻² d⁻¹ respectively. An inverse relationship existed between algal biomass concentration and dilution rate, such that in the late spring optimal pond yields occurred between 0.55 and 0.65 dilutions d⁻¹. Better than 95% dissolved total nitrogen removal was obtained. Net dissolved organic nitrogen production, that would offset dissolved inorganic nitrogen removal, did not occur. Pond particulate nitrogen output was usually less than dissolved total nitrogen removal. Probable explanations for this include (1) ammonia evolution to the atmosphere at high pond pH, (2) particulate nitrogen sedimentation, and (3) denitrification. Of these, the first is believed to be quantitatively the most significant.     

稳定塘工艺深度处理污水厂二级出水的研究

采用CAST/稳定塘组合工艺以实现城镇污水处理的功能提升。分析了该组合工艺在冬、夏两季最大处理水量时的运行效果,结果表明:稳定塘系统可有效去除二级处理出水中的氮、磷和悬浮物,冬季(HRT=6.4 d)对TN、氨氮、TP、COD和SS的去除率分别为40%、70%、55%、50%、70%,夏季(HRT=5.4 d)对上述指标的去除率分别为56%、97%、76%、55%、68%,处理效果优于冬季。两种工况下稳定塘系统的出水水质均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级A标准,可有效降低受纳水体的营养负荷。第一和第二单元去除了原水中大部分的污染物,其净化机理以微生物分解和物理化学作用为主,二者对去除污染物的总贡献率>70%;第三单元进水中的污染物浓度已经很低,主要作为系统出水水质的屏障。因此,CAST/稳定塘组合工艺用于提升城镇污水处理功能是可行的。     

低温下稳定塘系统对二级出水的处理效果

镇江市征润州污水厂的出水排入长江,为保护长江水环境,需要对其进行深度处理,以使出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。采用"好氧塘/兼性塘/生物塘"组合工艺处理该厂出水,考察了系统在低温条件下的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:该系统能进一步降低二级出水中的TN和TP浓度,对TN、NH3-N、TP的去除率分别为40%、70%和55%,出水TN、NH3-N、TP分别为14、4和0.4 mg/L左右;稳定塘中的硝化作用有利于NH3-N的去除,但厌氧环境的缺乏限制了反硝化作用的进行,使出水TN中NO3--N的比例升高;HRT是稳定塘的重要参数,系统中TN的去除以生物作用为主,可以适当延长HRT以提高对TN的去除率。