Swing-up control strategies for a reaction wheel pendulum

Control of a reaction wheel pendulum, a prototype of an under-actuated system, is easily done using switching control strategies, which combines swing-up control and balancing control schemes. In this article, two novel swing-up control strategies for a reaction wheel pendulum have been proposed. The first swing-up control strategy treats the oscillations of the pendulum as perturbations from the bottom equilibrium point. The second swing-up control is based on interconnection and damping assignment-passivity based control (IDA-PBC). IDA-PBC preserves Euler Lagrangian structure of the system and gives more physical insight about any mechanical system. Any balancing controller can be coupled with the proposed swing-up control strategies to stabilise the pendulum at the top unstable equilibrium position. The control task of balancing the pendulum in top upright position is completed by switching from swing-up scheme to the balancing scheme at the point where the pendulum is very near to the top equilibrium point. Proposed swing-up control strategies have been implemented in real time in switching mode. The two proposed swing-up control schemes provide fast responses as compared to existing energy based schemes.     

DRNN在倒立摆摆起控制中的研究

针对小车一级倒立摆的起摆控制,以DRNN神经网络作为辨识器,在线自适应调整PD控制器的两项参数。在起摆范围相同的情况下,DRNN神经网络控制的倒立摆系统其模型参数变化范围为-50%～30%,传统PD控制倒立摆系统其参数变化范围为-40%～20%。结果表明,基于DRNN神经网络的PD控制器比传统的PD控制器具有较强的抗干扰能力和自适应能力,系统鲁棒性增强,效果明显优于传统的PD控制器。     

HAVC系统变电站多目标优化控制策略

变电站电压无功控制是电网混成自动电压控制(hybrid automatic voltage control,HAVC)系统的重要组成部分,其控制措施一般包括变电站有载调压变压器(OLTC)的调节和站内电容电抗器的投切等.变电站电压无功控制器设计是一个典型的多目标优化问题.即在调控过程中,既要控制无功及电压尽量接近设定值,又必须使OLTC的调节次数和电容电抗器的投切次数尽量少.因此,本文首先建立了HAVC系统变电站电压无功控制的多目标优化模型,然后求解该多目标优化问题得到变电站电压无功优化控制策略.对东北电网沙岭变电站的仿真分析证明了所提出的控制策略的有效性和正确性.     

Swing-Up Control for a 3-DOF Gymnastic Robot With Passive First Joint: Design and Analysis

This paper concerns a swing-up control problem for a three-link gymnastic planar robot in a vertical plane with its first joint being passive (unactuated) and the rest being active (actuated). The objectives of this paper are to: (1) design a controller under which the robot can be brought into any arbitrarily small neighborhood of the upright equilibrium point, where all three links of the robot remain in their upright positions; and (2) attain a global analysis of the motion of the robot under the controller. To tailor the energy-based control approach to achieve the aforementioned objectives, first, this paper considers the links 2 and 3 as a virtually composite link, and proposes a coordinate transformation of the angles of active joints. Second, this paper constructs a novel Lyapunov function based on the transformation, and devises an energy-based swing-up controller. Third, this paper carries out a global analysis of the motion of the robot under the controller, and establishes some conditions on control parameters for achieving the swing-up control objective. To validate the theoretical results obtained, this paper provides simulation results for a three-link robot with its mechanical parameters being obtained from a human gymnast.     

Design and Implementation of Digital Fractional Order PID Controller Using Optimal Pole-Zero Approximation Method for Magnetic Levitation System

The aim of this paper is to employ fractional order proportional integral derivative (FO-PID) controller and integer order PID controller to control the position of the levitated object in a magnetic levitation system (MLS), which is inherently nonlinear and unstable system. The proposal is to deploy discrete optimal pole-zero approximation method for realization of digital fractional order controller. An approach of phase shaping by slope cancellation of asymptotic phase plots for zeros and poles within given bandwidth is explored. The controller parameters are tuned using dynamic particle swarm optimization (dPSO) technique. Effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by simulation and experimental results. The performance of realized digital FO-PID controller has been compared with that of the integer order PID controllers. It is observed that effort required in fractional order control is smaller as compared with its integer counterpart for obtaining the same system performance.      

Swing-up of the double pendulum on a cart by feedforward and feedback control with experimental validation

The swing-up maneuver of the double pendulum on a cart serves to demonstrate a new approach of inversion-based feedforward control design introduced recently. The concept treats the transition task as a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem of the internal dynamics by providing free parameters in the desired output trajectory for the cart position. A feedback control is designed with linear methods to stabilize the swing-up maneuver. The emphasis of the paper is on the experimental realization of the double pendulum swing-up, which reveals the accuracy of the feedforward/feedback control scheme.     

Multiobjective optimization–based fault‐tolerant flight control system design

The loss of measurements used for controller scheduling or envelope protection in modern flight control systems due to sensor failures leads to a challenging fault‐tolerant control law design problem. In this article, an approach to design such a robust fault‐tolerant control system, including full envelope protections using multiobjective optimization techniques, is proposed. The generic controller design and controller verification problems are derived and solved using novel multiobjective hybrid genetic optimization algorithms. These algorithms combine the multiobjective genetic search strategy with local, single‐objective optimization to improve convergence speed. The proposed strategies are applied to the design of a fault‐tolerant flight control system for a modern civil aircraft. The results of an industrial controller verification and validation campaign using an industrial benchmark simulator are reported.     

Robust Attitude Control for Reusable Launch Vehicles Based on Fractional Calculus and Pigeon-inspired Optimization

In this paper, a robust attitude control system based on fractional order sliding mode control and dynamic inversion approach is presented for the reusable launch vehicle (RLV) during the reentry phase. By introducing the fractional order sliding surface to replace the integer order one, we design robust outer loop controller to compensate the error introduced by inner loop controller designed by dynamic inversion approach. To take the uncertainties of aerodynamic parameters into account, stochastic robustness design approach based on the Monte Carlo simulation and Pigeon-inspired optimization is established to increase the robustness of the controller. Some simulation results are given out which indicate the reliability and effectiveness of the attitude control system.      

小车二级摆摆起控制器设计

研究了小车二级并行摆系统及小车二级串行摆系统的摆起控制器设计问题,并给出了这两种系统的实验结果.首先,针对上述两种系统,设计了两步控制器,即1)摆起双摆达到倒立稳摆位置的控制器,2)进行稳摆控制的控制器.其次,由于小车二级摆位移受轨道长度限制,又考虑了小车位移的控制问题.上述两种实际系统的摆起及稳摆成功,验证了所提出设计方法的有效性.     

基于RBF的倒立摆摆起角度控制研究

针对小车一级倒立摆的起摆控制,利用径向基函数神经网络的自适应能力,微调系统的控制参数,构造一个具有自调整能力的控制器来增大倒立摆摆起角度范围。结果表明,基于RBF网络的PID控制器较常规PID控制器具有更强的自适应能力、更高控制精度和更好的鲁棒性,能满足控制系统的实时性要求。     

模糊多目标优化控制

本文提出了对复杂过程进行高质量控制的模糊多目标优化控制(FMOC),它由两部分组成:模糊多目标预测控制(FMPC)和自适应的模糊多目标控制(AFMPC)。FMOC不仅能体现操作人员控制行为的多目标性,而且还能反映其心理过程对控制行为的影响,它基于对控制目标的全面评价来实现对过程的控制。将FMOC用于列车运行控制的仿真,结果证明了它的适用性。     

Adaptive Fuzzy Switched Swing-Up and Sliding Control for the Double-Pendulum-and-Cart System

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy switched swing-up and sliding controller (AFSSSC) is proposed for the swing-up and position controls of a double-pendulum-and-cart system. The proposed AFSSSC consists of a fuzzy switching controller (FSC), an adaptive fuzzy swing-up controller (FSUC), and an adaptive hybrid fuzzy sliding controller (HFSC). To simplify the design of the adaptive HFSC, the double-pendulum-and-cart system is reformulated as a double-pendulum and a cart subsystem with matched time-varying uncertainties. In addition, an adaptive mechanism is provided to learn the parameters of the output fuzzy sets for the adaptive HFSC. The FSC is designed to smoothly switch between the adaptive FSUC and the adaptive HFSC. Moreover, the sliding mode and the stability of the fuzzy sliding control systems are guaranteed. Simulation results are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed AFSSSC.      

Swing-Up Control of the Pendubot: An Impulse–Momentum Approach

The standard control problem of the pendubot refers to the task of stabilizing its equilibrium configuration with the highest potential energy. Linearization of the dynamics of the pendubot about this equilibrium results in a completely controllable system and allows a linear controller to be designed for local asymptotic stability. For the underactuated pendubot, the important task is, therefore, to design a controller that will swing up both links and bring the configuration variables of the system within the region of attraction of the desired equilibrium. This paper provides a new method for swing-up control based on a series of rest-to-rest maneuvers of the first link about its vertically upright configuration. The rest-to-rest maneuvers are designed such that each maneuver results in a net gain in energy of the second link. This results in swing-up of the second link and the pendubot configuration reaching the region of attraction of the desired equilibrium. A four-step algorithm is provided for swing-up control followed by stabilization. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.      

CAutoCSD – Evolutionary Search and Optimisation Enabled Computer Automated Control System Design

This paper attempts to set a unified scene for various linear time-invariant (LTI) control system design schemes, by transforming the existing concept of "computer-aided control system design" (CACSD) to novel "computer-automated control system design" (CAutoCSD). The first step towards this goal is to accommodate, under practical constraints, various design objectives that are desirable in both time and frequency domains. Such performance-prioritised unification is aimed at relieving practising engineers from having to select a particular control scheme and from sacrificing certain performance goals resulting from pre-commitment to such schemes. With recent progress in evolutionary computing based extra-numeric, multi-criterion search and optimisation techniques, such unification of LTI control schemes becomes feasible, analytical and practical, and the resultant designs can be creative. The techniques developed are applied to, and illustrated by, three design problems. The unified approach automatically provides an integrator for zero-steady state error in velocity control of a DC motor, and meets multiple objectives in the design of an LTI controller for a non-minimum phase plant and offers a high-performance LTI controller network for a non-linear chemical process.     

小车-二级倒立摆系统的仿人智能控制策略和算法

分析了小车二级倒立摆系统（CDPS）的运动特性，给出了数学模型；重点针对CDPS的各个运动阶段，提出了仿人智能控制策略，给出了相应的仿人智能控制算法；得出了仿真实验结果并进行了分析。     

Simulation study for automatic generation control of a multi-area power system by ANFIS approach

This paper deals with the application of artificial neural network (ANN) based ANFIS approach to automatic generation control (AGC) of a three unequal area hydrothermal system. The proposed ANFIS controller combines the advantages of fuzzy controller as well as quick response and adaptability nature of ANN. Appropriate generation rate constraints (GRC) have been considered for the thermal and hydro plants. The hydro area is considered with an electric governor and thermal area is considered with reheat turbine. The design objective is to improve the frequency and tie-line power deviations of the interconnected system. 1% step load perturbation has been considered occurring either in any individual area or occurring simultaneously in all the areas. It is a maiden application of ANFIS approach to a three unequal area hydrothermal system with GRC considering perturbation in a single area as well as in all areas. The performance of the ANFIS controller is compared with the results of integral squared error (ISE) criterion based integral controller published previously. Simulation results are presented to show the improved performance of ANFIS controller in comparison with the conventional integral controller. The results indicate that the controllers exhibit better performance. In fact, ANFIS approach satisfies the load frequency control requirements with a reasonable dynamic response.     

X-Q自适应PID及其在多目标满意控制系统中的应用

给出一种新型X-Q自适应控制器,它具有新颖的自适应频率特性对于控制信号而言,它是一个没有任何相位落后的PID,且高频段为一放大倍数为k的放大器,低频段为一积分时间常数为     

三级倒立摆的自动摆起与稳定控制

采用非线性逆系统轨迹控制实现三级倒立摆的自动摆起,并设计了变增益LQR控制器将其稳定在竖直倒立位置.首先,三级倒立摆从静止下垂状态摆起到竖直倒立位置的过程,从数学角度看是一个两点边值问题,通过求解该两点边值问题获得摆起的标称轨迹,利用逆系统方法设计前馈控制,同时结合增益调度反馈控制使摆起过程稳定;其次,在稳定控制阶段,...     

Multiobjective model predictive control

This paper proposes a novel model predictive control (MPC) scheme based on multiobjective optimization. At each sampling time, the MPC control action is chosen among the set of Pareto optimal solutions based on a time-varying, state-dependent decision criterion. Compared to standard single-objective MPC formulations, such a criterion allows one to take into account several, often irreconcilable, control specifications, such as high bandwidth (closed-loop promptness) when the state vector is far away from the equilibrium and low bandwidth (good noise rejection properties) near the equilibrium. After recasting the optimization problem associated with the multiobjective MPC controller as a multiparametric multiobjective linear or quadratic program, we show that it is possible to compute each Pareto optimal solution as an explicit piecewise affine function of the state vector and of the vector of weights to be assigned to the different objectives in order to get that particular Pareto optimal solution. Furthermore, we provide conditions for selecting Pareto optimal solutions so that the MPC control loop is asymptotically stable, and show the effectiveness of the approach in simulation examples.     

基于自抗扰控制技术的高压大功率异步电机矢量控制系统

异步电机是一个非线性、多变量、强耦合系统。针对异步电机的特点,设计了一种新颖的高压大功率异步电机矢量控制系统。利用自抗扰控制技术,设计了速度控制器和转子磁链控制器。通过速度控制器对负载扰动进行估计和补偿,消除了负载扰动可能带来的稳态跟踪误差。采用级联型多电平逆变器给异步电机供电,逆变器的开关信号利用载波移相脉宽调制方法生成。仿真结果表明：系统不仅具有良好的动态和稳态性能,而且对负载及系统参数扰动具有较强的鲁棒性。