Antibacterial effect of nanosized silver colloidal solution on textile fabrics

This paper deals with the antibacterial efficacy of nanosized silver colloidal solution on the cellulosic and synthetic fabrics. Two kinds of Bacteria; Gram-positive and Gram-negative, were used. TEM observation of silver nanoparticles showed their shape, and size distribution. The particles were very small (2–5 nm) and had narrow distribution. SEM images of treated fabrics indicated silver nanoparticles were well dispersed on the surfaces of specimens. WAXS patterns did not show any peak of silver as the fabric had very small quantity of silver particles. However, ICP-MS informed the residual concentration of silver particles on fabrics before/after laundering. The antibacterial treatment of the textile fabrics was easily achieved by padding them with nanosized silver colloidal solution. The antibacterial efficacy of the fabrics was maintained after many times laundering.     

In situ generation of Ag nanoparticles on polyester fabrics by photoreduction using TiO2 nanoparticles

This study discusses the possibility of in situ generation of Ag nanoparticles on polyester fabric by photoreduction of Ag⁺ ions with deposited TiO₂ nanoparticles in the presence of amino acid alanine and methyl alcohol. The presence of TiO₂/Ag nanoparticles on the polyester fiber surface was confirmed by XRD, XPS, and SEM analyses. Such nanocomposite textile material provides excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, and fungus C. albicans. Maximum microbial reduction was preserved even after ten washing cycles. In spite of satisfactory laundering durability, the release of silver occurred during washing. The leaching of silver was also present when the fabrics were exposed to artificial sweat at pH 5.5 and pH 8.0 for 24 h. In addition to excellent antimicrobial properties, TiO₂/Ag nanoparticles imparted maximum UV protection to polyester fabrics.     

Functional finishing of cotton fabrics using silver nanoparticles

We have reported a novel in situ synthesis protocol for silver nanoparticles onto cotton fabrics. Here, cotton fabric immersed in silver nitrate solution is autoclaved at 15 psi, 121 degrees C for 15 min. At this temperature and pressure, the aldehyde terminal of starch (residual size material on cotton fabric) reduced the silver nitrate to silver metal and simultaneously stabilized the nanoparticles on fabric itself. The UV-visible absorption spectrum of both cotton fabrics and bath solution showed a typical absorption peak at 420 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. With the help of transmission electron micrographs, the average size of the dislodged silver nanoparticles in water is calculated to be 20.9 +/- 13.7 nm. This silver nanoparticles impregnated cotton fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and bacteriostasis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Also, silver nanoparticles impregnated fabrics expressed significant UV-protection capability in comparison with the untreated fabrics.     

Robust Flower‐Like TiO2@Cotton Fabrics with Special Wettability for Effective Self‐Cleaning and Versatile Oil/Water Separation

Inspired by the hierarchical structure of the mastoid on the micrometer and nanometer scale and the waxy crystals of the mastoid on natural lotus surfaces, a facile one‐step hydrothermal strategy is developed to coat flower‐like hierarchical TiO₂ micro/nanoparticles onto cotton fabric substrates (TiO₂@Cotton). Furthermore, robust superhydrophobic TiO₂@Cotton surfaces are constructed by the combination of hierarchical structure creation and low surface energy material modification, which allows versatility for self‐cleaning, laundering durability, and oil/water separation. Compared with hydrophobic cotton fabric, the TiO₂@Cotton exhibits a superior antiwetting and self‐cleaning property with a contact angle (CA) lager than 160° and a sliding angle lower than 5°. The superhydrophobic TiO₂@Cotton shows excellent laundering durability against mechanical abrasion without an apparent reduction of the water contact angle. Moreover, the micro/nanoscale hierarchical structured cotton fabrics with special wettability are demonstrated to selectively collect oil from oil/water mixtures efficiently under various conditions (e.g., floating oil layer or underwater oil droplet or even oil/water mixtures). In addition, it is expected that this facile strategy can be widely used to construct multifunctional fabrics with excellent self‐cleaning, laundering durability, and oil/water separation. The work would also be helpful to design and develop new underwater superoleophobic/superoleophilic materials and microfluidic management devices.     

Development and antibacterial performance of silver nanoparticles incorporated polydopamine–polyester-knitted fabric

Metallization is one of the finishing processes in textile treatment that can produce multifunctional effects. The present study dealt with the development of an antibacterial polyester-knitted fabric via facile and green impregnation of silver nanoparticles (SNPs). This was done by applying a polymeric foundation on the polyester-knitted fabric by simply dip-coating in the aqueous solution of dopamine. Then the SNPs were in situ fabricated and impregnated on the surface of polydopamine-modified polyester-knitted fabric in an aqueous solution of AgNO₃ at room temperature. Thus, a multi-functional finishing of polyester-knitted fabric was done. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was done to confirm the polymer attachment. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray was done to confirm the presence of SNPs on treated fabric. The crystallography of the treated surface was examined by X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial properties of treated fabrics against broad spectrum bacterial strains were investigated and found significant.     

Antifungal efficiency of corona pretreated polyester and polyamide fabrics loaded with Ag nanoparticles

This study discusses the possibility of using the corona (electric discharge at atmospheric pressure) treatment for fiber surface activation that can facilitate the loading of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from colloids onto the polyester and polyamide fabrics and thus enhance their antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The laundering durability of achieved effects and the influence of dyeing of fabrics with disperse dyes on their antifungal efficiency were studied. The morphology of fibers loaded with Ag nanoparticles was characterized by SEM whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used for the evaluation of surface chemical changes. Corona pretreated polyester and polyamide fabrics loaded with Ag nanoparticles showed better antifungal properties compared to untreated fabrics. The advantage of corona treated fabrics became even more prominent after washing test, particularly for polyester fabrics. Antifungal efficiency of polyester and polyamide fabrics loaded with Ag nanoparticles were almost unaffected by dyeing process.     

Enhanced antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles obtained by electrochemical synthesis in poly(amide-hydroxyurethane) media

In the present study, we report enhanced antimicrobial properties of 29 and 23 nm silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) obtained by electrochemical synthesis in poly(amide-hydroxyurethane) media. Antibacterial activity assessed by disk diffusion method indicates that silver nanoparticles produced inhibition zones for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus depending on silver concentration. The bacterial growth curve performed in the presence of silver nanoparticles showed a stronger antibacterial effect at lower concentrations than those described in the earlier reports. The effect was both dose and size dependent and was more pronounced against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive one. The smallest Ag NPs used had a bactericidal effect resulting in killing E. coli cells. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated major damage and morphology changes of the silver nanoparticles treated bacterial cells. The major mechanism responsible for the antibacterial effect probably consists in clusters formation and nanoparticles anchorage to the bacterial cell surface.     

Alkaline treatment effect on the properties of in‐situ synthesised ZnO nanoparticles on cotton fabric

In this study, an in‐situ approach was used to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles on the surface of cotton fabric. The effect of alkaline pre‐ and after‐treatment and Zn²⁺ concentration was studied on the morphological, structural, thermal, photocatalytic, and antibacterial properties of loaded cotton fabrics. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, thermogravimetric analysis, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometer were used to characterise the properties of loaded cotton fabrics. Alkaline after‐treatment of cotton fabric presented more dispersed zinc oxide nanoparticles, and an increase in Zn²⁺ concentration led to form agglomerated nanoparticles on the surface of cotton fibres. The loaded cotton fabrics with zinc oxide nanoparticles presented an inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, the stain of methylene blue on the surface of loaded samples was degraded after irradiated under visible light.Inspec keywords: nanofabrication, zinc compounds, II‐VI semiconductors, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, catalysis, photochemistry, cotton fabrics, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, thermal analysis, attenuated total reflection, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, microorganisms, materials preparationOther keywords: alkaline treatment effect, in‐situ synthesised ZnO nanoparticles, alkaline pretreatment, alkaline after‐treatment, Zn²⁺ concentration, morphological property, structural property, thermal property, photocatalytic property, antibacterial property, loaded cotton fabrics, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, thermogravimetric analysis, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, agglomerated nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, inhibition zone, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, methylene blue, visible light, ZnO     

Hybrid fibers containing protein-templated nanomaterials and biologically active components as antibacterial materials

The persistent and emerging threat of bacterial infections now extends to many real world scenarios that drive a requirement for antimicrobial fabrics. Such functionalized textiles may find application in protective wear for medical and military personnel and provide functional wound dressings that reduce infection in situ. In this work, biomimetic enzyme entrapment and protein-directed nanomaterials synthesis is combined and applied to the antimicrobial functionalization of fabrics. A multi-faceted approach was adopted to address the fabrication of textiles with Ag nanoparticles, bactericidal proteins and mineral coatings that may contribute (singularly or in unison) to provide antimicrobial activity. Fibroin coordinated silver ions, for example, were chemically reduced to generate silver nanoparticles within the interior of silk fabric fibers. Silk textiles were further functionalized by the surface adsorption of the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme. The exposure of such lysozyme-conjugated fabrics to mineralizing solutions enabled the self-directed immobilization of the enzyme in a subsequent protective matrix of amorphous silica or titania. Silk-immobilized lysozyme was also utilized to adsorb nanocrystalline TiO₂ from solution onto the fabric surface; a subsequent layer of enzyme served to entrap the ceramic particles under a layer of biomimetically mineralized titania. The multiplicity of antimicrobial activities derived from this approach thereby combined; 1) the hydrolytic activity of lysozyme (demonstrated by radial diffusion assays), 2) the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles (demonstrated effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and silver resistant E. coli) and 3) the photocatalytic bactericidal response of TiO₂ under UV illumination.     

Antibacterial coatings on haemodialysis catheters by photochemical deposition of silver nanoparticles

Antibacterial coatings on catheters for acute dialysis were obtained by an innovative and patented silver deposition technique based on the photo-reduction of the silver solution on the surface of catheter, with consequent formation of antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Aim of this work is the structural and morphological characterization of these medical devices in order to analyze the distribution and the size of clusters on the polymeric surface, and to verify the antibacterial capability of the devices treated by this technique against bacterial proliferation. The structure and morphology of the silver nanoparticles were investigated by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The antimicrobial capability of the catheters after silver deposition was confirmed by antibacterial tests with Escherichia coli. Both scanning electron microscopy analysis and antibacterial tests were performed also after washing catheters for 30 days in deionized water at 37°C, relating these data to thermogravimetric analysis and to energy dispersive spectroscopy, in order to check the resistance of coating and its antimicrobial capability after the maximum time of life of these devices.     

Sintering of nanoscale silver coated textiles,a new approach to attain conductive fabrics for electromagnetic shielding

The demand for conductive textiles is increasing, owing to the need for lightweight and flexible conductive materials for a variety of applications, including electromagnetic shielding of electronic equipment. Herein we propose a process that combines the in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles at the textile fibre surface followed by sintering of the nanoparticles to obtain highly conductive fabrics. The formation of silver particles at the nanoscale allowed for sintering to be performed efficiently, at reduced temperature and time, bestowing fabrics with high conductivity and capability of shielding electromagnetic radiation. The nanoparticle synthesis method entailed the precipitation of 2.0 g L⁻¹ silver nitrate and further reduction with citrate, with the formation of a deposit of silver nanoparticles at the fabric surface. The amount of silver deposited (up to 195 mg of silver per g of fabric) resulted in moderate electrical conductivity with sheet resistance of 803 Ω/sq. Upon sintering, this value decreased dramatically to 5.2 Ω/sq. The sintering process was monitored by SEM, which showed that sintering at 200 °C for 30 min resulted in maximal electrical conductivity with the lowest amount of silver deposited, while forming a homogenous surface. Fabrics submitted to these sintering conditions maintained their sheet resistance and shielding effectiveness values, even after eight washing cycles.     

Multifunctional MoSe2@MXene Heterostructure-Decorated Cellulose Fabric for Wearable Thermal Therapy

A booming demand for wearable electronic devices urges the development of multifunctional smart fabrics. However, it is still facing a challenge to fabricate multifunctional smart fabrics with satisfactory mechanical property, excellent Joule heating performance, highly efficient photothermal conversion, outstanding electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, and superior anti-bacterial capability. Here, a MoSe₂@MXene heterostructure-based multifunctional cellulose fabric is fabricated by depositing MXene nanosheets onto cellulose fabric followed by a facile hydrothermal method to grow MoSe₂ nanoflakes on MXene layers. A low-voltage Joule heating therapy platform with rapid Joule heating response (up to 230 °C in 25 s at a supplied voltage of 4 V) and stable performance under repeated bending cycles (up to 1000 cycles) is realized. Besides, the multifunctional fabric also exhibits excellent photothermal performance (up to 130 °C upon irradiation for 25 s with a light intensity of 400 mW cm⁻²), outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (37 dB), and excellent antibacterial performances (>90% anti-bacterial rate toward Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus). This work offers an efficient avenue to fabricate multifunctional wearable thermal therapy devices for mobile healthcare and personal thermal management.     

Antibacterial activity of hybrid chitosan–cupric oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabric

In this study, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared using sonochemical method. The prepared nanoparticles were studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The colloidal chitosan (CS) solution was prepared using ultrasound irradiation method and simultaneously mixed with CuO nanoparticles. The coatings of colloidal solution with and without CuO nanoparticles were studied through TEM images. The cotton fabrics were separately soaked in the prepared nanoparticle‐containing (hybrid) solutions by sonication method followed by pad‐dry‐cure method. The structural, functional, and morphological analyses of the coated and uncoated fabrics were performed using XRD, FTIR‐attenuated total reflectance, and SEM analyses, respectively. The hybrid‐coated cotton fabrics showed better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The bioactivity performance of the coated fabrics was in the order of CuO‐coated fabric > CS‐coated fabric.Inspec keywords: cotton fabrics, nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, copper compoundsOther keywords: antibacterial activity, hybrid chitosan‐cupric oxide nanoparticles, cotton fabric, cupric oxide nanoparticles, sonochemical method, X‐ray diffraction, XRD pattern, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, SEM, transmission electron microscopy, TEM methods, colloidal chitosan solution, ultrasound irradiation method, colloidal solution, TEM images, cotton fabrics, nanoparticle‐containing solutions, sonication method, pad‐dry‐cure method, morphological analyses, structural analyses, functional analyses, FTIR‐attenuated total reflectance, SEM analyses, hybrid‐coated cotton fabrics, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, bioactivity performance, CuO     

The influence of triangular silver nanoplates on antimicrobial activity and color of cotton fabrics pretreated with chitosan

The effect of cotton fabric pretreatment with biopolymer chitosan (CHT) on deposition of colloidal triangular silver nanoplates was studied. Also, the influence of deposited silver nanoparticles on color and antimicrobial activity of cotton fabrics was evaluated. Characterization of colloidal silver nanoparticles as well as silver nanoparticles deposited on cotton fabrics was performed using electron microscopy (TEM and FESEM), XRD analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, UV–Vis absorption, and reflectance spectroscopy. The cotton fabric turned from white to blue color upon deposition of triangular silver nanoplates. Antimicrobial activity of CHT pretreated cotton fabric impregnated with silver nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi Candida albicans. Deposited silver nanoparticles imparted excellent antimicrobial properties to cotton fabric. The standard sterilization procedure of cotton fabric for antimicrobial activity testing resulted in color change of the fabric from blue to yellow. This color change is most likely consequence of transformation of triangular silver nanoplates into nanodiscs and/or their agglomeration into spheroids.     

Extracellular biosynthesis,characterisation and in-vitro antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles using Agaricus bisporus

Microbial silver nanoparticles have been known to have bactericidal effects but the antimicrobial mechanism has not been clearly revealed. The use of microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as an ecofriendly and exciting approach. Here we report on the extracellular synthesis method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles in water using the extract of Agaricus bisporus, a naturally occurring edible mushroom, as reducing and protecting agents. The silver nanoparticles were characterised by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The synthesised silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against the multi-drug resistant Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens.     

Superior bactericidal activity of SDS capped silver nanoparticles: Synthesis and characterization

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through UV photo-reduction of silver nitrate aqueous solution, containing ethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using an UV digester equipped with high pressure mercury lamp of 500 W. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed from the appearance of surface plasmon absorption maxima at 418 nm. TEM showed the spherical nanoparticles with size in 23–67 nm (average 45 ± 10 nm). The silver nanoparticles were stable for more than 8 months. The antibacterial activity of these SDS capped silver nanoparticles was tested using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model strain for gram-negative bacteria. SDS capped silver nanoparticles exhibit a much higher bactericidal activity compared to silver nanoparticles capped with other capping agents. Even at a low silver nanoparticle concentration of 5 μg/ml, complete inhibition of 10⁷ colony forming units (CFU) was achieved with SDS capped silver nanoparticles. This concentration is much lower than the values reported by other authors. This enhanced bactericidal activity is attributed to much efficient transport of silver nanoparticles by SDS to the outer membrane of cell wall compared to the other capping agents and have a better interaction of nanoparticles with the cell.     

Antimicrobial active silver nanoparticles and silver/polystyrene core-shell nanoparticles prepared in room-temperature ionic liquid

Uniform silver nanoparticles and silver/polystyrene core-shell nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in a room temperature ionic liquid, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]·BF₄). [BMIM]·BF₄ plays a protective role to prevent the nanoparticles from aggregation during the preparation process. Transmission electron micrographs confirm that both silver nanoparticles and core-shell nanoparticles are regular spheres with the sizes in the range of 5–15 nm and 15–25 nm, respectively. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the face-centered cubic geometry of silver nanoparticles. The as-prepared nanoparticles were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, antimicrobial activities against E. coli and S. aureus were studied and the results show that both silver nanoparticles and core-shell nanoparticles possess excellent antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial mechanism of the as-prepared nanoparticles was discussed.     

Silver nanoparticle production by Rhizopus stolonifer and its antibacterial activity against extended spectrum β-lactamase producing (ESBL) strains of Enterobacteriaceae

This report focuses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus, Rhizopus stolonifer and its antimicrobial activity. Research in nanotechnology highlights the possibility of green chemistry pathways to produce technologically important nanomaterials. Characterization of newly synthesized silver nanoparticles was made by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscope (AFM). TEM micrograph revealed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with size ranging between 3 and 20 nm. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) showed excellent antibacterial activity against ESBL-strains which includes E. coli, Proteus. sp. and Klebsiella sp.     

Factors affecting the antibacterial activity of chitosan‐silver nanocomposite

This study provides the optimum preparation parameters of chitosan‐silver nanoparticles composite (CSNC) with promising antibacterial activity against the most common bacterial infections found on burn wounds. CSNC was synthesised by simple green chemical reduction method with different preparation factors. Chitosan was used to reduce silver nitrate and stabilise silver nanoparticles in the medium. For this reason, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques as, ultraviolet‐visible Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used in the study of the molecular and morphological properties of the resultant composites. Furthermore, the composite was assessed in terms of Ag‐ions release by AAS and its efficacy as antibacterial material. As a result, CSNC showed stronger antibacterial effect than its individual components (chitosan and silver nitrate solutions) towards Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria. CSNC prepared in this study showed highest inhibition percentage of bacterial growth up to 96% at concentration of 220 μg/ml.Inspec keywords: silver, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, filled polymers, biomedical materials, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, wounds, reduction (chemical), ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, Fourier transform spectra, infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, microorganisms, nanofabricationOther keywords: antibacterial activity, chitosan‐silver nanocomposite, optimum preparation parameters, chitosan‐silver nanoparticles composite, CSNC, bacterial infections, burn wounds, green chemical reduction method, ultraviolet‐visible Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, molecular properties, morphological properties, Gram‐positive bacteria, Gram‐negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, bacterial growth, Ag     

Evaluation of anti‐bacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised by coprophilous fungus PM0651419

The study explored biological synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the less explored non‐pathogenic coprophilous fungus, sterile mycelium, PM0651419 and evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of biosynthesised AgNPs when impregnated in wound fabrics and in combination with six antimicrobial agents. AgNPs alone proved to be potent antibacterial agents and in combination they enhanced the antibacterial activity and spectrum of antibacterials used in the study against a microbiologically diverse battery of Gram positive, Gram negative and multidrug‐resistant bacteria. AgNPs impregnated on the wound dressings established their antibacterial activity by significantly reducing the bacterial load of pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis e stablishing potential as effective antimicrobial wound dressings for treatment of polymicrobial wound infections. This study presents the first report on the potential of biosynthesis of AgNPs from the under explored class of coprophilous fungi. Their promise to be used in wound dressings and as potent antibacterials alone and in combination is evaluatedInspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, microorganisms, antibacterial activity, wounds, fabricsOther keywords: antibacterial activity, coprophilous fungus PM0651419, biological synthesis, metallic silver nanoparticles, nonpathogenic coprophilous fungus, sterile mycelium, antimicrobial efficacy, biosynthesised AgNPs, wound fabrics, microbiologically diverse battery, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, multidrug‐resistant bacteria, wound dressings, bacterial load, pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, polymicrobial wound infections, Ag