行波热声发动机驱动的脉管制冷机研究

通过改变热声发动机谐振直路长度,研究系统在不同工作频率下的性能.研究发现,在一定条件下降低频率可以显著改善脉管制冷机的性能.在工作压力为2.7 MPa,加热功率为2 350W,工作频率为45 Hz时,双向进气型单级脉管制冷机获得了80.9 K的最低制冷温度,这是目前用热声制冷方法获得的最低制冷温度.     

中低温声学双作用行波热声发动机热功转换性能的数值模拟研究及优化

研究了一种中低温声学双作用行波热声发动机,拟以高温导热油作为高温加热器的传热流体,高温端温度选取为390℃。基于热声学理论,对其性能进行了数值模拟,对系统结构进行了优化设计。优化结果表明,在平均工作压力为10 MPa,工作频率为50 Hz,室温为30℃的工作条件下,每个单元的输出声功达到3 162 W,整体热功转换效率达到30.3%。为了更好地了解热声发动机内的热功转换过程,分析了发动机内部声场一些主要参数的沿程分布情况。     

气-液双作用热声发动机结构参数不一致性对系统热声转换特性的影响

针对气-液双作用行波热声发动机结构参数不一致性对系统热声转换特性的影响进行了数值模拟分析,分别讨论了回热器长度、液体活塞摩擦阻力以及液体活塞质量不对称的情况下,系统热声转换特性的变化。计算结果表明,仅改变一个基本单元的一个特定的结构参数时,整个气-液双作用行波热声发动机性能参数均发生改变,并且表现出不对称性。系统结构参数的不一致性对体积流率、压力振幅、相位以及气体温度的沿程分布均有明显影响。回热器产生的净声功率受结构参数不对称性影响显著,甚至可能出现某一基本单元回热器不产生声功率或消耗声功率的情况,值得重点关注。     

带压力放大器的驻波型热声发动机驱动RC负载

进行了驻波型热声发动机压力放大器长度对系统性能的影响的模拟及实验研究,发现压力放大器的实际最佳长度应该小于系统波长,并且受热声发动机的加热功率、工作压力和负载大小的影响;在负载声阻固定的情况下,一定范围内振动频率、加热温度、负载入口声功随着压力放大器长度的增大而增大;压力放大器可以提高负载入口声功和效率,在本实验的热声系统中接入3.45 m压力放大器后,热声发动机的效率由1.45%提高到3.32%.     

热声斯特林发动机热动力学特性的CFD研究——第一部分:热声自激振荡演化过程

采用商业计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent6.0对热声斯特林发动机热动力学特性进行了热声自激振荡演化过程的数值模拟研究.主要研究了边界条件、初始条件和数值离散方法对模拟瞬态、可压缩、非线性的热声系统的重要影响,同时给出了两种在回热器内部建立温度梯度的方法,比较了它们对应的不同自激振荡演化过程.模拟结果表明,在高于功产生的临界温度梯度时,波动压力振幅被显著放大.本研究初步验证了该CFD研究的有效性.     

300 Hz脉冲管制冷机特性研究

从实验和数值计算两个方面研究了1台工作频率为300 Hz的单级脉冲管制冷机的制冷特性.实验方面,验证了平均压力、入口压比、惯性管长度以及均流化元件对其制冷性能的影响,该制冷机在平均压力为3.96 MPa、入口压比为1.21时获得了79.6 K的最低制冷温度;数值计算方面,基于线性热声理论的模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较,以验证程序的有效性.     

大型多功能热声发动机的研制及初步实验 第二部分:热声发动机的初步实验

行波热声发动机在回热器中进行的是可逆热声转换过程,理论上可以更高效地产生和传输声功,因而具有广阔的研究应用前景.对自行研制的大型多功能热声发动机进行了初步实验,着重研究了系统的起振、消振过程及压力波动情况.实验结果表明,该热声发动机比纯驻波型热声发动机具有更低的起振温度、更大的压比及更高的热声转换效率.以氮气为工质,在充气压力为9×105 Pa的条件下,该热声发动机最大压比达1.21,工作频率为25 Hz,这是当前国际上处于前列的实验结果.     

谐振管几何形状对热声发动机工作性能的影响

谐振管作为热声发动机的重要部件之一,其几何参数的变化对热声系统的工作性能有重大影响,在驻波型热声发动机系统上对锥形谐振管和圆直谐振管进行了初步的实验对比,以探明谐振管的形状对热声发动机系统性能的影响.实验结果表明,在系统的工作频率固定在130 Hz的情况下,无论是压比、输出声功,还是相对卡诺效率,采用锥形管的系统都要比采用圆直管的系统具有更大的优势.     

行波型热声发动机的数值模拟实验

首次采用有限元法(FEM),对行波型热声发动机实验系统进行了数值模拟,以线性热声理论作为计算模型,且与实验系统具有相同的几何结构和运行工况,同时采用有限元方法中的加权余量法对计算模型进行求解,通过自主编写的MATLAB计算程序,对热声系统进行一系列的迭代计算,计算结果成功观测到了行波型热声发动机系统内复杂的声场分布特性和流场特性。计算结果与实验结果的对比验证了有限元方法对行波型热声发动机模拟的有效性。     

热声热机数值模拟研究及其进展

随着热声理论的不断成熟,以及计算机技术、计算流体动力学和传热学的快速发展,数值模拟已成为与理论分析和实验研究相并列的三大研究手段之一。介绍了数值模拟研究的基本模型,重点综述了近年来热声热机数值模拟方面的研究成果,并在此基础上进行总结,展望了热声热机数值模拟方面今后的发展趋势。     

Influence of resonance tube length on performance of thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator

A resonance tube is an important component of a thermoacoustic engine, which has great influence on the performance of the thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator. A standing wave thermoacoustic engine is simulated with linear thermoacoustics. Computed results show that an appropriate accretion of the resonance tube length may lead to a decrease of the working frequency and an increase of the pressure amplitude, which will improve the match between the thermoacoustic engine and the pulse tube refrigerator. The theoretical prediction is verified by experiments. A refrigeration temperature as low as 88.6 K has been achieved with an optimized length of the resonance tube, helium as working gas, and 2200 W of heating power.     

热声热机系统的测量与实验研究

对热声热机驱动耗散性负载的性能进行了实验研究和分析,对热声热机系统起振温度和谐振频率进行了测量和标定。得出导致热声发动机工作在二附谐振频率模态下的影响因素。测量和分析了气体充气压力、频率以及谐振管长度对系统驱动制冷机,产生了25℃的温差。     

Experimental study of quasi-periodic on-off phenomena in a small-scale traveling wave thermoacoustic heat engine

Periodic and spontaneous on-off oscillation belongs to the onset and damping behaviors of thermoacoustic engines, and investigations on this phenomenon lead to better operation of the thermoacoustic engines with stable performances. In this paper, the quasi- periodic on-off oscillation in a small-scale traveling wave thermoacoustic heat engine with a resonator length of only 1 m was experimentally investigated. The type of working media, mean pressure and the input heating power are the main operating parameters, which significantly affect the formation of the periodic on-off oscillation. The experimental results demonstrated there was a critical charge pressure over which the periodic on-off oscillation could happen. For the small- scale engine with helium gas as the working media, the mean pressure threshold value was about 1.4 MPa and the on-off oscillation occurred with a single frequency. Using nitrogen and argon gas as the working media, the on-off oscillation was not observed. The reason was qualitatively analyzed as well.     

气液耦合振动热声发动机的压力特性

采用气液耦合振动是提升热声发动机系统压力振幅以及降低谐振频率的有效方式.根据热声理论,对气液耦合振动热声发动机系统进行了模拟,重点讨论了平均工作压力对压力振幅、压比和谐振频率等性能参数的影响,分析了热声板叠产生声功率以及各部件消耗声功率随平均工作压力的变化情况.进行了相关实验,以验证模拟计算结果的合理性.模拟计算和实验数据均表明,增大平均工作压力可显著提升系统压力振幅,这对于利用其驱动后续负载是有利的.     

Experimental investigation on a thermoacoustic engine having a looped tube and resonator

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of regenerator hydraulic radius, resonator length, and mean pressure on the characteristics of the tested thermoacoustic engine, which has a looped tube and resonator. Two different acoustic oscillations are observed in the tested engine [Yu ZB, Li Q, Chen X, Guo FZ, Xie XJ, Wu JH. Investigation on the oscillation modes in a thermoacoustic stirling prime mover: mode stability and mode transition. Cryogenics 2003;43(12):687-91]. In this paper, they are called two acoustic modes, high frequency mode (with a frequency independent of the resonator length) and low frequency mode (with a frequency depending on the resonator length). Experimental results indicate that the relative penetration depth (the ratio of penetration depth over hydraulic radius) plays an important role in the excitation and pressure amplitude of the two acoustic modes. For each tested regenerator hydraulic radius, there is a measured optimal relative penetration depth, which leads to the lowest onset temperature difference. Note that, in the tested engine, the measured optimal relative viscous penetration depths are in the range 3-5 (for low frequency mode). Furthermore, experimental results also show that the resonator length affects the presence of high frequency mode in this engine.     

Effect of different working gases on the performance of a small thermoacoustic Stirling engine

The performance of a small thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine (TASHE) was investigated with three kinds of working gases experimentally and numerically. The examined performances focused on the operating frequency, onset temperature, pressure amplitude and some temperature characteristics after onset. The working frequency with nitrogen, argon and helium as the working gas was 45 Hz, 42 Hz and 130 Hz, respectively. The engine worked with helium in a much wider range of mean pressure than with nitrogen and argon. There was an optimal mean pressure for the minimum onset temperature for each working media. Using nitrogen and argon as working gas rather than helium, another optimal mean pressure for the highest pressure ratio was obtained in the experiment. The loop dimension was indispensable in determining the frequency and the highest pressure ratio was observed in the resonator cavity.     

Numerical investigation on a 300 Hz pulse tube cryocooler driven by a three-stage traveling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine

A 300 Hz pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) driven by a three-stage traveling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine (TSTHE) has been proposed and studied in this paper. In the configuration, three identical thermoacoustic heat engine units are evenly incorporated in a closed traveling-wave loop, in which three pulse tube cryocoolers are connected to the branch of each thermoacoustic heat engine. Compared with the conventional thermoacoustic heat engine which involves a traveling-wave loop and a long resonator, it has advantages of compact size and potentially high thermal efficiency. A TSTHE–PTC system was designed, optimized and studied in detail based on the thermoacoustic theory. Firstly, numerical simulation was conducted to design the system thus the optimum structure parameters of the system were obtained. With the operating condition of 4 MPa mean pressure and high working frequency, a cooling power of 7.75 W at 77 K and an overall relative Carnot efficiency of 11.78% were achieved. In order to better understand the energy conversion characteristics of the system, distributions of key parameters such as acoustic work, phase difference, dynamic pressure, volume flow rate and exergy loss were presented and discussed. Then, the coupling mechanism of the system was investigated. In addition, influence of coupling position on the system performance was further studied.     

An innovative configuration for thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube coolers

Obtainable lowest temperature of a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler is generally limited by the pressure ratio provided by the thermoacoustic engine with helium as working gas. It is also known that a thermoacoustic engine filled with nitrogen can generally provide much larger pressure ratio and lower frequency than the same engine filled with helium. Here we introduce an innovative system configuration which uses an elastic membrane as the interface between the thermoacoustic engine subsystem and the pulse tube cooler subsystem. The membrane can transport acoustic work from the engine to the cooler, and meanwhile separate the working gases used in respective subsystems. Through this way, it is possible for the engine to operate with nitrogen to provide larger pressure ratio and more suitable frequency for the pulse tube cooler which can still use helium as the working gas. To test this idea, a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler was built. With the innovative configuration, the pulse tube cooler reached a lowest temperature of 139 K. On the other hand, without the membrane, the PTC only achieved a lowest temperature of 186 K when using nitrogen and 145 K with helium for both the PTC and the engine.     

热声热机的研究进展

对热声热机和热声脉管制冷机的发展历史和现状进行了较为全面的概述,重点阐述了热声热机和热声制冷机的理论、实验和数值仿真研究方法、研究成果,尤其对热声脉管制冷机的数值研究方法从一维数值到二维轴对称及三维数值研究模型进行较为系统的介绍。同时对热声热机的研究热点、研究方法、研究方向进行了预测,并对热声热机的三个发展方向:太阳能利用和余热利用、热声制冷系统微型化、热声驱动脉管制冷作了简要的介绍。