Microstructure,mechanical properties and high stress abrasive wear behavior of air-cooled MnCrB cast steels

Three medium carbon low alloyed MnCrB cast steels containing different Cr contents (0.3%, 0.6%, and 1.2%) were designed and the effect of Cr contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties and high stress abrasive wear behavior of the cast steels after 850 °C air-cooling and 220 °C tempering was studied. The results show that the hardenability of the MnCrB cast steels was excellent. The microstructure of the cast steels with low Cr contents (0.3% or 0.6%) consists of granular bainite and lower bainite/martensite multiphase. With increasing of Cr content, the formability of martensite was improved, the hardness and wear-resistance increased, but the impact toughness decreased in that more bainite was replaced by martensite. The air-cooled MnCrB cast steel containing 0.6% Cr, with granular bainite and lower bainite/martensite multiphase, exhibited excellent combination of strength, hardness, ductility, and impact toughness. In addition, its abrasive wear-resistance was 30% more than that of Hadfield cast steel in the high stress abrasive wear condition. This air-cooled MnCrB cast steel by simple alloying scheme and heat treatment has the advantages of high-performance, low cost, and environmentally friendly. It is a potential advanced wear-resistant cast steel for low- or even medium-impact abrasive conditions.     

深冷处理对碳钢表面Mo-Cr合金层摩擦性能的影响

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面进行等离子合金化及热处理工艺,获得表面高性能强化层的技术方法.通过该技术方法的处理,使Q235钢表面含有Mo,Cr,C合金元素,成分达到或接近冶金高速钢.该工艺技术的基本原理是在真空容器中,利用辉光放电的溅射现象,首先在Q235钢表面渗入合金元素Mo,Cr,表面含量分别达到12%(质量分数,下同)和4%左右,随后进行超饱和渗碳,使表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,合金化层成分接近钼系高速钢.合金层中的碳化物细小、均匀、弥散,无粗大的共晶莱氏体组织.Q235钢表面合金化后分别采用淬火 低温回火,淬火 2h深冷处理 低温回火两种工艺.结果发现,经深冷处理的试样表面硬度达到1600HV,明显高于未经过深冷处理试样的表面硬度.摩擦磨损实验表明,经深冷处理试样的滑动摩擦系数较未经深冷处理试样的要小,经深冷处理试样的耐磨性是未经深冷处理的1.6倍.     

Evaluation of effect of chromium on wear performance of high manganese steel

Abstract

The effects of elements such as Ni, Mo, Cr, Cu, and V on the wear behaviour of high manganese steels have been reported extensively. Most researchers agree on the influence of many of the elements but disagree on the effect of Cr. A study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of 1.7 and 2.3 wt-Cr on high manganese steel when subjected to various wear conditions: impact loading, abrasion, combined impact-abrasion, and combined abrasion-corrosion. The study has revealed that adding Cr to high manganese steel resulted in an increase in hardness and hardenability, and a decrease in toughness. The effect on wear resistance was found to depend on the wear conditions. Chromium alloyed high manganese steels showed superior wear resistance compared with plain Hadfield steels where corrosion, abrasion, and combined impact-abrasion conditions prevailed. Such conditions required a high surface hardness. Plain Hadfield steel showed superior wear resistance in conditions where pure impact wear is encountered. Such conditions required an increase in toughness rather than surface hardness.     

基于S35140钢的超低碳成分设计和力学性能研究

S35140钢是一种基于25Ni-20Cr的奥氏体耐热钢,为了获得高强度,通常会提高碳含量,但碳含量较高不利于高温时效稳定性和长期耐腐蚀性能.本文在S35140钢的基础上,大幅度降低碳含量,并通过调控N和Nb等微合金元素含量,以及加入Ti元素,促使析出新的强化相,弥补减少碳含量所导致的强度降低.同时引入一定量的Al元素...     

Austempered ductile iron: an alternative material for earth moving components

Traditionally steels have enjoyed some kind of monopoly in earth movement applications like ripper tips and grader blades. Earth movement demands that the material possesses both wear resistance and toughness. Ironically, the limitation of steels is that it is difficult to get a good combination of these properties. Recent research efforts in earth movement have focused on austempered ductile iron (ADI) as an alternative material, which exhibits both these properties. ADI is obtained when ductile cast iron is accorded a special heat treatment known as austempering. Before the usage of ADI can flourish, there is a need to thoroughly understand its mechanical and tribological behaviour. This paper details the heat treatment of ductile iron to yield ADI and also examines its mechanical and abrasive wear properties. These properties are compared with those of a proprietary quenched and tempered (Q&T) steel used in applications requiring wear resistance. Typically, when a load of 0.25 N mm⁻² is used, the relative abrasion resistance (RAR) of ADI austempered at 375 °C with an initial hardness of 315 Hv is 2.01, while that of a Q&T steel, of hardness 635 Hv is 2.02. The good wear resistance exhibited by ADI despite the low initial hardness can be attributed to the surface transformation of retained austenite to martensite during abrasion. This phenomenon has been positively confirmed by XRD.     

A Study of Microstructures and Properties of High‐Carbon Si‐Cr Cast Steel Containing Rare Earth and Titanium

The microstructure, tensile and impact behaviour of high‐carbon Si‐Cr cast steel containing rare earth (RE) and titanium have been determined after austempering. The additions of RE and titanium refined the primary austenite grain size resulting in improving toughness. The addition of silicon handicapped the formation of carbide and carbide‐free bainitic ferrite and carbon enriched retained austenite could be obtained in the austempering structures of high‐carbon Si‐Cr cast steel, which had excellent mechanical properties and abrasion resistance. Moreover, the basic tendency of the mechanical properties of high‐carbon Si‐Cr cast steel influenced by the austempering temperature was that the hardness and tensile strength reduced and the impact toughness and fracture toughness increased with increasing temperature. The comprehensive properties were the best while austempering at 330^oC.     

16Cr-2.5Mn高铬白口铁的亚临界热处理研究

研究了亚临界热处理对16Cr-2．5Mn高铬白口铁组织转变和性能的影响，并利用TEM、SEM、XRD和M200磨损试验机分析了其硬化机制和对耐磨性的影响．研究表明：过饱和奥氏体中固溶的Cr和C在亚临界热处理时会以（Cr，Fe）23C6形式析出，残余奥氏体发生了马氏体相变，使合金产生二次硬化；亚临界热处理中，保温时间过长，将导致（Cr，Fe）23C6向M3C原位转变发生，基体组织发生珠光体转变，导致硬度和耐磨性能不同程度降低；残余奥氏体含量为10％左右时，合金获得最高硬度和最佳耐磨性能．     

The effect of heat treatment on high temperature mechanical properties of microalloyed medium carbon steel

In the present work, high temperature tensile properties and abrasive wear performance of a microalloyed medium carbon steel has been examined. Tensile and abrasive wear testing were carried out on as-received and heat treated specimens. The research has shown that microalloyed medium carbon steel was susceptible to dynamic strain ageing due to interaction of mobile dislocations and solid atoms, such as carbon and/or nitrogen. The interaction between dislocations and solid atoms at 200–300 °C changes the work hardening rate and contributes to dynamic strain ageing. These interactions also increased abrasive wear resistance of the microalloyed medium carbon steel at 300 °C. Therefore, the inference can be drawn that dynamic strain ageing caused an improvement on abrasion resistance.     

4Cr5MoSiV1，8407钢的热疲劳性能

采用自约束热疲劳试验方法,对比研究了相同热处理条件的4Cr5MoSiV1,8407钢的热疲劳特性,观察分析了疲劳裂纹形貌和深度,采用热疲劳损伤因子定量研究了二种钢的热疲劳过程。结果表明：两种钢的热疲劳裂纹萌生发生在100－200次之间。8407钢热疲劳裂纹的萌生较4Cr5MoSiV1钢均匀,细小;在1600次冷热循环前,二者的热疲劳损伤程度无明显差别,在1600次热循环后,前者的热疲劳损伤程度低于后者;在较低的回火温度条件下,8407钢的热疲劳抗力稍优于4Cr5MoSiV1;而在高温回火时,8407钢的热疲劳抗力属于4Cr5MoSiV1钢。分析了这二种钢的热疲劳机制,指出决定材料热疲劳裂纹抗力的是钢的热稳定性和钢的强度或硬度。     

Enhancing the lifetime and corrosion resistance of gears made of carbon steel

Gears for structural machines require high fatigue strength for high performance. Generally, gears made of carbon steel easily corrode, thus, shortening their fatigue life. The aim of this paper is to improve the fatigue strength of carbon steel gears by means of heat treatment method which was nitriding composed of 95 % nitrogen gas as well as 5 % hydrogen gas, and to investigate its properties after nitriding. Therefore, in order to find the optimum nitriding temperature to increase the hardness and corrosion resistance of gears, the gas nitriding process was conducted at two different tube furnace temperatures: low (550 °C) and high (1150 °C), both for four hours. Microstructural and mechanical property evaluation of the low and high temperature nitrided low-carbon steel BS970-080A15 were studied and the results were compared to identify which gear had better performance in terms of hardness as well as corrosion resistance. The results from Vickers hardness test and weight loss analysis proved that high temperature nitrided carbon steel is harder and more corrosion resistant than the low temperature one.     

硼对刃具钢组织与性能的影响

为研制开发适合水淬的新型刃具钢,采用显微组织观察、力学性能测试、热处理试验和磨粒磨损试验等技术手段,对比研究了含硼中碳钢与不含硼的65Mn钢热轧后与热处理后的显微组织和应用性能.结果表明:热轧态中碳含硼钢中存在较多铁素体相,强硬性更低,韧塑性更好;中碳含硼钢水淬回火后组织为回火马氏体,硬度可达50 HRC以上,高于油淬回火的65Mn钢,韧塑性和耐磨性也明显好于65Mn钢.中碳含硼钢完全适合水淬工艺,减少了工业污染,符合环保要求.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of welded joints of novel 3Cr pipeline steel using an inhouse and two commercial welding wires

The welded joints of the novel 3Cr pipeline steel were fabricated via the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) technique using an inhouse welding wire labeled as R01 and two kinds of commercial wires (H08Cr3MoMnA and TGS-2CML). Microhardness, impact toughness and tensile properties of the joints were measured, and microstructure characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that under selected welding procedure, the joints of R01 can achieve quite good mechanical properties without preheating and post weld heat treatment (PWHT). After thermal refining, elongation (15.2%) doubled and met the DNV-OS-F101 standard. For low carbon or super low carbon pipeline steels such as 3Cr steel, the revised formula with the carbon applicable coefficient (A(c)) was quite good for predicting the maximum hardness in heat affected zone (HAZ). Compared with these two selected commercial wires, the inhouse welding wire R01 can provide the highest cost-performance ratio.     

金相学史话 (4):合金钢的早期发展史

Faraday进入皇家学院(Royal Institutio n)后,在1820-1822年间从事包括铜、镍、铬及贵金属在内的合金钢研究,尽管未发展出有实际用途的钢种,也可算是合金钢研究的先驱.1856年转炉炼钢法出现后,钢产量猛增,Mu sh et高碳高钨自淬火刀具钢应运而生(1868),逐渐发展成18\|4\|1高速钢(1906).Hadfield在 1882年研制出高碳高锰奥氏体耐磨钢,成分至今未变.他还研制出硅钢片,并在1903年制出第一台铁损小的变压器.Brearley在1913年研制出低碳高铬(1Cr13)马氏体不锈钢,在这之后,铬镍奥氏体不锈钢才问世.本世纪初汽车工业的兴起,促进了合金结构钢的发展(合金钢牌号前面冠以SAE就是美国汽车工程师学会的缩写),而两次世界大战都伴随有合金钢的产量及品种的大发展.     

Comparison of creep behaviour of 2.25Cr–1Mo/9Cr–1Mo dissimilar weld joint with its base and weld metals

Abstract

Evaluation of the creep behaviour of 2.25Cr–1Mo and 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel base metals, 9Cr–1Mo steel weld metal, and 2.25Cr–1Mo/9Cr–1Mo ferritic–ferritic dissimilar weld joints has been carried out at 823 K in the stress range 100–260 MPa. The weld joint was fabricated by shielded metal arc welding using basic coated 9Cr–1Mo electrodes. Investigations of the microstructure and hardness variations across the joint in the as welded, post-weld heat treated (973 K/1 h), and creep tested conditions were performed. The heat affected zone (HAZ) in both the steels consisted of a coarse prior austenitic grain region, a fine prior austenitic grain region, and an intercritical structure. In the post-weld heat treated condition, a white etched soft decarburised zone in 2.25Cr–1Mo steel base metal and a black etched hard carburised zone in 9Cr–1Mo steel weld metal around the weld fusion line developed. Hardness troughs also developed in the intercritical HAZ regions of both the steels. The width of the carburised and decarburised zones and hardness differences of these zones were found to increase with creep exposure. The 9Cr–1Mo steel weld metal showed higher creep strength compared to both the base metals. The 9Cr–1Mo steel base metal exhibited better creep resistance than the 2.25Cr–1Mo steel base metal at lower applied stresses. The dissimilar joint revealed lower creep rupture strength than both the base metals and weld metal. The creep strain was found to concentrate in the decarburised zone of 2.25Cr–1Mo steel and in the intercritical HAZ regions of both the steels. Creep failure in the stress range examined occurred in the intercritical HAZ of 2.25Cr–1Mo steel even though this region showed higher hardness than the decarburised zone. Extensive creep cavitation and cracks were observed in the decarburised zone.     

Influence of Carbides and Strain-induced Martensite on Wear Resistance of Austenitic Medium Manganese Steels

The abrasive wear behaviour of austeniticmedium manganese steels was studied under weakcorrosion-abrasive wear simulating the linerplate in wet metallic ore bail mill undernon-severe impact-loading working condition.Results show that the work-hardening mechanismand the wear resistance of high carbon austeniticmedium manganese steels differ from those ofmedium carbon austenitic medium manganese steel.Under non-severe impact and weakcorrosion-abrasive wear,the wear resistancesof high carbon and medium carbon austeniticmedium manganese steels are 50-90% and 20-40%higher than that of Hadfield steel respectively.     

A semi-empirical method for predicting hardened case depths in laser heat treating

Some predictions on the hardness and hardening depths on laser heat treatment of steels can be obtained when specific characteristics of both laser processes (heating and cooling rates) and laser heat treated steels (microhardness profiles) are taken into account. Some controlled surface temperature laser heat treatments have been carried out with a medium power c.w. CO₂ laser on a medium carbon steel (AISI/SAE1045), allowing these predictions to be tested. In particular, knowing the surface temperature has enabled an analytical algorithm to be used to describe thermal processes and a simple exponential expression to be employed to carefully predict the hardened case depth.     

Comparisons of 30Cr2Ni4MoV rotor steel with different treatments on corrosion resistance in high temperature water

Three different treatments, including the heat treatment, deep cryogenic treatment and laser surface melting, were carried out on the 30Cr2Ni4MoV rotor steel. Electrochemical polarization curve and stress corrosion test at the high temperature autoclave were employed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of treated specimens in high temperature water. Results indicate that the conventional heat treatment will increase the value of K_IH for specimens with the lower yield strength, and hence reduce the susceptivity of stress corrosion cracking. However, for the deep cryogenic treated specimen, no apparent improvement was observed on the hardness and corrosion resistance due to the limited carbon precipitate and austenite transformation. In comparison, the best corrosion resistance of laser treated specimens was gained among the three-method-treated specimens according to results of the electrochemical polarization tests at temperature of 90 °C. Nevertheless, some micro-cracks produced on the tensioned surface during the fabrication of self-loaded U-bend specimen due to the large deformation, and thus lead to a decreased stress corrosion cracking resistance in the environment of high temperature water.     

Microstructure and abrasive wear behaviour of iron base hardfacing

Abstract

The influence of the composition and heat treatment of overlays on the abrasive wear resistance of iron base hardfacing alloy overlays is reported. Overlays were deposited using a shielded metal arc (SMA) welding process on structural steel using two commercial hardfacing electrodes, i.e.Fe – 6%Cr – 0.7%C (H₁) and Fe – 32%Cr – 4.5%C (H₂). Abrasive wear resistance of overlays in as welded and heat treated conditions was tested using a pin on disc system against a 300 grade waterproof SiC polishing paper at different normal loads (1 – 4 N) and constant sliding speed 2.0 m s^-1. Optical microscopy was used to study the microstructure of overlays in as welded and heat treated conditions. SEM studies of wear surfaces were carried out to analyse wear mechanisms. It was found that the wear resistance of the high Cr – C coating is better than the low Cr – C hardfacing under identical conditions. Significant variation in hardness was noticed across the interface, indicating the effect of dilution. Hardness of the coating adjacent to the interface was found to be comparatively lower than the coating further away from the interface. Post-weld heat treatment enhanced the abrasive wear resistance.     

Corrosion-resistant analogue of Hadfield steel

The concept of alloying austenitic steels with carbon + nitrogen is used for the development of a corrosion-resistant austenitic CrMn steel having an impact wear resistance close to that of the Hadfield steel. A higher stabilization of the austenitic phase by C + N, as compared to carbon or nitrogen alone, is substantiated by ab initio calculation of the electron structure, measurements of the concentration of free electrons and calculations of the phase equilibrium. Based on these results, the compositions (mass%) Cr18Mn18C0.34N0.61 and Cr18Mn18C0.49N0.58 were melted and tested along with Hadfield steel Mn12C1.2. Mechanical tests have shown that, as compared to the Hadfield steel, the experimental steels possess a higher strength, plasticity, hardness and the same resistance to impact wear. TEM studies of the surface layer after impact treatment revealed a mixture of the amorphous phase, nanocrystals and fine-twinned austenite. At the same time, using Mössbauer spectroscopy of conversion electrons, the ferromagnetic ordering was found in the surface layer of up to 10 μm in depth, which is the sign of the strain-induced martensitic phase. The hypothesis of a transition from the low-spin to the high-spin state of the iron atoms within the thin twins in austenite was proposed in order to interpret the discrepancy between TEM and Mössbauer studies. Potentiodynamic measurements and immersion tests show that the CrMnCN steels possess a significantly higher pitting potential and resistance to general corrosion in comparison with Hadfield steel.     

铁素体-珠光体型非调质钢的高周疲劳破坏行为

研究了三种碳和钒含量不同的铁素体-珠光型非调质钢的高周疲劳破坏行为,并与调质钢进行了对比.结果表明,铁素体-珠光体型非调质钢的高周疲劳性能与其微观组织特征有关.提高铁素体相硬度,其疲劳极限及疲劳极限比均提高,疲劳极限比最高可达0.60,远高于调质钢的0.50;热轧态粗大的网状铁素体-珠光体组织的疲劳性能较差,低于同等强度水平的高温回火马氏体组织。铁素体-珠光体型非调质钢疲劳破坏机制不同于调质钢,其疲劳裂纹基本上萌生于试样表面的铁素体/珠光体边界,并优先沿着铁素体/珠光体边界扩展;对于同等强度水平的调质钢,不存在像铁素体那样的软相,因而易在试样表层粗大的夹杂物处萌生疲劳裂纹.