氮掺杂TiO2光催化剂研究进展

对TiO2光催化剂进行改性,实现可见光催化活性是第二代光催化剂走向实用化的关键.氮掺杂TiO2是一种理想的具有可见光活性的光催化剂,由于N 2p态与O 2p态杂化,实现带隙窄化和吸收带边红移,对于实现可见光催化活性具有重要意义.评述了氮掺杂改性TiO2光催化剂的国内外研究现状,分析了不同掺杂方法对于实现TiO2可见光催化活性的掺杂机理和改性机理,提出研究合适的催化剂载体对TiO2进行氮等非金属负载是今后努力的方向,并且应该建立统一的催化剂性能评价标准.     

过渡金属掺杂金红石相TiO2能带结构的第一性原理计算

本文采用第一性原理能带计算方法和超晶胞模型计算金红石相TiO2掺杂过渡金属元素的电子结构.计算结果表明,Zn掺杂对TiO2的带隙宽度影响不明显,V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu的掺杂都有可能使TiO2吸收带出现红移现象或产生在可见光区的吸收,其中杂质原子的t2g态起了重要作用.     

可见光响应C掺杂纳米TiO2的研究进展

纳米TiO_2的禁带宽度(3.2 Ev)限制了对太阳光能的利用,对纳米TiO2进行掺C改性能减小带隙、显著提高对可见光的利用,同时保持紫外光光催化活性,显示出良好的应用前景.综述和分析了C掺杂纳米TiO2的可见光活性理论、制备方法、在环境污染治理等方面的应用,及C和其它元素共掺杂改性TiO2的研究.总结了C掺杂纳米TiO2研究中存在的问题,并讨论了今后的研究方向.     

Ce-N-C共掺对锐钛矿TiO2(101)面电子结构和光学性质的影响

基于广义梯度近似的第一性原理,分析了Ce-N-C三元素共掺杂对锐钛矿TiO2(101)面光学吸收性质的影响,结果表明:Ce、N、C掺杂锐钛矿TiO2后Ce原子倾向于占据间隙位置而C和N原子更倾向于替位O原子.Ce、N、C掺杂一方面使带隙减小,另一方面在禁带中引入了Ce-4 f、N-2 p、C-2 p杂质态,这都有利于可见光的吸收.另外Ce、N、C掺杂锐钛矿TiO2(101)面的带隙和带边位置都得到很好的调控,满足光催化制氢条件.     

Cu-X（X=F,Cl, Br,I）共掺杂锐钛矿TiO2的光学性质

采用密度泛函理论,研究了Cu-X(X=F,Cl,Br,I)掺杂对锐钛矿TiO2光学性质的影响。结果表明,Cu-X(X=F,Cl,Br,I)共掺杂锐钛矿TiO2的形成能是负值,容易实现掺杂;Cu-X(X=F,Cl,Br,I)共掺杂TiO2一方面使带隙减小,另一方面Cu的3d态和卤族元素的p态电子在禁带中形成杂化态,有利于可见光的吸收,防止光生载流子与空穴的复合;Cu-X(X=F,Cl,Br,I)共掺杂TiO2后介电常数、吸收系数、折射率、光电导产生了红移,有利于可见光的吸收。     

TiO_2的光催化性能研究

利用第一性原理计算方法主要对非金属掺杂TiO_2可见光光催化活性进行了研究,揭示了非金属掺杂TiO_2在可见光条件下催化活性提高的本质规律。就目前为止,非金属掺杂TiO_2吸收可见光的原因主要归结为以下几点:(1)非金属掺杂引起能带变窄,从而降低光子跃迁能隙,产生可见光红移现象;(2)掺杂元素在TiO_2带隙中引入一部分间隙态,充当光子跃迁的过渡能级,减少光子吸收能量;(3)掺杂促使TiO_2产生结晶化,加大TiO_2颗粒的表面积,从而提高其催化活性。     

磷掺杂金红石TiO2电子结构的第一性原理研究

TiO2作为一种光催化材料,具有广阔的应用领域.近几年,利用掺杂改性来改善TiO2光催化性已成为当今研究的热点.本文采用第一性原理方法和超晶胞模型计算了磷元素掺杂金红石相TiO2的电子结构,并分析了三种不同掺杂位置的电子结构对TiO2光催化性能的影响.计算结果表明,P置换O和P在晶格间隙位置的掺杂对TiO2的带隙影响比较明显,在带隙中均形成了中间掺杂能级,都有可能使TiO2吸收带出现红移现象或产生在可见光区的吸收,但P在晶格间隙位置的掺杂所形成的中间掺杂能级比较平稳,有可能改善TiO2光催化性能,其中磷原子的3p态起了重要作用.     

银修饰氮掺杂TiO_2薄膜的制备及光催化性能研究

TiO2具有光催化活性,因而被广泛应用于废水处理、空气净化、尾气处理等领域。研究表明,经掺杂的TiO2薄膜具有更优异的光催化活性。在众多的可掺杂元素中,N和Ag具有独特的性能特征,因此其可使TiO2薄膜的光催化活性得到较大提升。本文使用直流磁控溅射法和拼靶工艺制备了不同Ag含量的银修饰掺氮TiO2薄膜,并分析了薄膜的形貌结构、表面元素化学态、光学性能和可见光催化活性。研究表明:薄膜沉积过程中Ag含量对薄膜性能影响较大。在TiO2的表面,颗粒细小而均匀。随着Ag含量的增加,薄膜表面出现凸起颗粒,为Ag2O颗粒,且其尺寸逐渐增大;薄膜对350~800 nm波段光的吸收增强。当Ag含量为6.76%(原子比)时,薄膜具有最高的可见光催化活性。     

Fe3+-TiO2薄膜经不同温度退火后的可见光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂Fe3+的TiO2薄膜,并在不同温度热处理.用SEM、XPS、UV-vis等分析方法进行结构表征和性能测试,通过降解亚甲基蓝溶液测试其可见光光催化活性.结果表明,723K时掺杂Fe3+的TiO2薄膜已经结晶,粒径为40～50nm.掺杂元素以Fe3+并口Fd2+形式存在于TiO2晶格并取代Ti4+形成Ti-O-Fe键,改变了TiO2的表面态,使TiO2带隙变窄,促进了对可见光的吸收.降解实验结果表明,823K热处理后掺杂铁的TiO2薄膜其光催化活性最好,在25W白炽灯模拟可见光下照射3.0h后,亚甲基蓝溶液的降解率接近30%.     

简单有效氮掺杂TiO2纳米微晶的制备、表征及其可见光活性

以尿素为氮源,采用简单的酸催化溶胶-凝胶法制备了氮掺杂TiO2纳米光催化剂,以甲基橙在可见光照射下的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了其光催化活性。运用XRD、XPS和UV-Vis DRS光谱表征技术考察了氮掺杂TiO2样品的微晶尺寸、晶相结构、表面组成及其吸光特性。结果表明氮掺杂减小了TiO2的带能隙,氮掺杂TiO2纳米微晶对400～530nm的可见光有较强的吸收,在降解甲基橙的实验中表现出良好的可见光催化活性。其中,400℃焙烧制得的具有单一锐钛矿相型,晶粒尺寸为14.94nm的TiO1.9904N0.0096样品的可见光催化活性最佳。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.