高墩连续桥在移动车载作用下的横向振动分析

本文在将轮胎与路面之间的面接触引入车-桥耦合模型的基础上,进一步考虑车辆的横向自由度,从而提出一种新的车辆模型来研究移动车载作用下的桥梁横向振动。车辆轮胎被模拟成一个三维弹簧模型,轮胎与地面的接触面模拟成长方形,通过接触面间的位移协调条件和力相互作用建立车-桥耦合振动方程。考虑影响接触面间的横向力大小的三种重要参数如：滑移角、侧偏角、轮胎的“S”形运动对耦合系统的影响;并与炉坪大桥实测数据比较,验证本文方法的正确性,并分析了接触面积、车速等对横向振动的影响。     

冰-车-桥系统耦合振动分析

为了研究桥梁结构在车辆和冰荷载共同作用下的振动反应,提出了冰-车-桥系统耦合动力分析框架。在该框架中,每辆车都被视为一个多自由度的运动系统,桥梁结构采用有限元方法进行建模,利用罚函数定义了车轮与桥面之间的接触关系,实现了各子系统之间的接触与交互作用。基于自激冰力模型得到了依赖于冰与结构相对速度的桥梁结构自激冰力,构建了冰-车-桥系统的耦合动力方程,进而开展了冰-车-桥系统耦合振动分析及行车安全评估。研究结果表明：桥梁竖向振动反应随车速的增加而增大,桥梁横向振动反应则受到了冰荷载的控制;车辆的竖向反应主要依赖于车-桥之间的相互作用力,车辆的横向反应则受冰与桥梁之间相互作用力的主导,车辆与桥梁的交互作用受到了车速和冰速的双重影响;快冰速会增大车辆的横向接触力,降低车辆的最小侧滑抗力,不利于行车安全;冰荷载作用下桥上车辆的前轴车轮比后轴车轮更容易发生侧滑;所提出的冰-车-桥系统耦合动力分析框架可为冰荷载作用下跨海桥梁的行车安全评估提供参考。     

人－车－路耦合系统振动分析及舒适度评价

基于人体动力模型和7自由度全车模型,路面采用Kelvin地基上Euler梁进行模拟,通过车轮与路面接触处的位移协调方程和车路相互作用力的平衡关系建立人－车－路耦合振动方程,采用New-mark积分法对方程组进行求解。对小型汽车在路面上行走过程进行了仿真分析,采用乘坐舒适度指标对人体振动舒适性进行评价,为从乘坐舒适度角度来评价路面不平顺提供了理论依据,并对路面级别、车速、乘坐者数量以及车辆各参数对系统振动的影响进行了初步讨论。     

重载列车过桥时桥梁的垂向动力分析

本文建立了具有6个自由度重载列车的车辆振动分析模型和重载铁路桥梁的梁段单元模型,通过轮轨接触处的位移协调条件与轮轨相互作用力的平衡关系建立了重载车辆-桥梁系统耦合运动方程,采用迭代求解,编制了重载铁路车-桥耦合振动分析程序。对影响重载铁路简支梁桥的跨中挠度的各种因素进行了分析,分析结果表明：列车的轴重、速度、加速度、减速度及轨道不平顺对重载铁路桥梁的跨中挠度和竖向加速度有着重要影响。     

多车载荷作用下沥青桥面铺装动力学响应

为更准确地分析沥青桥面铺装的动力学响应特性,提出基于实际车辆建模的车-路-桥动力学分析方法,研究多车载荷作用下沥青桥面铺装动力学行为。以一座钢-混凝土工字组合梁桥为例,考虑桥梁振动对桥面铺装的影响,通过数值模拟建立单车-桥面铺装动力学耦合模型,并与不考虑耦合、移动荷载作用下的传统模型进行比较,验证了耦合模型的正确性及考虑耦合的必要性;基于单车-桥面铺装耦合模型,研究多车荷载作用下沥青桥面铺装层的响应行为;分析了双车并行和双车偏载工况下,桥面铺装各层的应力和挠度响应,并与单车工况进行比较,可见多车对桥面铺装的动力学响应的影响不容忽视。研究结果表明:偏载改变了桥面铺装层横向应力的方向,在沥青层顶面和沥青-混凝土接触面,出现拉应力,故沥青铺装顶面容易出现纵向裂缝,横向最大拉应力发生在沥青层和混凝土层接触面;桥面铺装层最大纵向应力发生在沥青层和混凝土层接触面上,双车并行时,沥青层与混凝土层间所产生的纵向应力较单车行驶时增加了52.7%;偏载时剪应力最大,且最大剪应力发生在混凝土层和钢梁的接触面上,该接触面容易脱离,应采取抗剪措施;不同桥面铺装层最大挠度均发生在双车并行工况下,相比单车工况,挠度...     

基于接触非线性的车-路耦合系统动力响应分析

采用四分之一车辆模型和三维线弹性沥青路面模型,借助ANSYS有限元分析软件,将车、路有限元模型通过接触单元联系在一起,进行了接触非线性瞬态求解。分析了车辆匀速行驶过一段路面时车-路耦合系统的动力响应特点。通过修改系统参数,计算分析了行车速度、路面平整度、基层模量、轮胎刚度、轮胎阻尼、悬架刚度、悬架阻尼等七个参数对车-路耦合系统动力响应的影响。最后分析了车-路耦合系统的共振问题。结果表明：在文章给定的路面结构组合下,最大纵向拉应力和最大横向拉应力均出现在基层和底基层结合处,容易导致疲劳破坏的产生;沥青面层层底剪应力是导致其破坏的主要原因;控制协调好车-路耦合系统中的各个参数,对提高路面寿命和行车舒适性有重要意义;车-路耦合系统的共振问题不容忽视。     

弹性车轮地铁车辆过曲线性能分析

为研究弹性车轮地铁车辆曲线通过性能的影响,建立刚柔耦合地铁车辆系统动力学模型。以实验测得橡胶径向和轴向刚度,求得弹性模量,通过有限元模态分析,在软件UM中建立考虑弹性车轮为柔性和考虑标准车轮为柔性的刚柔耦合地铁车辆模型。研究弹性车轮柔性对地铁车辆动态曲线通过的安全性及平稳性,对比分析不同工况下考虑弹性车轮结构柔性的刚柔耦合地铁车辆模型和考虑标准车轮结构柔性的刚柔耦合地铁车辆模型动态曲线通过时的动力学响应。通过对脱轨系数、轮轴横向力、轮轨接触角、车体横向振动加速度、车体垂向振动加速度、垂向平稳性、横向平稳性和轴箱横向振动加速度对比分析,得出结论如下：弹性车轮地铁车辆模型的脱轨系数、轮轴横向力、轮轨接触角、轴箱横向振动加速度、车体垂向振动加速度和垂向平稳性较标准柔性车轮均有不同程度的降低。弹性车轮地铁车辆模型的轮重减载率、车体横向振动加速度和横向平稳性较标准柔性车轮均有不同程度的微幅上升。     

波形钢腹板PC简支箱梁桥局部与整体动力冲击系数的计算分析

为合理分析和计算波形钢腹板PC简支箱梁桥局部与整体的动力冲击系数,分别建立了波形钢腹板PC箱梁桥和车辆结构的振动方程,并根据车轮与桥面的接触关系形成两者耦合振动的动力方程。采用MATLAB和ANSYS软件分别建立了三维的车辆模型和波形钢腹板PC箱梁桥的有限元模型,并在考虑路面平整度随机激励的作用下,利用MATLAB软件求解了车桥耦合系统的动力方程,得到桥梁结点的位移振动响应;依据动位移与静位移的关系,计算出了波形钢腹板PC箱梁桥的局部及整体的动力冲击系数;对所求得的局部及整体动力冲击系数进行了不同车辆类型、不同车道数加载,不同行驶速度和不同路面情况下的参数分析,并与我国现行规范和美国现行AASHTO规范进行对比分析,最终提出了波形钢腹板PC简支箱梁桥局部及整体动力冲击系数的合理确定方法,所得结论可为波形钢腹板PC箱梁桥动力冲击系数的确定提供参考。     

铁路曲线钢轨横向凹坑对初始波磨形成的影响

建立了车辆/轨道横向垂向耦合动力学、轮轨滚动接触力学和钢轨材料摩擦磨损模型为一体的钢轨波磨计算模型,发展了相应的数值方法。利用该方法分析了曲线钢轨顶面内侧具有横向凹坑对初始波磨形成的影响。计算了客车车辆通过钢轨轨头横向凹坑时,同一个转向架的4个车轮反复作用下钢轨初始波磨形成和发展情况。数值结果表明,当车辆通过具有横向凹坑的曲线钢轨时,轮对和钢轨之间发生瞬态冲击振动,引起钢轨接触面产生不均匀磨损而形成初始波磨,随着车辆通过次数增加,不均匀波磨深度加大并向前扩展,形成大约30mm和750mm的波长;当车轮通过横向凹坑瞬间,车轮和钢轨之间发生激烈的振动,使4车轮下的钢轨接触表面产生严重的凹坑磨损,当车辆再次通过时,轮轨间的振动继续加剧,凹坑磨损深度迅速加大;前轮对通过凹坑而受激振动对后轮对动力学行为影响较大,导致后轮对作用下钢轨接触面不均匀磨损严重,但后轮对受激振动对前轮对动力学行为的影响较小;前轮对左轮受外轨激振作用而导致前轮对右轮下钢轨接触面凹坑磨损最严重。     

高速铁路桥梁及场地土交通振动分析

以高速铁路32m单箱单室简支梁为例,建立了考虑土-结构动力相互作用的车-桥-墩-桩-土耦合振动系统整体三维有限元分析模型。车辆采用具有二系悬挂的多自由度车辆模型,场地土采用京沪高速铁路沿线实勘软土地基土层数据,在土体截断处采用粘弹性人工边界模拟半无限域土体,采用基于库伦接触算法的动力三维接触单元模拟轮轨接触。分析了桥墩和桩基等下部结构对车桥耦合振动的影响,以及车桥耦合振动对周围场地土振动的影响。计算结果表明车桥耦合振动受桥墩和桩基影响显著;周围场地的振动振级随着距离的增大而逐渐减小,相对水平振动而言,竖向振动衰减的更加明显;地面振动的高频分量衰减速度大于低频分量的衰减速度,远场地面振动以低频分量为主;地面振动与列车速度不是简单的线性递增关系,与上部结构桥梁的振动有关。     

非平稳行驶条件下重型汽车轮胎动载特性分析

为分析非平稳行驶条件下重型汽车轮胎附加动载特性、探讨与匀速平稳行驶工况下的差异,基于车辆行驶动力学理论,建立三轴重型汽车系统动力学模型和路面非平稳随机激励时域模型,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件仿真分析了车辆非平稳行驶条件下轮胎动载的响应规律,并与匀速平稳行驶条件下的分析结果进行比较。结果表明:车辆加速时轮胎动载荷幅值变大、减速时动载荷幅值减小;车辆等时通过同一段道路时,匀速平稳行驶时的动载荷较小;随着加速度、初速度和路面不平度的增加,动载荷幅值变大。研究结果可为精确模拟车辆轮胎动载荷、道路友好性分析和路面损伤破坏预测提供参考。     

制动工况参数对制动盘摩擦温度场分布的影响

车用盘式制动器是车辆中的重要零件。在紧急制动过程中,制动压力、整车参数以及轮胎与路面间附着系数之间的关系对制动器摩擦温度场分布有重要的影响。通过有限元仿真,探讨不同制动工况参数对瞬时温度场分布的影响。结果表明：如果忽略制动过程中摩擦热流强度的变化,会给温度场模拟带来较大的偏差。制动初始动能和摩擦力增长过程是影响盘表面温度场的关键因素。     

多个移动车辆作用下简支梁的动力响应分析

将简支梁桥简化为欧拉-伯努利梁模型,考虑四自由度车辆移动系统与结构表面接触处不平顺产生的随机激励,建立了多个移动车辆振动系统与梁的耦合动力效应模型。在数值算例中,计算了不同模态截断阶数情况下由动力效应产生的挠曲线;讨论了移动速度变化时,在梁上作用不同荷载组合情况下冲击系数的变化规律;并讨论了跨径变化时冲击系数的变化规律;最后比较了在不同等级平整度情况下梁的动弯矩、动剪力的结果。     

考虑桥面等级退化影响的风-车流-桥梁耦合振动分析

综合考虑了车流随机性和桥面等级退化等因素,提出了一种新的分析模型,该模型能分析在役桥梁不同服役期间在交通荷载及风耦合作用下的桥梁动态响应。基于已有车辆模型,建立了一个可考虑车辆纵向振动的18自由度空间车辆模型,考虑邻近车辆影响基础之上的改进CA(Cellular Automation-元胞自动机)模型和桥面退化模型,并引入等效车轮荷载的方法,通过风、桥梁和车辆相互作用关系,建立了风-车流-桥梁系统的耦合振动分析模型。数值计算表明:该文所提出的方法能够合理的模拟风-车流-桥梁系统的耦合振动。     

Optimum shapes of tire‐treads for avoiding lateral slippage between tires and roads

Optimum design of tire‐tread sections is an important practical issue. However, useful study of the problem that can suggest a reliable guideline for determining the optimum tread sections had hardly been made in the past. The present paper describes a new analysis of the state of stresses in tire‐tread sections in contact with the road surface, taking special care of the boundary conditions. Based on the analysis, a method is proposed to determine the optimum tread shapes for avoiding lateral slippage between tires and roads. The displacement potential function formulation, an ideal mathematical model for the practical stress problems, has been used in conjunction with finite‐difference method of solution. For the present analysis, lateral slipping in absence of frictional resistance as well as the no‐slip conditions of the tire‐tread contact surface have been considered along with a large number of tread aspect ratios. The present computational approach proves to be a powerful tool for determining the optimum tread shapes for avoiding the lateral slippage of tire‐treads. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三向轮胎力作用下路面动力响应分析

摘 要：采用两自由度非线性汽车模型和地基上双层薄板建立三向轮胎力作用下的车-路系统。将非线性Gim模型与垂向点接触轮胎模型相结合对三向轮胎力进行描述。利用伽辽金方法推导三向轮胎力作用下路面响应的解析解,研究制动移线工况下各轮胎分力对路面响应的贡献,比较只考虑垂向轮胎力作用和考虑三向轮胎力作用时路面响应的差别,并分析系统参数对此差别的影响。研究成果有利于揭示车辆对道路的三向作用机理,为道路响应计算和道路寿命预测提供新的研究思路。     

Exploring new fields of virtual load prediction by accurate tire simulation for large deformations and flexible rim support

During the past ten years, there has been a significant trend in automotive design using low aspect ratio tires and increasingly run‐flat tires as well. In recent publications, the influence of those tire types on the dynamic loads – transferred from the road through the wheel into the car – have been examined pretty extensively, including comparative wheel force transducer measurements as well as computational results. It can be shown that the loads to the vehicle tend to increase when using low aspect ratio tires and particularly when using run‐flat tires. These tires provide higher stiffnesses while simultaneously introducing larger nonlinearities in the sidewall behavior [1–3]. Depending on manufacturer and the combination of vehicle size and wheel properties, these deformations can be so large that the tire belt and/or sidewall have contact with the rim crown (protected by the tire sidewall). The full vehicle simulation on virtual proving grounds is well established and important for the vehicle product development process. One of the most important subsystems in the virtual load assessment process, using full vehicle simulation is the tire model. The precision of that is essential for the overall accuracy of the virtual method. So the tendencies described above strongly require adaptations and improvements in the field of tire modeling. In 2007, Fraunhofer LBF together with Honda R&D started to examine the influences of low aspect ratio and run flat tires for the accuracy of full vehicle simulation results for durability relevant scenarios [3–5]. Those activities were the starting point for a four years joint activity to extend the usability of the virtual load prediction method by full vehicle simulation to application for which strong nonlinearities in the tire (large very transient deformation), but also in the vehicle model itself occur. As a part of that joint development, this paper summarizes the activities of Fraunhofer LBF to develop a dedicated tire model, which can accurately handle very large deformations of the tire up to misuse‐like applications. The model is based on the LBF tire model CDTire. In the first chapter several nonlinear extensions of the belt and sidewall model will be described which have been implemented to capture the large deformation behavior. These model extensions are also taking into account the belt‐to‐sidewall and sidewall‐to‐rim contact. To validate and to parameterize these model extensions, Fraunhofer LBF built a dedicated flat track test rig, which can be used to realize “roll‐over‐cleat” experiments using huge obstacles, so that belt‐to‐sidewall and sidewall‐to‐rim contact can be forced. This test rig will be described in chapter 2. The third chapter is dealing with the interface of the new tire model to a flexible rim. While the load transfer from road via tire into the vehicle is relatively easy to detect, for example by using wheel force transducers, the local forces acting on the rim flanges as well as on the wheel well (when e. g. passing a curb) are much more difficult to detect (in measurement as well as in simulation). LBF developed a method to detect local tire‐to‐rim interface forces and manage flexible rim simulation in Multi‐Body‐Simulation (LMS Virtual. Lab Motion – [6]). One key issue of the overall method is the capability of the tire model to predict local rim forces on the rim flanges in a suitable way. The second key issue is to combine the tire with a model of a flexible rim (which is embedded in a full vehicle MBS model). This method can be used to perform virtual load prediction of local, transient rim forces, which are the basis for CAE based fatigue life prediction of wheels applying typical durability test track and abuse load events.     

The “intelligent tire” utilizing passive SAW sensorsmeasurement of tire friction

The term “intelligent tire” describes tires equipped with sensor systems to monitor thermal and mechanical parameters while driving. Information about temperature, tire pressure, tread wear, etc., is collected and used for car operation and maintenance support. The contact between tire and road surface is a key parameter when characterizing the ability to accelerate, decelerate and steer a vehicle, therefore making contact monitoring important for modern car control systems. Following numerous previous theoretical works, the friction coefficient can be measured by evaluating the mechanical strain in the tire surface contacting the road-utilizing the deformation of the tread elements. A new monitoring method using passive radio requestable SAW sensors is presented. The principle, measurement setup and experimental results are shown     

Stabilized numerical solution for transient dynamic contact of inelastic solids on rough surfaces

A simulation technique to deal with transient dynamic contact of tire rubber compounds on rough road surfaces is presented. The segment-to-surface approach is used for modeling the contact between tire tread rubber and road track. While the rubber components are deformable and described by a sophisticated viscoelastic damage constitutive model, the road surface is assumed to be rigid and characterized by an analytical function. A spectral approach based on an inverse computation of the 2D-Fast Fourier transform has been suggested for the reconstruction of rough surface profiles. The Newmark time-stepping method is used for the integration of transient dynamic equations. With the so-called contact-stabilized Newmark method the spurious oscillation at contact boundary has been removed. The detailed investigation on the dynamic contact of inelastic rubber block with rough road surfaces has been made. The robustness of the contact-stabilized Newmark method within a finite deformation framework is underlined by numerical studies, in which it is compared with several dissipation-based stabilization techniques selected from literature.