Structural design of multicomponent lens systems

The thin lens design of multicomponent systems with a prespecified set of primary aberration residuals and Gaussian characteristics usually starts with the choice of a lens type followed by a selection of the glasses to be used for the elements of its different components. An alternative scheme is reported in this paper which aims at utilizing these degrees of freedom in a more effective way. The detailed structure of the individual components and the glasses to be used in the lens elements comprising them are determined after the feasibility of attaining the given aberration targets with viable components has been ascertained on a preliminary layout of components obtained from a consideration of Gaussian requirements and Petzval curvature of the desired system.     

Radiance reflected from the ocean-atmosphere system: synthesis from individual components of the aerosol size distribution

We describe a method by which the aerosol component of the radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) can be synthesized from the radiances generated by individual components of the aerosol size-refractive-index distribution. The method is exact in the single-scattering approximation. For regimes in which the single-scattering approximation is not valid, the method usually reproduces the aerosol contribution with an error ?2-3% (and only rarely >3-4%) for Sun and viewing angles as large as 80° and 70°, respectively, and for aerosol optical thicknesses as large as 0.50. In the blue, where molecular scattering makes a dominant contribution to the TOA radiance, the percent error in the synthesized total radiance is significantly less than in the synthesized aerosol component and typically will be less than the radiometric calibration uncertainties of Earth-orbiting sensors. When the aerosol is strongly absorbing, the method can fail; however, the potential for failure is easy to anticipate a priori. An obvious application of our technique is to provide a basis for the estimation of aerosol properties with Earth-orbiting sensors, e.g., the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer.     

Continuous electrophoretic purification of individual analytes from multicomponent mixtures

Individual analytes can be isolated from multicomponent mixtures and collected in the outlet vial by carrying out electrophoretic purification through a capillary column. Desired analytes are allowed to migrate continuously through the column under the electric field while undesired analytes are confined to the inlet vial by application of a hydrodynamic counter pressure. Using pressure ramping and buffer replenishment techniques, 18% of the total amount present in a bulk sample can be purified when the resolution to the adjacent peak is approximately 3. With a higher resolution, the yield could be further improved. Additionally, by periodically introducing fresh buffer into the sample, changes in pH and conductivity can be mediated, allowing higher purity (>or=99.5%) to be preserved in the collected fractions. With an additional reversed cycle of flow counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis, any individual component in a sample mixture can be purified providing it can be separated in an electrophoresis system.     

High-speed weighing system with a multicomponent strain-gauge dynamometer

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 27–28, July, 1990.     

Numerical modeling of thermal regimes during the assembly of a multicomponent system

Results are presented from a numerical modeling of the solution of a problem involving optimization of the thermal regime in the assembly of integrated circuits. The modeling was performed on array processors of hybrid computers.Notation T_g gas temperature - heat-transfer coefficient - c_V specific heat capacity - thermal conductivity - time - q heat flux - L internal heat of phase transformations or other internal transformations - c_Ve effective volumetric heat capacity - density - q_V power of internal heat sources Indices g gas - c convection, contact - sp spectral - r radiative - L phase transformation - V volumetric - 0 initial - e environment - liquidus - s solidus - s surface - total Abbreviations R-R resistance circuit - Liebmann method - T Gel'perin method Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 793–798, May, 1989.     

Formal synthesis of a data-acquisition system for multicomponent physical quantities

An extended mathematical model is proposed for the synthesis of a data-acquisition system (DAS) recording the displacements and deformations in a complicated mechanical system. Importance attaches to the formal structure choice from a set of quasiequivalent possibilities. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 3–6, September, 2007.     

Design of a double-sided telecentric zoom lens

A method is presented for the calculation of paraxial design parameters of a double-sided telecentric zoom lens with easy variation of the magnification range. The telecentric lens consists of a zoom lens with a fixed distance between focal points and a lens with a fixed focal length. The third-order aberration analysis is also performed, and spot diagrams are calculated for two f-number values.     

汽车尾气成分动态检测技术研究

针对汽车尾气成分动态检测的需要,设计不分光红外检测气室、控制系统及上位机软件,开发出简易瞬态工况检测仪。该控制系统以ARM7为核心,传感器信号经放大、A／D转换等调理后实时显示尾气各成分的浓度并存储。检测仪经USB接口把检测数据传递给工控机,利用上位机软件对各成分浓度、流量进行统计,分析出汽车在各工况的排放等。经实验验证：该检测仪可满足动态检测各工况尾气成分和流量的需要,检测结果直接决定环保标志的发放,方便实用。     

Design of diffractive phase element for modulating the electric field at the out-of-focus plane in a lens system

We demonstrate an efficient method to design the diffractive phase element for modulating the electric field at the out-of-focus plane of a lens system by using an equivalent Fresnel diffraction in free space. In the monochromatic illumination, we show an example to certify the validity of our method experimentally. In the nonmonochromatic illumination, we theoretically display that the spectral beam splitting and highly confined intensity can be obtained simultaneously at the out-of-focus plane, which has the potential in the solar concentrating system and optical encryption.     

Modeling of multicomponent glasses: a review

The major recent advances in the modeling of multicomponent glasses concern both the techniques (new angular potentials around different equilibrium angles, more efficient treatment of the Ewald’s sum, coupling between molecular dynamics and reverse Monte Carlo to adjust pair potentials) and the knowledge of the glassy structures (evidences for a medium range order, studies of the interactions between the former and modifier networks).     

变焦镜系统的闭环控制

针对变焦镜系统的机械装置的特点和技术要求,采用闭环控制方案。分别采用动态矩阵控制与线性控制两种方法设计控制器。在参数变化和外干扰都不太大的条件下两者性能相近,但采用线性补偿器的线,陛控制法简单、成熟,故,总是优先选用。对象参数变化大和受到较大扰动时,两者性能不同：当时间常数增大一倍时,线性系统的最大超调由8％变到21％,动态矩阵控制法的最大超调由6％变到9％;在斜坡扰动作用下,线性系统的误差与时间成正比,而动态矩阵法的误差为0．002。因此,在对象参数变化和扰动都比较大时,应当采用动态矩阵控制方法,它能使系统在动态性能和稳态误差两方面都具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Detection and correction of biased results of individual analytes in multicomponent spectroscopic analysis

Simultaneous spectroscopic multicomponent analysis based on Beer's law requires the test sample to follow the hard model, independently of whether this model is built with the full spectrum or only with a few sensors selected according to an optimality criterion. We have developed a graphical method based on the net analytical signal concept to detect bias in the predicted results of individual analytes in test samples. When an interference, or other causes which produce bias, are detected, a moving window approach is used to select the subset of sensors that minimize the bias of the predicted results. The method has been validated with UV-vis spectra of binary clorophenol mixtures and of mixtures of four pesticides in water analyzed with a FIA system with diode array detection.     

Combinational system of a truncated ball lens and a hyperbolic lens for collimating a highly divergent source

We propose the use of a truncated ball lens in a collimating system to transform a spherical wave from a highly divergent source into a plane wave. The proposed scheme, which incorporates a hyperbolic lens, is discussed, and the overall system is found to have a large acceptance angle and to be free of spherical aberration. Diffraction and polarization effects are neglected, as well as skew rays.     

构件式远程校准系统设计与应用

为了解决计量校准机构对远程校准系统的灵活性要求问题,运用软件构件技术设计了远程校准系统,通过自定义校准文件、自定义数据处理模块、自行设计校准证书报表模板来扩展远程校准项目,适应性强、易于扩展.通过实验表明,远程校准系统可以提高校准机构的工作效率,为各企事业单位的计量器具送检节省了大量的时间.     

Conversion of monolithic gels to glasses in a multicomponent silicate glass system

Multicomponent silicate glasses of composition (wt%) 66SiO₂-18B₂O₃-7Al₂O₃-6Na₂O-3BaO were prepared by three sol-gel processes which differed primarily in the extent of hydrolysis of the metal alkoxide precursors. Gels which were prepared from solutions in which a stoichiometric excess of water was added, causing extensive replacement of OR groups (R (C _x H(_2x+1))^s–1 by hydroxyl groups, were converted to fully dense, organic-free, monolithic glasses at temperatures near the glass transition temperature. Gels containing large numbers of OR groups showed enhanced densification at lower temperatures due to condensation reactions, but these gels could not be converted to fully dense, organic-free glasses. This investigation has shown that at least three possible densification mechanisms might be operative during the gel to glass conversion: volume relaxation, condensation reactions and viscous sintering.A US Department of Energy Facility.     

Design of a product quality control system based on the use of data mining techniques

In recent years industries have increasingly used customer relationship labor in management as a tool to improve their position in the marketplace. This research involves using a data warehouse, decision-tree-based data mining, and neural network pattern classification analysis to isolate the causes of non-conformity in IC packaging. The correctness of the classification analysis produced using the two methods is compared. Our objective is to establish an information analysis system, that is able to quickly identify the causes of problems thereby reducing the time taken to solve quality-related problems. It is shown that predictions made about the target group using decision tree analysis are more accurate than those made by neural network classification, indicating that decision tree analysis is an effective means of classification analysis of a company's quality problems.     

Criticality and sensitivity analysis of the components of a system

In the design of complex systems there is a great interest to know the relative importance of each of their elements. In this paper, we define a new method for measuring the relative importance of each element of the system. We have to specify that this paper concerns only non-repairable systems and components. We present a way of calculating the criticality of each component for a complex system no matter what the random distribution of the life of the component is. The paper also demonstrates a simple way of calculating how the system life improves when the life of a component is improved.