Electrode polarization in the DC electroslag melting of pure iron

It is evident from the known ionic properties of the slags used in electroslag melting, that the dc melting process must be accompanied by Faradaic reactions on the slag/ingot and slag/electrode interfaces. The present work has determined the magnitude of the overpotentials resulting from concentration polarization at these interfaces, in the case of pure iron/CaF₂+Al₂O₃, CaF₂+CaO slags using a galvanostatic pulsing technique in an electrolytic cell. The polarization overpotential existing on an electrode in an operating ESR unit has been measured by the same technique. It is found that the potentials observed on the ESR electrode agree well with the results from the electrolytic cell. The primary anodic process is postulated to be the corrosion of iron, leading to an Fe²⁺-saturated layer on the anode surface at sufficiently high current densities. The cathodic process is suggested to be the Faradaic reduction of Al³⁺ or Ca²⁺, to give a concentration of [Al]_Fe or (Ca)_slag in the cathode interface region. This observation is supported by the fact that the cathodic potentials with respect to a C/CO reference electrode are close to those predicted from the reactions: (Al₂O₃)+3C=3CO(g)+2Al(l) or (CaO)+C=CO(g)+Ca(g) At very high current densities both the anodic and cathodic processes may convert to arcs, leading to process instability. The chemical and thermal effects of the overpotentials are briefly discussed and compared with the present results on ESR ingots of pure iron.     

Electrochemical reduction of niobium from oxide-fluoride melts upon electroslag melting

Some regularities of electrochemical reduction of niobium from oxide-fluoride melts upon electroslag melting (ESM) have been established for various electrical regimes. It has been found that the use of an asymmetric electric current during ESM substantially improves the technological parameters of the electrolysis process. Based on the experimental data obtained, a special program has been developed for correcting the electrical regime of melting depending on the Nb₂O₅ content in the oxide-fluoride melt, which permits one to obtain a desired niobium concentration in the metal ingot.     

旋转电极电渣重熔过程电极熔速的理论解析

摘要：旋转电极电渣重熔通过改变结晶器内熔体的流动和传热规律,增强了渣池与电极间的对流换热,在提高电极熔化速率和生产效率方面具有巨大潜力。提出了电渣重熔过程电极熔化速率的求解方法,并考虑了电极旋转时的强制对流,基于多物理场耦合模型预测了电极直径、转速对电极熔化速率的影响规律。结果表明,随着转速提高,金属液滴由从电极中心滴落向电极边缘滴落转变,高温区由渣池外侧向渣池中心移动。当转速从0增大至90r/min,55mm直径电极的熔化速率从7.90g/s增大至9.68g/s,对比固定电极,转速为90r/min时,生产效率最多提高了22.5%;进一步增大转速,电极熔化速率反而减小。存在一个最佳转速可使熔化速率达到最大,且该最佳转速随着电极直径的增大而减小。     

PLC及现场总线技术在电渣炉控制上的应用

介绍宝钢集团上海五钢有限公司电渣中心电渣炉控制系统的系统配置、网络结构和控制功能，提供了不同现场总线之间设备连接和信息交换应用的实例和经验。     

Numerical analysis of role of melting rate on electroslag remelting continuous directional solidification of a die steel

The effect of melting rate on the temperature distribution,velocity field,macrosegregation and dendrite arm spacing during electroslag remelting continuous dire...     

电渣冶金熔炼Fe-Cr-Al高温合金抑制镧、铈稀土氧化的研究

依据炉渣结构的分子和离子共存理论,建立了CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MgO-FeO-CaF_2-Ce_2O_3-La_2O_3八元渣系的活度计算模型.研究了不同温度下稀土氧化物活度之比值与稀土活度的关系.分析了在2023K下,炉渣中w(FeO)、w(MgO)、碱度对氧化亚铁、镧铈稀土氧化物活度的影响,探究防止稀土元素被氧化的热力学条件.通过计算得出,适当地降低w(FeO)、增加w(MgO)可以抑制镧铈稀土被氧化,而总体来看碱度对抑制稀土的氧化影响较小.     

气体保护电渣重熔过程中电渣锭的洁净化控制

进一步提高电渣重熔过程钢的洁净度是提高最终钢材综合机械性能的关键环节之一.本文探讨了洁净钢电渣重熔过程的几个重要方面.降低钢中总氧和硫含量,减少钢中非金属夹杂物是洁净钢生产的重要任务.本文还介绍和讨论了电渣冶炼洁净钢过程中氧、硫和夹杂物控制的相关理论及最新研究结果.     

Heat transfer and the melting process in electroslag remelting: Part I. The behavior of small electrodes

On the assumption of one dimensional axial heat flow a mathematical model is developed for describing the temperature profile in small ESR units. The model considers the regions both above and below the slag level and allowance is made for the development of a slag crust on the electrode near the top slag level. The governing equations are solved numerically and the computed results appear to be in agreement with experimental data reported on a laboratory scale ESR unit, employing 1 in. electrodes.     

电渣重熔过程电源频率对电渣锭洁净度的影响

电渣重熔采用低频供电可以提高功率因数、降低电耗,并实现电力系统的三相平衡。然而,其对电渣锭冶金质量特别是洁净度的影响还缺乏足够的数据支撑。为了研究电源频率特别是低频操作对电渣重熔锭洁净度的影响,采用实验室小型低频电渣重熔炉,以304奥氏体不锈钢、GCr15轴承钢为研究对象,详细分析了不同的电源频率对电渣锭化学成分、气体含量、夹杂物分布的影响规律。研究结果发现,与工频电渣重熔相比,不论是不锈钢还是轴承钢,当采用低频电源(2、1、0.4、0.1 Hz)电渣重熔后(在其他工艺参数如渣系、渣量、电流、电压、气氛等完全相同的情况下),电渣锭中的氧质量分数(0.010%～0.013%)大幅增加,对氮含量影响很小。电渣锭中的铝含量明显增加,而其他化学成分变化很小。与此相对应,低频电渣重熔锭的夹杂物数量也明显增加,且增加的夹杂物主要以氧化铝为主,但是夹杂物主要以小于10μm的细小夹杂为主,大颗粒夹杂物略有增加,但是数量较少。氧含量增加的主要原因是低频电源的直流倾向增大,使重熔渣池中的氧化铝发生了电解(30%Al₂O₃+70%CaF₂渣系...     

国外电渣重熔概况及我国电渣重熔的发展方向

对国外电渣重熔现状进行了概述,并对我国电渣重熔的发展方向提出设想.     

Physicochemical comparison of electroslag remelting with consumable electrode and electroslag refining with liquid metal

The paper is devoted to comparison of electroslag remelting (ESR) with consumable electrode and electroslag refining with liquid metal (ESR LM) processes. The possibility of rearrangement of the heat contributions coming from the consumable electrode and current supplying mould (non-consumable electrode, CSM) makes the core of the ESR process organisation in the CSM. The usage of liquid metal instead of consumable electrodes allows to reduce liquid bath temperature and volume in order to provide low segregation ingot. The formal assessment of physico-chemical conditions and experimental measurements of desulphurisation have shown the same level of refining ability of both processes. Replacing the classic ESR by the ESR LM is a prospective way to produce high-quality ingots from sophisticated and hard-to-deform materials, whereas manufacturing of the consumable electrodes is technically problematic and costly.     

电渣重熔中的脱氧热力学

 为了研究电渣重熔的脱氧制度,基于熔渣的离子分子共存理论,以模具钢和脱氧剂铝为研究对象,根据渣 金反应中各组元的质量守恒定律和热力学平衡定律,构建了电渣重熔中的脱氧热力学模型。模型结合试验得到了钢中各个合金元素的热力学平衡质量分数随脱氧剂铝添加量的变化关系,并依据模具钢的合金成分要求对脱氧剂铝的添加量进行了分析。结果表明,钢中硅、铝、锰和渣中氧化铝的平衡质量分数随着脱氧剂铝的增加呈升高的趋势,而渣中氧化硅、氧化铁、氧化锰呈降低趋势;考虑到模具钢中各个合金元素的成分要求,脱氧剂铝的添加量不宜超过1.7 kg/t(钢)。