Mixed BB-IF predistortion of OFDM signals in non-linear channels

It is well known that power amplifier induced non-linear distortions produce a signal spectral regrowth at the IF transmitter output of digital radio communication systems. This effect is responsible for both adjacent channel interference and BER degradation. Signal predistortion is a technique that counteracts such phenomena. Technological advances in the last decade, renewing the interest in this technique, led to the realization of digital baseband (BB) predistorters that overcome the performance of the existing analog IF (intermediate frequency) ones. However, the substitution of an analog IF predistorter with a digital BB one forces one to partially redesign the system architecture. An alternative approach is proposed in this paper, based on digital and analog techniques, which combines the precision of the digital BB solution with the practicality of an IF architecture. This solution is particularly interesting to substitute an old analog IF predistorter simply plugging-in the new digital one, without further changes in the transmitter architecture. Critical aspects, predistortion algorithms and simulation performance are presented with respect to a digital video broadcasting system which is based on an OFDM modulation and is very sensitive to non-linear distortions because of the adopted multicarrier modulation     

On the RF/DSP design for efficiency of OFDM transmitters

In this paper, a system-level RF/digital signal processing (DSP) design approach of power-efficient orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmitters is proposed. A DSP-based low-IF architecture, which allows a significant enhancement of their power and spectrum efficiencies, is proposed. The cascade of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction technique, predistortion technique, and the in-phase and quadrature modulation led to impressive improvement in the power efficiency and effective linear output power of the OFDM transmitter. Measurement results carried out on an IEEE 802.11a transmitter designed and built for this experiment are presented in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM), adjacent channel leakage ratio, and power efficiency. The power stage of this transmitter uses a heterojunction bipolar InGaP transistor operating in a deeply class AB. The cascade of the PAPR reduction and baseband predistortion processing modules results in the reduction of the power backoff operation point by approximately 10 dB accompanied by a relative increase in the wireless local area network transmitter power efficiency by roughly 400% while meeting the emission mask spectrum and EVM levels demanded by the 802.11a standard.     

调制解调非理想特性联合补偿数字预失真方法

针对调制解调非理想特性影响数字预失真效果,导致邻信道功率比性能较差的问题,提出了一种调制端和解调端联合补偿的数字预失真方法。首先,建立了正交调制器、解调器的基带等效模型;然后,基于多项式预失真,利用正交调制器与解调器的特点,结合递归最小二乘法,推导出了联合补偿数字预失真原理,避免了仅通过调制端补偿,或者调制端、解调端分别补偿只能使数字预失真算法收敛到局部最优解的现象出现;最后,以甚高频航空通信常用的差分八相移键控（Differential 8 Phase Shift Keying,D8PSK）调制方式为例进行了仿真和实现验证,邻信道功率比相对无预失真可以改善28 dBc,相对现有联合补偿数字预失真可以改善16 dBc。     

Digital linearizer for RF amplifiers

Broadcast technology is at the beginning of a new era. It is characterized by the intensive use of the most advanced digital modulation formats (8VSB, QAM, OFDM) in combination with high power RF amplifiers. To date the linearity required for these digital formats has only been accomplished in cumbersome low efficiency class A amplifier or even more cumbersome feed-forward systems. A potentially more efficient and cost effective approach is the combination of nonlinear power amplifiers and a predistortion technique capable of compensating for the nonlinear amplifiers. Digital predistortion will provide a highly linear output and improved efficiency. Itelco has developed a digital adaptive base band predistorter to provide for improved performance and cost. The technique is independent of the modulation type, the output frequency, or the signal bandwidth. Furthermore the capability of automatic adaptive predistortion to compensate for the environment (temperature, power supply variations, aging, and even operation during replacement of a faulty module) is highly desirable     

A 63-W W-Band Injection-Locked Pulsed Solid-State Transmitter

A high-power three-stage W-band injection-locked pulsed solid-state transmitter using four hybrid-coupled two-diode IMPATT power combiners as the final stage has been developed. Coherent peak output power of 63 W and 92.6 GHz was achieved. The transmitter was operated at 100-ns pulsewidth and 0.5-percent duty cycle. This transmitter development was directed at achieving a high-power output that would be useful for future miltimeter-wave system applications.     

基于RLS算法的记忆多项式预失真技术分析

自适应数字基带预失真技术是功放线性化技术中很有前景的技术之一。为了能够使数字基带预失真系统快速收敛且便于工程应用,介绍了一种基于迭代最小二乘(RLS)算法的记忆多项式预失真技术,并论述了其基本原理和系统结构,最后从邻信道功率比(ACPR)、星座图以及误码率3个方面进行了仿真,结果表明基于该算法的预失真技术不仅可以克服传统LMS预失真算法收敛速度慢的缺点,而且便于结合QR分解等方法来硬件实现,预失真性能更优。     

Energy-Efficient Digital Predistortion With Lookup Table Training Using Analog Cartesian Feedback

We demonstrate energy-efficient low-complexity adaptive linearization for wideband handset power amplifiers (PAs). Due to power overhead and complexity, traditional wideband linearization techniques such as adaptive digital predistortion (DPD) thus far have not been used for wideband handset transmitters. Our energy-efficient lookup table training strategy resulted in a training energy of 1.83 nJ/entry for a 5-MHz bandwidth WiMAX orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) transmission, which represents more than 40times improvement over state-of-the-art DPD implementations. Our experimental prototype transmitter achieves a maximum of 9.9-dB improvement of adjacent channel leakage power at 5.15-MHz offset with 22.0-dBm channel power in the 5-MHz bandwidth WiMAX-OFDMA transmission. This linearity improvement offers 26.5% savings in PA power consumption by reducing power backoff.     

基于模糊神经网络的自适应预失真功放

在无线通信中,高数据传输率的数字无线系统要求用频谱有效的线性调制方法,但是这些调制方法对功放的非线性又很敏感,会产生频谱扩展、邻近信道干扰和误码率(BER)特性的恶化。本文提出用模糊神经网络(FNN)的算法来实现功放的自适应预失真,以补偿功放的非线性,并仿真了模糊神经网络对功放非线性的补偿以及对误码率特性的改进。结果表明,此方法实现的预失真器具有良好的自适应性和鲁棒性,不需要从一大堆原始数据中进行费时的训练,而可以充分地利用己有的知识和经验;而且,在学习的过程中,采用变结构的神经网络,先粗后细、分组学习,更大大缩短了学习的时间。     

功放数字预失真技术现状及未来发展

功放是无线通信发射机的重要组成部分,随着无线通信的不断发展,对宽带线性功放的要求也越来越高。然而,功放的非线性特性和记忆效应会导致信号严重失真。为了减小带内失真和邻道干扰,数字预失真成为功放线性化技术中最有发展潜力的技术。介绍了功放模型,数字预失真的学习结构、数字预失真器参数的辨识算法等研究现状,探讨了数字预失真的发展趋势,为今后数字预失真技术的研究提供参考。     

Data predistortion techniques using intersymbol interpolation

Two data predistortion techniques are presented that compensate for high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities in digital microwave radio systems by employing quadrature amplitude-modulation (QAM) signal formats. The first one is a T/2-spaced predistortion technique that ensures distortion-free HPA output at two points per symbol interval T. The second is a T/3-spaced predistortion technique which cancels nonlinear distortion at the HPA output at three points per symbol interval. As opposed to conventional data predistortion, which can only compensate for warping of the signal constellation, the new techniques are effective against intersymbol interference. Using the 64- and 256-QAM signal constellations, it is shown that the proposed techniques lead to a very efficient utilization of the available HPA power. It is shown that, of the two techniques, the T/3-spaced data predistortion employs narrower transmit-pulse shaping and achieves higher protection against adjacent-channel interference at the expense of some additional complexity     

Quantization analysis and design of a digital predistortionlinearizer for RF power amplifiers

Significant improvements in terms of reduced power consumption and increased bandwidth are obtained if a digital predistortion linearizer is implemented with an application specific digital signal processor. This paper investigates the quantization effects in different parts of a table based complex gain predistortion linearizer. The analysis can be used to optimize the predistortion linearizer with respect to word length based on the knowledge of the RF amplifier gain characteristic, the probability density function for the modulation scheme and the maximum allowable adjacent channel interference level. A predistorter chip is described that has been designed using the analysis. The chip has been fabricated and tested. Compared with a standard digital signal processing (DSP) solution it provides seven times higher bandwidth but consumes only 10% of the power     

影响短波发射机功率模块输出电压的两个因素

一般大功率的短波广播发射机采用PSM技术获得直流屏压以及音频调制电压,但是由于发射机长时间满负荷工作,导致滤波电解电容逐渐干涸造成容量不足,影响了发射机的技术指标的达成。短波发射机是用于发射短波波段无线电信号的设备,主要的作用是通信,但是功率模块会被多种因素影响,其中最主要的两个因素就是功率模块中IGBT的栅极电阻以及开关状态检测电路,能够对输出电压造成影响。主要阐述影响短波发射机功率模块输出电压的两个因素。     

Ka/W波段双频毫米波测云仪发射系统

文中介绍了Ka/W双频毫米波测云仪的发射系统。该试验样机是由一台Ka波段发射机和一台W波段发射机组成。文中详细描述了选用的发射管和配套的电源调制模块的设计,最后给出了发射系统的测试数据,主要包括功率、带宽、频谱等。     

A data predistortion technique with memory for QAM radio systems

The authors present an efficient data predistortion technique with memory for compensation of high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities in digital microwave radio systems employing quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal formats. A practical implementation method is described which trades off performance against complexity and which makes it possible to implement this kind of predistorter in 256-QAM, and higher-level QAM systems. Using the 16-, 64-, and 256-QAM signal constellations, it is shown that the proposed technique achieves a considerably higher performance than that of conventional memoryless data predistortion of the predistortion technique with memory based on finite-order inverses of nonlinear systems. Specifically, numerical results show that the proposed technique achieves a gain that is in excess of 2 dB over conventional memoryless data predistortion     

Reduction of dispersion-induced distortion in SCM transmissionsystems by using predistortion-linearized MQW-EA modulators

The application of low-chirp MQW (multiquantum well)-EA (electro-absorption) modulators to subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) optical transmission systems is studied. The authors show that a third-order predistortion circuit is feasible for compensating the nonlinearity of this type of modulator. The degree of frequency chirping per optical intensity modulation depth of the modulator is theoretically determined to be about 1.4 MHz. A 42-channel AM-SCM signal transmitter with the predistortion circuit realizes both composite second-order distortion (CSO) and composite triple beat distortion (CTB) values under -57 dBc after 200-km-long transmission. The authors confirm dispersion-induced distortion of the MQW-EA modulator is as small as that of the LiNbO₃ modulator. Carrier-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of 45.2 dB for channel 1 and 43.8 dB for channel 42 were measured after 100 km transmission. It is found that the deterioration of a CNR is caused by the cascaded erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), Rayleigh backscattered power and the optical phase noise. Theoretical CNRs show that the output power of the modulator should be higher to improve CNR     

Performance of predistorted APK Modulation for one- and two-link nonlinear power amplifier Satellite communication channels

Digital satellite communications has been restricted to date to digital modulations having an efficiency of 2 bps/Hz; that is, filtered-quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) with close to a constant envelope. The main limitation to higher order digital modulations is the need for linearity of a high power amplifier both in the satellite and a terminal. Many years ago, Thomas et al. conducted a complete study of the use of higher order linear modulations on nonlinear satellite channels. However, pulse-shaping and predistortion were not treated. We consider these items for 16-point amplitude phase-shift keying (APK) modulation; that is, signal points assigned on concentric circles. A simple predistortion algorithm is given for APK modulations and symbol error-rate performance is determined for both one- and two-link nonlinear channels. Our best result is for an one-link channel and (5, 11) APK-5 points on an inner circle and 11 on the other, which, for predistortion on the nonlinear channel, loses only about 1 dB to 16-point quadrature amplitude modulation transmission on the linear channel.     

一种GSM手机发射机数字模块的设计

设计了一种GSM射频芯片的锁相环式直接调制发射机的数字模块,完成了对基带数据的差分编码,高斯滤波,对信道码的处理,多级噪声整形,给锁相环提供分频比,并实现了对发射和接收信道的选择。通过Matlab建模仿真,完成对各个模块的结构设计,通过RTL级代码设计和编写相应的testbench进行功能验证,在Modelsim下进行仿真,实现了预定要求。在实践当中,通过了TSMC0.18μm的CMOS工艺,实现了CHRF06/GSM/E-GSMDCS/PCS射频芯片的发射数字部分的功能。     

基于实值时间卷积神经网络的功放预失真研究

为了实现传输速率高达千兆比特每秒(Gbps)的目标,5G通信系统需要更宽的传输带宽和更高的调制度,这些对射频功放的线性度提出了更加苛刻的要求。必须对功放的非线性进行线性化。文中构建了一种基于实值时间卷积神经网络(Real-Valued Temporal Convolutional Networks,RVTCN)模型的数字预失真器。RVTCN模型利用扩大因果卷积(Dilated Causal Convolution, DCC)提取功放的当前时序信息,把记忆信息存储在残差块(Residual Block,RB)中,不断获取时序特征并保存于网络中。为了验证RVTCN线性化的性能,文中采用了100 MHz带宽的5G NR信号,对中心频率3.5 GHz的Doherty功放进行了预失真线性化实验验证。实验结果表明:该RVTCN模型具有射频功放的动态非线性行为建模能力,其归一化均方误差可达-40 d B;RVTCN预失真器对测试功放的相邻信道功率比(ACPR)改善可达19.5 d B左右。     

Complex gain and fixed-point digital predistorters for CDMA power amplifiers

Two digital baseband predistortion techniques, one based on the complex gain digital predistorter (CGDP) approach and the other based on the fixed-point predistorter (FPPD) approach, are used to compensate a nonlinear high-power amplifier (HPA) in an IS-2000 system. Forward-link performance for a perfectly linear HPA, nonlinear HPA, and compensated HPA using both a CGDP and an FPPD are compared using an IS-2000 forward-link simulator. Both predistortion techniques are shown to provide similar forward-link performance and reduction in spectral regrowth of the sidebands for the wide-band compensated HPAs utilized by IS-2000 systems.     

Analysis and design of a frequency-hopped spread-spectrumtransceiver for wireless personal communications

Personal communications services (PCS) require low-power radio technologies. One such transceiver architecture employing frequency-hopped spread-spectrum techniques is presented. System features such as antenna diversity with equal-gain combining and sequential hop combining are incorporated into the transceiver design to achieve robust wireless digital data transmission over fading channels. A direct-conversion architecture from radio frequency (RF) to baseband reduces the overall power consumption by eliminating intermediate frequency (IF) components. High-rate frequency hopping with frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation is implemented using a direct digital frequency synthesis technique. A multiplierless correlation FSK detector, suitable for direct-conversion receivers, has been designed for quadrature noncoherent detection. Robust acquisition algorithms based on energy detection and pattern matching and tracking architectures using digital phase-locked loops are also described for system synchronization. The proposed transceiver is well-suited for low-power PCS applications and other portable wireless communications