INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES ON TEMPERATURE RESPONSE AND OPTIMUM DESIGN OF C/M FGMS UNDER THERMAL CYCLIC LOADING

The influence of temperature-dependentproperties on temperature response and optimum design ofnewly developed ceramic-metal functionally graded materialsunder cyclic thermal loading and high temperature gradientenvironment is studied. The thermal conductivity of the mate-rial is considered to be dependent on the temperature. In thispaper, the temperature’response of the material is calculatedusing a nonlinear finite element method. Emphasis is placedon the infuence of temperature-dependent properties on thethermal response and insulation property of the material un-der the different graded compositional distributions and dif-ferent heat flux magnitudes. Through the analysis,it is sug-gested that the infuence of temperature-dependent propertiescan not be neglected in the temperature response analysis andthe optimum design process of the material must be based onthe temperature-depenpdent temperature analysis theory.     

金属-陶瓷梯度材料动态热应力响应变物性分析模型研究

研究了梯度材料在承受热冲击载荷作用时的动态热应力响应分析模型问题。研究的重点是分析材料的变物性特性(即材料的热学和力学性能依赖于温度的特性)对动态热应力响应的影响。分析结果表明,当梯度材料承受热冲击栽荷作用时,变物性特性对材料的动态热应力响应的影响十分明显,在对梯度材料进行评价和优化设计时,必须采用动态热应力响应变物性分析模型进行分析。     

金属-陶瓷梯度材料动态温度响应变物性分析模型研究

以ZrO_2/Ti-6Al-4V金属-陶瓷梯度材料为例,研究了梯度材料在承受热冲击载荷作用时的动态温度响应分析模型问题。研究的重点是分析材料的热导率和热容随温度变化的特性(即变物性特性)对动态温度响应的影响。分析结果表明,当梯度材料承受热冲击载荷作用时,变物性特性对材料的动态温度响应和材料隔热性能预测的影响十分明显,在对梯度材料的隔热性能进行优化设计时,必须采用动态变物性温度响应分析模型和理论进行分析。     

THERMO ELASTO—PLASTIC OPTIMUM DESIGN OF CERAMIC—METAL FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS-Ⅰ.MICROMECHANICAL AND GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS

The thermo elasto-plastic optimum design ofceramic-metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) wasinvestigated in this paper. The inelastic properties were firstevaluated using micromechanical approaches, then an elasto-plastic finite element model was used to calculate the thermalstress in the material. The effects of micromechanical ap-proaches, plasticity and graded interlayer thickness on thethermal stress relaxation characteristics and stress distribu-tions were studied. The results show that: (1) the macro elas-to-plastic response given by the mean-field micromechanicsand self-consistent micromechanics is nearly the same but theresponse given by the rule of mixture is different; (2)the ther-mo elasto-plastic behavior must be considered to realisticallyevaluate stress reduction, and the elasto-plastic optimum de-sign can get helpful information to determine the graded in-terlayer thicknesses; and(3) to optimize the microstructure ofthe graded material achieves reductions in critical stress com-ponent     

THERMO-ELASTIC-PLASTIC RESPONSE AND OPTIMUM DESIGN OF CERAMIC-METAL FGMS-CYCLIC THERML LOADING PROBLEM

The materials are made with a graded composition and microstructure in the thickness direction from the ceramic side to the metal side. The cyclic thermal loading and high temperasure gradient environment are simulated by heating the ceramic surface with a cyclic heat flux input and cooling the metal surface with a flawing liquid niterogen. The thermal and thermo-elastic-plastic response of the materials is calculated using the isotropic hardening model and kinetic hardening model. Emphasis is     

ELASTOPLASTIC OPTIMUM DESIGN OF Ni/TiC FUNCTIONAL GRADIENT MATERIAL

The thermal residual stresses developed in a disk-shaped.Ni/TiC functionally gradient material (FGM) during its fabricationare investigated by an elastic-plastic finite element numerical ap-proach.Constitutive relations for the graded Ni-TiC composite interlayers between pure metal Ni and ceramic TiC are estimated by usingan effectiv-medium approach,and effective plastic strain and stressdistributions are computed for simulated cooling from an assumed fab-rication temperature.Analyses are performed for a fixed specimen ge-ometry and the graded region is treated as a series of perfectly bondedequal-thick layers.The restults are compared with those obtained by on-ly considering elastic material response to assess the effect of plasticityon the optimum fabrication design of the Ni/TiC FGM.It is demon-strated that the consideration of plasticity is of critical importance foroptimization of the metal/ceramic gradient materials.     

Influence of Inclusion Shape on Thermoelasto-Plastic Optimun Design of Ceramic Metal Functionally Graded Materials

A nonlinear finite element method is applied to observe how inclusion shape influence the thermal response of a ceramic-metal functionally graded material (FGM). The elastic and plastic behaviors of the layers which are two-phase isotropic composites consisting of randomly oriented elastic spheroidal inclusions and a ductile matrix are predicted by a mean field method. The prediction results show that inclusion shape has remarkable influence on the overall behavior of the composite. The consequences of the thermal response analysis of the FGM are that the response is dependent on inclusion shape and its composition profile cooperatively and that the plastic behavior of each layer should be taken into account in optimum design of a ceramic-metal FGM.     

Design and optimization of W/Cu divertor mock-ups

Tungsten is a promising candidate for plasma-facing materials to cover the surface of the divertor plate in the design of an international thermonuclear experimental reactor （ITER）. Copper as a heat sink material serves to transfer heat excellently. Divertor mock-ups with W/Cu graded interlayers were designed to reduce thermal stresses. Thermally induced stresses and temperature in a W/Cu divertor mock-up were analyzed using the finite element method. The graded structures with different exponents p and thick- nesses were designed and discussed. The conclusions drawn from these analyses are that thermal stresses reach the minimum and the temperature is suitable when exponent p is 1.5 and the thickness of five graded interlayers is 5 mm.     

旋转功能梯度压电空心圆柱的精确

针对内外表面作用均布压力和电势的功能梯度径向极化无限长压电空心圆柱旋转问题,给出了其精确解.分析了旋转功能梯度压电空心圆柱内径向应力、环向应力及电势的分布情况,还研究了材料的非均匀特性、空心圆柱的内外径比率以及外加电势对机械场和电场的影响.通过设计合适的功能梯度形式、选择合适的内外径比率以及在内外表面施加恰当的外加电势能够达到改善旋转功能梯度压电空心圆柱的力学行为.得到的解可应用于沿径向按幂函数规律变化的旋转压电功能梯度空心圆柱构件的精确分析和优化设计中.     

热载荷作用下含裂纹功能梯度板的有限元分析

为深入理解功能梯度材料的热断裂行为,研究了热载荷作用下任意热机械属性功能梯度材料板的裂纹尖端特性.利用解析方法推导了不含裂纹功能梯度板的温度场和热应力场,根据叠加法,把热应力场转化为裂纹表面载荷,采用基于非均匀单元的有限元方法计算分析了稳态热载荷下功能梯度板的裂纹尖端特性,并针对不同材料热机械属性分布形式,考察了热应力...     

不同约束下H型钢柱火灾行为的非线性分析

随着钢结构在建筑工程中发挥着日益重要的作用,其防火问题成为一个不可回避的重大课题。因此,钢结构在火灾温度场下的破坏机理研究显得尤为重要。本文假设火灾温度场为ISO834曲线,考虑热辐射和热对流共同作用的四面受火情况,通过有限元数值方法模拟了H型钢柱随时间变化的温度场分布。根据热传导得到的瞬态温度场,并且考虑到钢材物理特性随温度变化引起的材料非线性及几何非线性,进行了受压钢柱在不同约束条件下的热应力分析。论文分别对两端铰支、两端铰支且限制轴向位移等情况下,H型钢柱随温度变化的应力、位移等热响应进行了模拟计算。结果表明,轴向约束的提高在一定程度上降低了高温下钢柱的极限承载力及极限温度承载力。     

Genetic Algorithm for the Thermal Stresses Optimum Design of Functionally Gradient Material Plate

Based on the thermal stress distribution for functionally gradient material (FGM) plates, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) method for the thermal stresses optimum design of FGM plate with computer technologies is given. The minimum thermal stresses combination distribution for FGM is obtained.     

热缩材料制品耐海水腐蚀性能的研究

本文讨论了热缩材料制品耐海水的性能。通过实验选择热缩基材和粘附的热熔胶复合在一起制成的热缩密封套能够耐海水腐蚀。测定了一定温度下材料在模拟海水环境下的重量变化率和剪切强度,对海水腐蚀材料的几种行为机理也做了探讨。     

冷库稻壳热绝缘层热湿状态研究

本文对冷库稻壳热绝缘层的热湿特性进行了分析。提出用空气层解决冷库工程中热绝缘材料受潮的方法,通过工程实践和热工测试分析,证实了在冷库阁楼稻壳层表面形成自防潮壁垒理论;0℃附近的干燥带的存在。使得对冷库热绝缘层的热湿迁移现象的物理本质有了新的认识,对冷库热绝缘层保持干燥的设计方法起重要的指导作用。     

响应面法优化榆黄蘑中多糖的提取工艺

实验以榆黄蘑为原料,用多糖提取率作为衡量提取工艺的指标,通过单因素实验分别探讨了料液比、提取温度、提取时间对榆黄蘑多糖提取率的影响,并采用蒽酮-硫酸法测定了糖的含量.利用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计原理和响应面分析法探讨榆黄蘑多糖的最佳热提工艺,结果表明最佳热提工艺的参数为:料液比为1:50,提取温度为90 ℃,提取时间为40 min.最佳热提工艺条件下的榆黄蘑多糖提取率为8.39%.     

基于热分析的二齿差摆杆活齿传动中心轮模态研究

为了研究温度对二齿差摆杆活齿传动结构模态的影响,首先对二齿差摆杆活齿传动中心轮进行了温度场和热应力分析,然后在二齿差摆杆活齿传动热-结构耦合分析的基础上对中心轮进行了模态分析,将不同工作状态下的模态分析结果进行比较,分析温度场对摆杆活齿传动中心轮模态的影响。结果表明：由温度变化所引起的材料力学性能变化对各阶固有频率影响的程度不同,由热应力引起的固有频率变化小于由材料力学性能变化引起的固有频率变化。分析结果符合实际工况,为二齿差摆杆活齿传动的振动可靠性设计及动态特性研究提供了理论依据。     

Three-dimensional analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric plate with arbitrarily distributed material properties

An orthotropic functionally graded piezoelectric rectangular plate with arbitrarily distributed material properties was studied, which is simply supported and grounded（electrically） on its four lateral edges. The state equations of the functionally graded piezoelectric material were obtained using the state-space approach, and a Peano-Baker series solution was obtained for the coupled electroelastic fi elds of the functionally graded piezoelectric plate subjected to mechanical and electric loading on its upper and lower surfaces. The influence of different distributions of material properties on the structural response of the plate was studied using the obtained solutions.     

Coupled thermal-mechanical analysis of two ITER-like first wall mockups under heat shock of plasma disruptions

The first wall of the fusion reactor is a plasma-facing component and is a key link to maintain the integrity of structure during thermal shock induced by plasma disruptions. Be and W/Cu functionally graded materials are two kinds of important plasma-facing materials(PFM) of first wall in fusion reactor currently. Previous researches seldom comparatively evaluated the normal servicing and heat shock resistance performance of first walls with those two kinds of PFMs. And also there lacks coupled thermal/mechanical analysis on the heat shock process in consideration of multiple thermal/mechanical phenomena, such as material melting, solidification, evaporation, etc., which is significant to further understand the heat shock damage mechanism of the first wall with different PFMs. With the aim of learning more detailed mechanical mechanism of thermal shock damage and then improving the thermal shock resistance performance of different first wall designs, the coupled thermal/mechanical response of two typical ITER-like first walls with PFM of Be and functionally graded W-Cu respectively under the heat shock of 1–2 GW/m~2 are computed by the finite element method. Special considerations of elastic-plastic deformation, material melting, and solidification are included in numerical models and methods. The mechanical response behaviors of different structures and materials under the normal servicing operation as well as plasma disruption conditions are analyzed and investigated comparatively. The results reveal that heat is mainly deposited on the PFM layer in the high energy shock pulse induced by plasma disruptions, resulting in complex thermal stress change as well as mechanical irreversible damage of thermal elastic and plastic expansion, contraction and yielding. Compared with the first wall with Be PFM, which mitigates the damages from heat shock at most only in the PFM layer with cost of whole PFM layer plastic yielding, the first wall with graded W-Cu PFM is demonstrated to be possessed both of higher heat shock resistance performance and normal servicing performance, provided its material gradient and cooling capacity are well optimized under practical loading conditions.     

Fabrication and Microstructure of W/Cu Functionally Graded Material

W/Cu functionally gradient material (FGM) has excellent mechanical properties since it can effectively relax interlayer thermal stresses caused by the mismatch between their thermal expansion coefficients. W/Cu FGM combines the advantages of tungsten such as high melting point and service strength, with heat conductivity and plasticity of copper at room temperature. Thus it demonstrates satisfactory heat corrosion and thermal shock resistance and will be a promising candidate as divertor component in thermonuclear de-vice. Owing to the dramatic difference of melting point between tungsten and copper, conventional processes meet great difficulties in fabricating this kind of FGMs. A new approach termed graded sintering under ultra-high pressure (GSUHP) is proposed, with which a near 96% relative density of WICu FGM that contains a full distribution spectrum (0-100%W) has been successfully fabricated. Suitable amount of transition metals (such as nickel, zirconium, vanadium) is employed as additives to activate tungsten's sintering, enhance phase wettability and bonding strength between W and Cu. Densification effects of different layer of FGM were investigated. Microstructure morphology and interface elements distribution were observed and analyzed. The thermal shock performance of W/Cu FGM was also preliminarily tested.     

二维热弹性功能梯度板的自由振动分析

研究正交各向异性二维热弹性功能梯度板的自由振动问题。假设材料参数沿板厚方向按任意函数规律变化,基于状态空间法和Peano-Baker级数,获得了二维热弹性功能梯度平板自由振动问题的解。通过算例,分析了当材料为线性分布时,不同的梯度参数和板厚对平板最小固有频率的影响,以及不同的分布函数对最小固有频率的影响。