新型阻垢剂IA-SSS-MA聚合物的合成与表征

以衣康酸(IA)、苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)和马来酸酐(MA)为单体,以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵作引发剂,合成了衣康酸-苯乙烯磺酸钠-马来酸酐(IA-SSS-MA)三元聚合物阻垢剂,考察了单体配比、反应温度、引发剂量、滴加时间等对聚合物阻碳酸钙垢效果的影响,结果表明:当单体配比为IA∶SSS∶MA=5∶1∶0.25(摩尔比),反应温度100℃,引发剂量占单体总量13%,滴加时间为5 h,阻碳酸钙垢效果最好,阻垢率达到98.11%。     

衣康酸多元共聚物阻垢剂的合成及表征

以衣康酸（IA）、苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）、马来酸酐（MA）、丙烯酸（AA）为单体,以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,合成了衣康酸-苯乙烯磺酸钠-马来酸酐-丙烯酸聚合物阻垢剂,通过单因素实验考察了单体配比（物质的量比）、引发剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素以聚合物阻碳酸钙垢效果的影响,确定了最佳合成条件为：原料配比（物质的量比）为IA：SSS：MA：AA=1：0.25：0.05：4,引发剂占总单体质量的10%,反应时间2h,反应温度85℃时阻碳酸钙垢率可达90.78%。     

一种新型无磷共聚物阻垢剂的研究

在水溶液中,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,衣康酸(IA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)、丙烯酸甲酯(MA)为反应单体,合成了无磷共聚物(IA/AM/SMAS/MA)。通过正交实验确定了无磷共聚物合成的最佳合成条件。利用红外光谱对共聚物的结构进行了表征,采取静态阻垢的方法评价了阻垢剂阻碳酸钙生成的性能。结果表明:当单体配比n(衣康酸)/n(丙烯酰胺)/n(甲基丙烯磺酸钠)/n(丙烯酸甲酯)=4∶3∶2∶3,引发剂用量为单体的10%(wt),反应温度为90℃,反应时间为4 h。此条件下合成的阻垢剂的阻垢率可以达到88.6%。     

IA/N-MAM/SMAS三元共聚物阻垢剂的合成研究

选用衣康酸(IA)、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(N-MAM)、甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)为原料,在过硫酸铵引发下采用水溶液自由基聚合方法合成了一种三元共聚物阻垢剂。分别考察了单体摩尔配比、反应温度、反应时间、引发剂用量对聚合物阻垢剂阻垢性能的影响。确立了IA/N-MAM/SMAS的最佳合成工艺条件为:单体摩尔配比n(IA)∶n(N-MAM)∶n(SMAS)=2.2∶1.0∶1.0,引发剂用量占单体总质量的10%,反应温度为75℃,反应时间为4 h。利用红外光谱仪对共聚物的结构进行了分析表征,结果表明IA/N-MAM/SMAS中含有羧基、酰胺基和磺酸基。     

IA/N-MAM/SMAS三元共聚物阻垢剂的合成研究

选用衣康酸(IA)、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(N-MAM)、甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)为原料,在过硫酸铵引发下采用水溶液自由基聚合方法合成了一种三元共聚物阻垢剂。分别考察了单体摩尔配比、反应温度、反应时间、引发剂用量对聚合物阻垢剂阻垢性能的影响。确立了IA/N-MAM/SMAS的最佳合成工艺条件为:单体摩尔配比n(IA)∶n(N-MAM)∶n(SMAS)=2.2∶1.0∶1.0,引发剂用量占单体总质量的10%,反应温度为75℃,反应时间为4 h。利用红外光谱仪对共聚物的结构进行了分析表征,结果表明IA/N-MAM/SMAS中含有羧基、酰胺基和磺酸基。     

衣康酸三元共聚物阻垢剂的合成及其阻垢性能的研究

以衣康酸(IA)、苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)、2,2-二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法,合成了一种含有羧酸基、磺酸基和羟基的多元衣康酸共聚阻垢剂。研究了反应物单体配比、反应温度、反应时间、引发剂质量分数对共聚物阻垢剂阻垢性能的影响。结果表明,在IA∶SSS∶DMPA(摩尔比)=4∶1∶1.5,引发剂用量占单体质量分数的11%,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为2.5 h条件下制得的共聚物阻垢剂阻垢性能最佳。通过静态阻垢法进行了阻垢剂的阻垢性能的评定,当此三元共聚物阻垢剂加剂量为12 mg/L时,对CaCO_3的阻垢率可达94.9%,用红外光谱和扫描电镜对共聚物阻垢剂的结构和CaCO_3垢样进行了表征。其中扫描电镜表明,加入此衣康酸三元共聚阻垢剂后,CaCO_3呈现明显的疏松结构。     

衣康酸三元共聚物阻垢剂的合成及其阻垢性能的研究

以衣康酸(IA)、苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)、2,2-二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法,合成了一种含有羧酸基、磺酸基和羟基的多元衣康酸共聚阻垢剂。研究了反应物单体配比、反应温度、反应时间、引发剂质量分数对共聚物阻垢剂阻垢性能的影响。结果表明,在IA∶SSS∶DMPA(摩尔比)=4∶1∶1.5,引发剂用量占单体质量分数的11%,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为2.5 h条件下制得的共聚物阻垢剂阻垢性能最佳。通过静态阻垢法进行了阻垢剂的阻垢性能的评定,当此三元共聚物阻垢剂加剂量为12 mg/L时,对CaCO_3的阻垢率可达94.9%,用红外光谱和扫描电镜对共聚物阻垢剂的结构和CaCO_3垢样进行了表征。其中扫描电镜表明,加入此衣康酸三元共聚阻垢剂后,CaCO_3呈现明显的疏松结构。     

衣康酸/苯乙烯磺酸钠共聚物合成及性能研究

介绍了一种制备新型、高效聚合物阻垢剂的方法。以苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSA)和衣康酸(IA)为单体，采用水溶液自由基聚合反应，制得衣康酸／苯乙烯磺酸钠共聚物。然后，将苯乙烯磺酸钠／衣康酸共聚物作为阻垢剂和稳定剂，研究其对碳酸钙垢的阻垢性能和对钛酸钡-水分散体系中钛酸钡颗粒的稳定分散作用，发现该聚合物对碳酸钙垢具有极好的阻垢性能，而且对钛酸钡颗粒具有很好的稳定分散效果。     

绿色无磷高效阻垢缓蚀剂的制备及性能研究

以衣康酸(IA)、烯丙基磺酸钠(SAS)、乙酸乙烯酯(VAC)为单体聚合得到IA-SAS-VAC共聚物,考察了单体配比、引发剂量、反应时间和反应温度对共聚物阻垢效果的影响;采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对垢样进行了分析。结果表明,当单体配比n(IA)∶n(SAS)∶n(VAC)=2∶1∶4时,引发剂投加量为单体总质量的10%,相对分子质量调节剂异丙醇投加量为单体总质量的12%时,在90℃的反应温度下控制反应时间为3 h,共聚物投加量为20 mg/L,此时对于碳酸钙阻垢率达到92.6%;当投加量为50 mg/L时,缓蚀率达到88.9%。对阻垢剂的阻垢机理进行了扫描电镜和X射线衍射研究。     

醚基衣康酸多元共聚物阻垢剂合成条件研究

以衣康酸、丙烯磺酸钠、α-烯丙基甘油醚、次亚磷酸钠为单体,采用水溶性的自由基反应进行共聚合,制备含羧基、醚基、磺酸基、膦酸基的共聚物。考察了单体配比、引发剂用量、加料方式、反应时间和反应温度等因素对单体聚合和聚合物性能的影响,确定了聚合物阻垢剂的最佳合成条件。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.