不同分子量聚丙烯腈共混膜的制备与表征

将普通分子量聚丙烯腈(C-PAN,Mw=18 000)与超高分子量聚丙烯腈(UHMW-PAN,Mw=1 780 000)共混,采用干-湿相转化法制备不对称共混膜.考察了聚合物浓度、共混比、凝胶浴温度、刮膜厚度、添加剂浓度等对膜结构及性能的影响.采用扫描电镜、纯水通量和BSA截留率等测试手段对所制备膜的结构及性能进行表征.结果表明:共混比及成膜过程对共混膜的结构及性能有重要影响.当铸膜液浓度为12%,C-PAN/UHMW-PAN共混比为2∶3,凝胶浴温度为40℃,刮膜厚度为100μm时,共混膜的纯水通量为580L/(m~2·h),BSA截留率为99.99%.随添加剂浓度增加,交联膜大孔结构减少,海绵状孔结构增加,导致其纯水通量降低,BSA截留率增加,膜的结构可以通过上述因素进行结构调控.     

PVDF/PS共混微孔膜的制备

将聚偏氟乙烯和聚砜共混,通过溶胶一凝胶相转化法研制高孔隙率微孔膜．考察了聚合物浓度、PVDF／PS配比、溶剂种类和组成、添加剂浓度、凝胶浴温度和组成、溶剂挥发时间和热处理温度对膜孔径和孔隙率的影响．实验发现：使用DMF／DMAc混合溶剂可提高膜孔径和孔隙率;随LiCl含量的增加,膜孔径和孔隙率逐步增加;凝胶浴温度对膜的水通量没有太大的影响,但凝胶浴组成对膜性能有很大的影响;延长溶刺挥发时间,导致平均孔径减小．选择适当的膜液组成,可制得孔径为0.2～1.0μm,孔隙率达到90％以上的PVDF／PS共混微孔膜,而且共混膜的孔隙率比单组分PVDF膜有大幅度的提高．说明共混化是一种改善PVDF膜性能的有效方法,具有极好的实用开发价值,     

聚酰亚胺多孔膜的制备与介电性能研究

以均苯四甲酸二酐和4,4′-二氨基二苯醚为原料合成聚酰亚胺前体聚酰胺酸溶液,通过溶液诱导相分离和热酰亚胺化法制备聚酰亚胺多孔膜。结果表明,用该方法得到的聚酰亚胺多孔膜具有较好的热稳定性。SEM分析显示,在不同的凝胶浴组成、凝胶浴温度和挥发时间等制膜条件下,可得到不同孔结构的多孔膜。与指状孔膜相比,海绵状孔多孔膜具有较低的介电常数。当凝胶浴组成DMAc/H2O为20/80、凝固浴温度为25℃、挥发时间为20min时,多孔膜断面几乎完全由海绵状孔组成,介电常数为1.45。     

制膜工艺条件对PVC/SPES共混膜性能的影响

采用溶剂-非溶剂扩散致相分离的方法,在不同制膜条件下(铸膜液聚合物含量、铸膜液温度、凝胶浴温度和凝胶浴组成)制备了PVC/SPES共混膜,并对膜的纯水通量、截留率、断裂强度、耐污染性能和膜的断面结构等性能进行了测试,从而探讨制膜工艺条件对PVC/SPES共混膜微观结构及性能的影响.通过对不同聚合物含量的共混膜的纯水通量、截留率、机械性能和耐污染性能测试比较,得到PVC/SPES共混膜的最佳制膜条件:聚合物质量分数为16％,铸膜液温度为70℃,凝胶浴温度为20℃,凝胶浴为纯水.     

粉体辐射接枝丙烯酸的聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的制备

采用粉体辐射接枝丙烯酸的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF-g-PAA)为材料,以浸没沉淀相转化法制备PVDF-g-PAA超滤膜,研究了接枝后材料溶解性能的变化、以及溶剂种类、聚合物浓度、添加剂种类及浓度、凝胶浴温度制膜参数对PVDF-g-PAA膜结构及性能的影响.结果表明:辐射接枝丙烯酸后,聚合物的溶度参数增大,同时聚合物的极性也增强.在溶剂影响的考察中,以二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂制备的PVDF-g-PAA膜表面致密,透过通量小,对牛血清蛋白(BSA)截留率高;而以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂制备的PVDF-g-PAA膜表面孔径较大,透过通量最大,对BSA截留率迅速下降;聚合物浓度的增加使得PVDF-g-PAA膜结构更加致密,纯水通量降低,截留率增加;随着添加剂PEG400浓度的增加,PVDF-g-PAA膜透过通量增加,膜的皮层多孔性增加,厚度增加,大孔发生的起始点向膜内部迁移;在考察的温度区间内(12～23℃),随着凝胶浴温度的升高,PVDF-g-PAA膜通量变大,截留率降低.     

基于NIPS法聚苯砜超滤膜海绵孔结构的微观调控

以聚苯砜(PPSU)为膜材料,N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,采用NIPS法制备了高通量全海绵孔结构的PPSU超滤膜,对膜微观结构、纯水通量、亲水性、孔隙率及孔径进行了表征,考察了添加剂和凝胶浴组成对膜微观结构和性能的影响.结果表明,在双组分凝胶浴(70%NMP-30%H_2O,质量分数)下,PEG1000和PVP的加入使指状孔结构增多,膜通量从29.64 L/(m~2·h)上升到317.50 L/(m~2·h),同时可改善膜亲水性,接触角从76.30°降到65.82°.在三组分凝胶浴(质量分数70%NMP-乙醇-H_2O)下,乙醇的加入可促进海绵孔结构的形成,膜通量从139.43 L/(m~2·h)降到49.30 L/(m~2·h),乙醇质量分数为4%时,得到全海绵孔结构的PPSU膜,此时膜通量为70.46 L/(m~2·h).     

浸没沉淀法制备杂萘联苯共聚醚砜膜的凝胶动力学研究

以杂萘联苯共聚醚砜(PPBES)为聚合物,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,对浸没沉淀法制备PPBES非对称膜的凝胶动力学进行研究.采用3D数字显微镜观察了PPBES/PVP/DMAc体系的凝胶过程,并计算成膜动力学因子(D_e)以表征凝胶速度,系统考察了聚合物、添加剂浓度及凝胶介质中溶剂含量对PPBES铸膜液凝胶化速度和结构的影响.采用数字黏度计探究铸膜液表观黏度与PPBES及PVP浓度的关系,以及黏流活化能对D_e的影响.结果表明,PPBES浓度增大,D_e由10 633μm²/s降至4 599μm²/s,凝胶速度降低,指状大孔逐渐消失;PVP含量增加,凝胶速度先增大后降低,凝胶结构从指状孔转变为海绵孔;凝胶介质中DMAc的含量增加,凝胶速度降低.混合溶液的表观黏度与PPBES和PVP浓度呈正相关关系;PPBES浓度升高,聚合物溶液的黏流活化能增大,D_e下降.     

纳米纤维素及凝胶浴对复合膜结构和性能调控的研究

采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备纳米纤维素(NCC)/聚砜(PSF)复合膜材料。考察了不同浓度(10%、30%、50%)乙醇凝胶浴及NCC添加量对膜结构和性能的影响机制。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了复合膜材料断面和皮层的孔结构,发现凝胶浴中乙醇浓度的增加使得聚砜膜逐渐由非对称膜向对称膜转变。NCC的添加使膜表面自由能下降,不同浓度的乙醇凝胶浴和NCC添加量对复合膜的机械性能、截留率、孔隙率和纯水通量等性能有很大的调控作用。     

双层刮膜法中聚砜膜结构的控制和性能研究

同时刮膜法是一种利用涂层与支撑层分离来制备高表面开孔率微孔膜的方法.本文采用同时刮膜法制备PSf微孔膜,考察了底层制膜液中聚砜的浓度、添加剂PVPK-90含量、凝胶浴温度以及PEI涂层厚度等参数对膜结构和性能的影响.结果表明,PSf溶液中聚合物浓度增大使溶液的黏度明显增大,同时膜表面凹洞数目减少,孔径减小,且水通量减少...     

新型纳米纤维素聚砜复合膜的制备及表征

采用L-S浸没沉淀相转化法制备纳米纤维素(NCC)/聚砜(PSF)复合膜材料.考察了NCC添加量及异丙醇凝胶浴浓度(10％、30％、50％,体积分数,下同)对膜结构和性能的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了复合膜材料断面和皮层的孔结构,发现随着异丙醇浓度的增加,复合膜中的指状孔由细长贯通、连接紧密逐渐变得短粗、疏松.同时,NCC添加量和异丙醇凝胶浴浓度对复合膜的力学性能、渗透性能、膜孔结构有很大的调控作用.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from