基于涡流比对某款国Ⅴ柴油机油耗和排放优化的试验研究

为了优化某B款国Ⅴ柴油机比油耗和烟度,通过与排量相近的某A款国Ⅴ柴油机进行试验对比,认为进气涡流比的影响占主要因素,试验内容包括气道测试、摩擦功、外特性、特征点喷油提前角和EGR率扫点对比。基于试验结果优化气道形状,改善涡流比并在同一台B款发动机上进行特征点EGR率扫点和排放特征点DOE(Design of Experiment)优化扫点。结果表明,B发动机新缸盖在部分低速中低负荷烟度基本与旧缸盖一致,油耗略有降低,约在2.3%;中高速中负荷比油耗和烟度具有明显降低优势,可降低8.9%,主要体现在缸内燃烧放热迅速且集中。     

预喷正时对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

通过台架试验,分析对比柴油机各参数随预喷正时的变化,研究多次喷射预喷正时对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。试验表明,预喷正时决定缸内燃烧的放热始点和放热率,影响缸内的燃烧温度、爆发压力、NOx排放和碳烟的生成,预喷正时为20°时,爆发压力最大;预喷正时为35°时,热效率最高,油耗率和烟度最低;预喷正时为45°时,NOx排放最小。综合分析选择预喷正时40°作为折中优化方案,降低发动机油耗和NOx、碳烟排放,同时提高发动机的热效率。     

预喷射技术对柴油机噪声影响的试验研究

研究了预喷射技术在改善排放性能的同时,对高压共轨电控柴油机噪声的影响.通过试验,以燃油消耗率、噪声和NOx为主要指标,分析研究了不同工况下,轨压、主喷定时、预喷定时和预喷量等的变化对柴油机性能所产生的影响,优化了柴油机的排放性能.分析结果表明,预喷射可以有效改善柴油机的燃烧过程,降低缸内最高压升率和缸内最高燃烧温度,从而优化噪声和NOx的排放,效果在低负荷下尤其明显.     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动,研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降,油耗有所上升,烟度大幅下降,NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系,合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能,又可有效地降低碳烟排放,且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机,掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大,影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷,燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大,而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

预喷射对高压共轨柴油机起动特性的影响

为研究预喷射对高压共轨柴油机起动特性的影响,针对某柴油机厂生产的4dc型高压共轨柴油机建立了试验测控系统,提出了起动特性评价指标,通过试验研究了有无预喷射、不同预喷油量和不同预喷时间对起动特性的影响规律.试验结果表明:预喷射对于高压共轨柴油机起动性能的影响是很大的,引入预喷射之后,起动时间和HC排放有了明显改善;工况一定时,存在一个最佳的预喷射量,过大或者过小都会使起动时间增大,HC排放增多;同时,存在一个最佳的预喷射时间,过大或者过小都会使起动时间增长,HC排放增大.     

CA4DC2-12E3型柴油机进气道的试验研究

在CA4DC2-12E3型发动机上,试验研究不同涡流比的进气道对柴油机性能及排放指标的影响.试验结果表明,进气道涡流比减小有利于NOx排放的控制,但也导致了ESC 13工况加权烟度上升.合适的涡流比对满足国Ⅲ排放下的油耗优化提供了基础.     

高原环境下生物柴油对压燃式发动机性能与排放特性的影响

在高原发动机大气模拟试验台架上,深入研究生物柴油和大气压力对不同型式压燃式发动机性能与排放特性的影响规律与作用机理。研究结果表明:随着大气压力下降,自然吸气柴油机的最大扭矩和有效热效率下降幅度逐渐加剧,其最大扭矩输出随生物柴油掺混比增大先升后降;而涡轮增压柴油机最大扭矩随生物柴油掺混比的增加一直呈线性下降。对于自然吸气柴油机,随大气压力降低,与纯柴油(B0)相比,纯生物柴油(B100)在中高转速全负荷工况时的烟度显著降低。对于涡轮增压柴油机,B100外特性的不透光度相对B0降低幅度随转速增加逐渐减弱,表现出与自然吸气柴油机相反的变化趋势;对于高压共轨柴油机,在低转速全负荷时,B100与B0的功率输出与实测油耗基本相当,B100的有效热效率高于B0。随着发动机转速增加,与纯柴油(B0)相比,B100外特性功率输出逐渐降低,实测油耗升高,有效热效率与B0逐渐接近;不同生物柴油的理化特性对共轨柴油机性能的综合影响差异较小。在相同功率(或扭矩)时,不同生物柴油的燃烧特性和NOx排放特性基本相当;对于碳烟排放,地沟油最高,橡胶籽次之,小桐子最低。     

GD-1燃油喷射系统喷油参数对发动机性能的影响

摘将GD-1高压共轨电控燃油喷射系统用于常规直喷式柴油机，采用不同喷油参数(喷油规律、喷油压力和喷油定时)对发动机的性能进行研究。试验结果表明，预喷射不仅可以改善冷起动性能和降低冷起动时白烟的排放，在高负荷时也可以降低烟度的排放；喷油压力的提高和喷油定时的提前改善了发动机的性能和排放。     

基于VGT的EGR对电控柴油机影响的试验研究

在一台电控共轨柴油机上,进行了基于可变涡轮截面增压器(VGT)控制的废气再循环(EGR)对柴油机燃烧、性能和排放影响的试验研究.系统研究了VGT开度、EGR率和喷油参数对柴油机性能和排放的影响.研究表明,采用基于VGT控制的EGR系统,调整VGT叶片位置,可以改变EGR率,实现最高43.2%的EGR率,从而有效地降低NOx;在调整优化喷油参数后,柴油机的排放有了很大的改善,烟度有较大幅度的降低,经过优化,气体排放可满足国Ⅳ排放法规的要求,十三工况加权当量比油耗比原国Ⅲ柴油机降低了4.2%,但是,采用EGR方案缸内最大爆发压力明显增大.     

电控共轨柴油机燃用乳化柴油的耐久性试验研究

在未对发动机进行任何调整的前提下,对柴油机进行了400h耐久性试验研究。试验用电控共轨柴油机满足国Ⅲ排放标准,试验用乳化柴油（以下简称E10）由90%柴油、6.4%水及3.6%乳化剂组成。耐久性试验期间,试验用柴油机功率、油耗、烟度和排气温度等参数稳定,柴油机无不良反应,未发生如起动困难、自动停车等故障;耐久性试验后,该柴油机动力性、经济性、排放性能等参数变化都很小。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.