音频无人机定位的时延估计模拟分析

针对无人机非平稳音频信号时差定位中,广义互相关时延估计算法抗噪性差和时延估计值精度低等问题,文章采用了一种基于广义二次相关时延估计的改进算法。算法对叠加了实际噪声（如风声、雨声、汽车鸣笛声等）的无人机音频信号进行频谱细化的广义二次相关,有效抑制了噪声干扰,融合相关峰精确插值算法,提高了互相关函数的分辨率,使得时延峰值更加明显。仿真实验结果表明,改进的广义二次相关方法在不同信噪比时,比广义互相关和广义二次相关算法的时延估计精度更高,稳定性更好。改进的广义二次相关算法对无人机定位中的时延估计具有更好的性能优势,具有较强的实际应用性。     

基于迭代更新策略的快速高精度频率估计方法

基于滤波器组的谱估计方法用于信号频率估计频率虽分辨率高,但滤波器组中心频率格点划分缺乏先验知识,谱峰搜索过程存在计算复杂、信号不匹配问题。基于MVDR(Minimum Variance Distortionless Response)谱构造指标函数,将谱峰搜索问题等价为标量指标函数局部极小值问题求解,通过构造一组最速下降方向及自适应步长对极值频率迭代更新,实现对信号频率的直接估计。新算法不仅回避中心频率点组划分及传统的谱峰搜索,且有效缓解信号不匹配,估计精度、计算效率更高。对单成分信号频率估计精度与计算量进行新算法与现有算法的性能比较,并用于多成分信号频率估计。     

基于窄带包络相关的舰船航行状态估计研究

以窄带包络相关理论为基础,通过计算不同时刻舰船噪声信号的平均窄带包络相关系数来衡量舰船辐射噪声的非均匀调制特性,进而对舰船的航行状态做出估计。计算结果表明,通过平均窄带包络相关系数能较好的估计舰船的航行状态,并能为后续包络谱提取中窄带选择提供依据。     

主动声纳宽带信号的一种高效参数估计算法

讨论在宽带信号体制下,对水中高速目标的检测与估计问题,给出了高斯包络线性调频信号必须采用宽带模糊函数进行检测时的带宽和目标速度范围。在仿真分析了信号宽带、窄带模糊函数主峰特性的基础上,提出了一种联合利用宽带模糊函数和窄带模糊函数的高效目标参数估计算法,该算法可以将二维相关运算简化到一维相关运算,降低了运算量,同时具有良好的估计精度。     

基于分布式时延矢量联合估计的血流检测算法

依据超声血流散射回波信号的产生机理,引入更精确的分布式回波阵列模型来代替传统的点目标模型.基于散射子的运动效应对序列脉冲串激励信号的检测回波之间产生的附加时延效应,定义函数形式已知的分布式时延矢量,该矢量含有两个未知参数:中心速度和分布参数,利用其与回波阵列协方差矩阵的噪声子空间的正交特性,进行二维参数的联合搜索.搜索...     

伪随机码超声扩频测距系统设计与算法

针对单脉冲回波方式的超声测距方法存在的缺陷,借鉴雷达中的脉冲压缩技术,介绍了基于伪随机二进制序列(m序列)的超声扩频测距实现方法.伪随机码与超声载波采用ASK(幅移键控)调制方式,介绍了伪随机码超声扩频测距硬件方案和超声测距时延估计模型.针对超声换能器带宽特性和单脉冲回波特点,分析了m序列参数设计方法.提出了一种基于FFT的伪随机码包络相关快速时延估计算法,该算法将信号解调与匹配相关融合,大大降低了运算量.实验表明,本文介绍的伪码超声扩频测距硬件方案和快速算法可在便携式超声测距系统中实现,并可在多基站超声定位系统中推广使用.     

基于有理样条函数的局部均值分解方法及其应用

局部均值分解(Local mean decomposition,简称LMD)方法通过滑动平均方法平滑局部均值线段和局部幅值线段得到局部均值函数和包络估计函数,从而实现信号的分解.但滑动平均方法会产生相位差以及平滑步长的选择具有一定的主观性,这样会使分解结果不理想.对LMD方法进行了改进,采用有理样条插值函数(Rational spline)求取信号的上下包络线,然后通过上下包络线计算信号的局部均值函数和包络估计函数,克服了原LMD方法中采用滑动平均方法带来的缺陷.通过对仿真信号以及滚动轴承故障振动信号的分析,表明改进后的LMD方法优于原LMD方法.     

相关测速声呐海底回波仿真系统设计

相关测速声呐通过对回波数据的空间相关函数与空间相关函数理论公式进行模型匹配来获得载体速度等信息。回波空间相关函数的主瓣宽度影响载体的速度估计及精度。因此对海底回波空间相关函数特性的研究就显得尤为重要。依据相关测速声呐的工作特点,提出了采用Model-View-Controller(MVC)模式构建相关测速声呐海底回波仿真系统的设计方法,并基于VC 6.0软件开发平台将其实现。建立了友好的系统可视化仿真界面,为回波空间相关函数特性的研究提供了便利的平台。     

改进局部均值分解方法及其在往复压缩机轴承故障诊断中的应用

往复压缩机广泛应用于石油、化工生产行业,其滑动轴承常因磨损而出现间隙过大故障。针对往复压缩机振动信号的强非平稳和非线性特性,提出一种改进局部均值分解(LMD)方法,并将其应用于往复压缩机轴承间隙故障诊断。通过在极值点间加入极值对称点,使用单调三次Hermite插值(MPCHI)替代三次样条插值(CSI)构造包络线,提高局部均值与包络估计函数的准确性,以此提出了改进LMD方法的算法与流程。以往复压缩机轴承故障振动信号为对象,通过与不同LMD方法比较,验证改进的LMD方法的优越性,并以PF分量幅值包络频谱实现轴承间隙大故障的准确诊断。     

基于VMD和窄带包络相关的船舶辐射噪声改进DEMON分析

船舶辐射噪声的包络谱中蕴含着轴频和桨叶数等船舶固有特征信息,对船舶目标识别具有重要意义。为了提高船舶辐射噪声包络谱解调性能,提出了基于变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition, VMD)和窄带包络相关的改进DEMON分析方法。首先利用VMD算法代替传统带通滤波器,将船舶辐射噪声信号分解为若干个子带;然后对各子带进行希尔伯特(Hilbert)检波并计算平均窄带包络相关系数,用于衡量信号的包络调制在频域上的非均匀性;最后提取各子带信号包络谱并按照平均窄带包络相关系数进行加权融合,从而得出宽带噪声信号的包络谱。利用该方法对实测不同类型和不同航速船舶辐射噪声信号进行了处理,结果均表明所提方法能有效提高包络谱解调效果,较传统方法更为有效。     

Processing of Ultrasonic Echo Envelopes for Object Location With Nearby Receivers

Ultrasonic sonar systems are commonly used for obstacle location in robotics and autonomous navigation applications. When irregular objects have to be located, optimal algorithms for time-of-flight (TOF) estimation, like cross correlation, might be unreliable since complex reflecting surfaces can destroy phase coherence during the duration of the echo. Direct threshold methods acting on the envelope are equally inaccurate. This paper proposes a simple digital processing technique, called selective normalization, that works with the signal envelope and robustly determines the differential TOF (DTOF) of the ultrasonic echoes received by two or more nearby transducers. It is empirically demonstrated that this method improves the positioning accuracy of nonpointlike objects.      

基于超声回波能量峰值点拟合的气体超声波流量计信号处理方法

针对气体超声波流量计信号处理中难以找到稳定特征点的问题,从回波信号能量的角度出发,研究了回波信号能量的变化规律。回波能量信号轮廓的上升段中间部分比较稳定且中间部分包络线斜率相对较大,近似一条直线。因此,提出一种基于回波能量峰值点拟合的信号处理方法,即连接回波能量信号上升段相邻的峰值点并求得各连线的斜率,选取斜率较大的4条连线作为特征直线,将这4条特征直线对应的右端点作为特征峰值点,并拟合成一条直线,以该直线与x轴的交点作为特征点,从而计算出超声波的传播时间。在基于FPGA和DSP的双核心系统上实时实现该信号处理方法,并在国家认可的检测机构进行标定实验,结果表明:基于回波能量峰值点拟合信号处理方法的双声道气体超声波流量计系统达到1级精度,可测流量范围为30~1200m³/h。     

A measurement method based on Kalman filtering for ultrasonic time-of-flight estimation

A new digital signal-processing method for ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) estimation is presented. The method applies the discrete extended Kalman filter (DEKF) to the acquired ultrasonic signal in order to accurately estimate the shape factors of the echo envelope as well as locate its onset. It is also possible to assure reduced bias and uncertainty in critical TOF measurements, such as those involving low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as severe distortion of echo shape. A number of numerical tests are conducted on simulated signals with the aim of highlighting the good performance of the method when operating in critical conditions. Results attained in TOF-based distance measurements finally assess the reliability and efficacy of the method in the presence of actual ultrasonic signals.     

Estimating ultrasonic time-of-flight through quadrature demodulation

A new digital signal-processing (DSP) method for ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) estimation is presented hereinafter. The method applies a traditional quadrature-demodulation scheme to the acquired ultrasonic signal in order to suitably extract the envelope of the main echo and locate its onset (i.e., the starting time of the echo). It is also possible to assure reduced bias and uncertainty in critical TOF measurements, such as those involving low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as severe distortion of echo shape. A number of numerical tests are conducted on simulated signals with the aim of highlighting the good performance of the method when operating in critical conditions; to reduce the computational burden without losing significance in the analysis, a statistical experimental design-based technique is enlisted. Results attained in TOF-based distance measurements finally assess the method's reliability and efficacy even in the presence of actual ultrasonic signals.     

Interpolation methods for time-delay estimation using cross-correlation method for blood velocity measurement

The cross-correlation method (CCM) for blood flow velocity measurement using Doppler ultrasound is based on time delay estimation of echoes from pulse-to-pulse. The sampling frequency of the received signal is usually kept as low as possible in order to reduce computational complexity, and the peak in the correlation function is found by interpolating the correlation function. The parabolic-fit interpolation method introduces a bias at low sampling rate to the ultrasound center frequency ratio. In this study, four different methods are suggested to improve the estimation accuracy: (1) Parabolic interpolation with bias-compensation, derived from a theoretical signal model. (2) Parabolic interpolation combined with linear filter interpolation of the correlation function. (3) Parabolic interpolation to the complex correlation function envelope. (4) Matched filter interpolation applied to the correlation function. The new interpolation methods are analyzed both by computer simulated signals and RF-signals recorded from a patient with time delay larger than 1/f(0), where f(0) is the center frequency. The simulation results show that these methods are more accurate than the parabolic-fit method. From the simulation, the worst estimation accuracy is about 1.25% of 1/f(0) for the parabolic-fit interpolation, and it is improved by the above methods to less than 0.5% of 1/f(0) when the sampling rate is 10 MHz, the center frequency is 2.5 MHz and the bandwidth is 1 MHz. This improvement also can be observed in the experimental data. Furthermore, the matched filter interpolation gives the best performance when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. This is verified both by simulation and experimentation.     

细管道中流速的超声相关法测量

针对应用常规超声波方法测量极小管径(5 mm及以下)中流体速度的精度较低问题,文章应用相关函数法精确测量时延,降低噪声对测量结果的影响,提高了极小管径中流体速度的测量精度.首先,利用COMSOLMultiphysics有限元仿真软件建立管道传输模型,然后将被顺、逆水流影响后的超声波波形数据分别导入Matlab软件,用插...     

基于EEMD和自相关函数峰态系数的轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承故障冲击信号周期性强且易被强烈的背景噪声所淹没的特点,提出了基于EEMD和自相关函数峰态系数的轴承故障诊断方法。首先,对采集到的复杂振动信号进行EEMD分解,根据自相关函数峰态系数和峭度准则重构IMF分量以突出故障特征信息;然后,利用谱峭度自动确定带通滤波器的最佳中心频率和带宽;最后,将滤波后的信号进行包络解调分析并与理论故障特征频率对比。通过轴承故障的仿真和实验研究,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。