O2/CO2气氛煤焦的燃烧及其孔隙结构变化

采用热力工况与实际煤粉炉相近的沉降炉实验装置,制备了不同环境气氛下（O₂/N₂及O₂/CO₂气氛）、不同燃尽率的煤焦试样,并采用低温氮吸附仪和扫描电子显微镜测定了其孔隙结构和表面形貌。结果表明,在相同的操作条件下,相同O₂浓度的O₂/CO₂气氛下煤焦的燃烧速率较慢、燃尽率较低,各试样的孔比表面积和比孔容积均较小。两种气氛下燃尽过程孔结构参数（SBET和VBJH）均呈减小趋势,且在孔径变化较明显的区域内（<5 nm）在CO₂气氛下煤焦的孔径分布较小且与煤种相关。SEM图像显示CO₂气氛下的煤焦表面致密,孔隙较少,其定性结果与N₂吸附法的定量测量结果吻合较好。     

O2/CO2煤粉燃烧及NOx污染排放的数值模拟

为了进一步全面评价O2/CO2煤粉燃烧特性,在前期实验基础上,通过数值模拟方法对空气、O2/CO2两种气氛下煤粉燃烧及污染物形成特性进行数值模拟,从而更充分了解O2/CO2燃煤过程火焰形成、传热和污染物形成特性,以便为合理组织流场、控制温度、获取合理的燃料和氧浓度分布状态及O2/CO2燃烧过程新燃烧器的设计提供必要的指导。     

O2/N2、O2/CO2和O2/CO2/NO气氛下煤粉燃烧NOx排放特性

利用滴管炉研究了O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/CO₂/NO气氛下煤燃烧过程中NO_x的排放特性。实验结果表明,在O₂/N₂和O₂/CO₂气氛下,高温或高O₂浓度均使NO排放量增加。O₂/CO₂气氛下NO排放量比O₂/N₂气氛下NO排放量低大约30%～40%。在O₂/CO₂/NO气氛下,温度不同时,O₂浓度变化对NO排放量的影响规律不同,对循环NO降解的影响规律也不同。高温不利于循环NO降解。随停留时间的延长NO排放量出现两个峰值。     

基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学解析O2/CO2/H2O气氛下烟煤焦反应机理

流化床富氧燃烧湿烟气循环兼具经济与环保优势。湿烟气循环（O₂/CO₂/H₂O）条件下煤焦与O₂、CO₂及H₂O的反应同时发生。为探究O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下煤焦-O₂、煤焦-CO₂、煤焦-H₂O反应间的相互作用机制,在自制高精度热重实验装置上系统考察了O₂、CO₂、H₂O及其混合气氛下,典型烟煤焦在900℃的反应特性。基于吸附和脱附原理的Langmuir-Hinshelwood（L-H）机理性模型分别计算了烟煤焦与O₂、CO₂和H₂O反应的动力学参数。通过采用单独活性位点与竞争活性位点两种假设分析了O₂/CO₂、O₂/H₂O和CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂和烟煤焦-H₂O两两反应间的作用机制,揭示了H₂O分子优先吸附于烟煤焦表面活性位点,O₂分子次之,而CO₂分子相对滞后。O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂、烟煤焦-H₂O反应表现出部分竞争反应活性位点,传统的单独活性位点与竞争活性位点假设均无法准确描述其反应速率特性。基于H₂O分子优先,O₂分子次优先吸附的原理,建立了O₂、CO₂、H₂O混合气氛下煤焦反应速率L-H动力学方程,方程计算结果与实验值良好吻合。研究结果为深入分析煤焦颗粒流化床富氧燃烧特性及构建可靠、准确的燃烧反应模型提供了理论支撑。     

褐煤O2/CO2燃烧PM 10中重金属分布特性

通过在沉降炉中燃烧实验,研究了O2/CO2气氛下褐煤燃烧时PM10中重金属元素在颗粒物中的分布特性。结果表明,气氛对重金属元素分布的影响主要体现在亚微米颗粒范围内。与O2/N2燃烧相比,相同氧浓度O2/CO2燃烧PM10中的重金属向小粒径颗粒中富集。O2/CO2气氛下,氧浓度较低时重金属元素对亚微米颗粒物的生成贡献较大。     

O2／CO2燃烧技术研究进展

O2／CO2燃烧技术不仅有效收集烟气中的CO2,还能减少NOx和SO2的排放,是一种新型的洁净煤燃烧技术。介绍了其应用、发展历程以及在燃烧、传热和污染物排放的研究进展,指出了这一技术领域中存在的问题,并对下一步的研究方向给出了建议。     

煤在O2/CO2中燃烧的Nox释放规律

利用一维沉降炉,对3种煤在O₂/CO₂和空气两种气氛下燃烧NO_x析出特性进行了比较,分析了炉膛温度、过量空气系数对NO_x生成量的影响,并对O₂/CO₂气氛下NO_x的生成和破坏机理进行了分析.研究发现两种气氛下NO_x都有一个峰值出现,挥发分含量高的煤种峰值靠前, 挥发分含量低的煤种峰值靠后,O₂/CO₂条件下,峰值出现较空气条件下提前且有所下降;空气条件下NO_x的生成量随温度提高较快地增加,而O₂/CO₂气氛中NO_x的生成量随温度变化比较缓慢;在两种气氛下NO_x的峰值均随过量空气系数的增加而增加,高挥发分煤在O₂/CO₂气氛下NO_x峰值低于空气条件下峰值,而低挥发分煤则受影响较小.     

O2/CO2气氛下多种碳基随机孔模型的建立

传统随机孔模型基于简单一步反应建立,不适用于处理O₂/CO₂气氛下焦炭颗粒复杂气固反应。针对此问题,基于焦炭本身具有多种碳基的特点,以及焦炭颗粒在O₂/CO₂气氛下燃烧的特性,建立复杂气固反应下的多种碳基随机孔模型和孔隙结构模型。模拟直径为100 μm的焦炭颗粒在O₂/CO₂气氛下燃烧的过程,使用FORTRAN语言自主编程计算并分析结果。研究表明,燃烧初期颗粒呈现竞争效应,孔隙内部气体浓度产生剧烈波动。波动的生成原因是化学反应与物理扩散之间的竞争,可以通过增加环境氧浓度和减小焦炭颗粒粒径来改善。所提出的多种碳基随机孔模型对于表征O₂/CO₂气氛下焦炭颗粒的燃烧特性有着良好的适应性。     

煤粉O2/CO2燃烧时PM2.5及其Fe、S的生成特性

沉降炉实验研究了煤粉O2/CO2燃烧时PM2.5的生成特性和主要成灰元素中危害较大的Fe、S元素生成特性.实验用DT烟煤、NMG褐煤和XLT褐煤,实验温度1300℃,在O2/CO2=1:9,1:4,3:7和O2/N2=1:4气氛下燃烧.低压撞击器(DLPI)按不同粒径大小从0.03～9.8μm共分为13级,分别收集燃烧...     

O_2/N_2、O_2/CO_2和O_2/CO_2/NO气氛下煤粉燃烧NO_x排放特性

利用滴管炉研究了O2/N2、O2/CO2和O2/CO2/NO气氛下煤燃烧过程中NOx的排放特性。实验结果表明,在O2/N2和O2/CO2气氛下,高温或高O2浓度均使NO排放量增加。O2/CO2气氛下NO排放量比O2/N2气氛下NO排放量低大约30%~40%。在O2/CO2/NO气氛下,温度不同时,O2浓度变化对NO排放量的影响规律不同,对循环NO降解的影响规律也不同。高温不利于循环NO降解。随停留时间的延长NO排放量出现两个峰值。     

Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2

Pulverized coal combustion in air and the mixtures of O₂/CO₂ has been experimentally investigated in a 20 kW down-fired combustor (190 mm id×3 m). Detailed comparisons of gas temperature profiles, gas composition profiles, char burnouts, conversions of coal–N to NO_x and coal–S to SO₂ and CO emissions have been made between coal combustion in air and coal combustion in various O₂/CO₂ mixtures. The effectiveness of air/oxidant staging on reducing NO_x emissions has also been investigated for coal combustion in air and O₂/CO₂ mixtures. The results show that simply replacing the N₂ in the combustion air with CO₂ will result in a significant decrease of combustion gas temperatures. However, coal combustion in 30% O₂/70% CO₂ can produce matching gas temperature profiles to those of coal combustion in air while having a lower coal–N to NO_x conversion, a better char burnout and a lower CO emission. The results also confirm that air/oxidant staging is very effective in reducing NO_x emissions for coal combustion in both air and a 30% O₂/70% CO₂ mixture. SO₂ emissions are proved to be almost independent of the combustion media investigated.     

Effect of carbon dioxide on flame propagation of pulverized coal clouds in CO2/O2 combustion

CO₂/O₂ combustion of pulverized coal is one of the promising new technology in order to reduce the emission of CO₂ and NO_x from coal combustion furnaces. However, several experiments with pulverized coal burners show that temperature and stability of pulverized coal flame is reduced in this condition. CO₂ has distinctive thermodynamic and optical property compared with that of other gas, and it is important to know the effect of CO₂ on the flame stability of pulverized coal. In this study, effect of CO₂ on flame propagation velocity of pulverized coal clouds were studied experimentally using micro-gravity condition, and also numerically considering detailed radiation heat exchange using Monte Carlo method.Experiments were made by using spherical chamber with inner diameter of 200 mm. Micro-gravity condition was used in order to achieve uniform pulverized coal cloud in a chamber. Flame propagation velocity was measured from the photographic image of the flame front by using high speed camera. Results show that flame propagation velocity of pulverized coal cloud in CO₂/O₂ mixture gas decreases to about 1/3–1/5 of that in N₂/O₂ mixture gas at the same oxygen concentration. By using Ar/O₂ mixture gas, it is revealed that thermal diffusivity of gas seems to have a large effect on flame propagation velocity. From the numerical analysis using Monte Carlo method, effect of absorption of radiation by CO₂ gas is proven to be relatively small compared with that of thermodynamic property especially for heat capacity of CO₂. Consequently, it is clarified that reduction of flame stability in CO₂/O₂ combustion is mainly due to the larger heat capacity of CO₂ gas.     

随机孔模型研究煤焦O2/CO2燃烧动力学特征

在热重分析仪上对焦作无烟煤焦和云浮烟煤焦O₂/CO₂条件下燃烧特性进行研究。确定在不同温度下不同煤焦O₂/CO₂燃烧的特征。利用随机孔模型(RPM)表征两种煤焦反应速率与碳转化率的关系,同时与未反应缩核模型(Model Ⅰ)和混合模型(Model Ⅱ)的拟合结果进行比较。研究表明,在不同反应条件下,随机孔模型具有最佳的拟合效果,相关系数都在0.986以上。比较RPM、ModelⅠ和Model Ⅱ计算结果发现,焦作无烟煤焦的O₂/CO₂等温燃烧的活化能比云浮烟煤焦的高,且同一煤种燃烧反应温度越高反应速率常数越大。由于随机孔模型的结构参数ψ可以很好地表现孔结构变化对煤焦燃烧反应的影响,因此随机孔模型能更加准确地描述煤焦O₂/CO₂燃烧特征。     

神府煤粉燃烧特性

为了给煤粉锅炉用户提供煤粉优选理论依据,以煤粉锅炉主要用煤神府煤制备的煤粉为研究对象,采用TG-DTG对煤粉的燃烧特性进行研究,分析了不同煤粉及升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:在空气气氛下,升温速率提高,TG、DTG曲线向高温方向移动,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大质量变化速率增大,最大失重温度提高,燃尽指数增大;随着灰分和粒径改变,升温速率为10或20℃/min时,煤粉的着火温度变化不显著,燃尽指数及综合燃烧特性指数均有影响。灰分减小,粒径不变时,D煤粉的综合燃烧指数为1.51,优于粒径74μm、灰分9.5%的P煤粉。     

低氧气氛下煤粉燃烧特性

为研究煤粉低氮燃烧时CO_2成分在低氧含量气氛下对燃烧的作用,在热重分析仪上进行了煤粉低氧气氛下的燃烧试验。通过模拟真实燃烧反应中的反应气氛,研究了O_2/CO_2混合比例、升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在O_2/CO_2混合气氛下,温度为1 000℃以内均存在着燃烧反应和气化反应的竞争关系。CO_2含量高时,CO_2与煤粉的气化反应对煤粉燃烧反应抑制程度逐渐增加。O_2/CO_2比例降低,煤粉的燃尽温度升高幅度明显,煤粉难以燃尽;煤粉的点火温度受CO_2含量影响不大;升温速率由10℃/min升至20℃/min对煤粉可燃性和着火稳定性提升明显,20℃/min升至30℃/min影响不大。     

工业煤粉锅炉煤粉制备中磨煤机的选型及发展

磨煤机是工业煤粉锅炉煤粉制备系统中的核心设备。我国煤炭种类的多样性决定了磨煤机类型的多样化,磨煤机的正确选型在煤粉制备系统中至关重要。详细介绍了低速、中速和高速三大类别中各类型磨煤机各自的发展历程、工作原理、结构特点以及优缺点,分析了各类型磨煤机对煤种的适用性,说明中速磨煤机最适宜应用于目前工业煤粉锅炉煤粉制备系统,指出随着工业煤粉锅炉的快速发展,磨煤机不仅要适应性强,粉磨效果好、产量高、质量硬,还要在降耗及环境方面有所突破。     

Coal combustion in O2/CO2 mixtures compared with air

As part of CO₂ abatement strategies for climate change, we are investigating coal combusion behaviour in various O₂/CO₂ mixtures and in air. The goal is to simulate conditions of coal combustion with flue gas recirculation in order to maximize the CO₂ concentration in the flue gas prior to its recovery. A western Canadian sub‐bituminous coal and a U.S. eastern bituminous coal were investigated. Thermal input was set at 0.21 MW with a flue gas oxygen concentration of 5 vol%. Experiments were done using various O₂/CO₂ mixtures and air. The oxygen concentration ranged from 21% to 42%. Up to 95% CO₂ concentrations were achieved in the flue gas. This paper describes experimental results in terms of flame temperatures and pollutant emissions (NO_x', SO₂ and CO).     

Experimental study of ash formation during pulverized coal combustion in O2/CO2 mixtures

The present paper was addressed to mineral transformations and ash formation during O₂/CO₂ combustion of pulverized coal. Four Chinese thermal coals were burned in a drop tube furnace to generate ashes under various combustion conditions. The ash samples were characterized with XRD analysis and ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The impacts of O₂/CO₂ combustion on mineral transformation and ash formation were explored through comparisons between O₂/CO₂ combustion and O₂/N₂ combustion. It was found that, O₂/CO₂ combustion did not significantly change the mineral phases formed in the residue ashes, but did affect the relative amounts of the mineral phases. The differences observed in the ashes formed in two atmospheres were attributed to the impact of the gas atmosphere on the combustion temperatures of coal char particles, which consequently influenced the ash formation behaviors of included minerals.