燃料酒精生产中对木质纤维素稀酸水解液的脱毒处理

用稀酸水解农业废弃物秸秆、木材加工废物等木质纤维素产生糖，再将这些糖发酵成燃料酒精，是利用农林废弃物等生物质生产清洁燃料的途径之一。为使木质纤维素产生糖，通常采用理化结合的方法，在高温、高压和催化剂稀酸的作用下水解木质纤维素，例如，用稀酸140-160℃或者更高温度处理木质纤维素即可得到含糖水解液。在该水解过程中，虽然含有葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖等可发酵产酒精的混合糖，但由于反应条件剧烈，还会含有许多对酒精发酵微生物有毒性作用的抑制物，称之为发酵抑制剂，这些发酵抑制剂浓度随水解反应条件的剧烈程度和木质纤维素的种类不同而不同。水解液中的抑制剂主要有：糠醛、羟甲基糖醛、乙酸、酚类化合物、丁香酸、羟基苯甲酸、香草醛及其它有毒化合物。     

纤维素稀酸水解的试验研究

阐述了生物质水解的研究背景和发展现状，并在间歇反应器上，对极低浓度酸条件下纤维素的水解进行了研究。以浓度小于0．1％的H2SO4为催化剂，在215℃条件下，得到了较高的还原糖产率和纤维素转化率对于不同停留时间对反应的影响进行了研究，得出不同酸浓度下获取还原糖的最佳停留时间、利用水解生成的糖可通过后续发酵制取燃料酒精等液体燃料，有利于缓解能源危机和环境压力。     

能源作物甜高粱及其可供应性研究

甜高粱是一种具有优良特性的能源作物，在我国利用甜高粱生产燃料酒精有着广阔的发展前景。文章在详细介绍了甜高粱生物学特性的基础上，对我国甜高粱新品种的研究和开发现状进行了汇总分析，对今后我国发展能源作物甜高粱的土地可供应性和生产燃料酒精的潜力进行了深入研究。     

发展新型能源--木薯燃料酒精

指出了发展新型能源——木薯燃料酒精的必要性;介绍了能源作物——木薯的基本特征、分类及国内外燃料酒精发展的现状和我国对发展燃料酒精实施的具体政策。对高效生产木薯酒精的方法,传统脱水技术特点和存在的问题,膜分离法、吸附法和加盐萃取精馏法等脱水技术进行了对比分析。     

混合菌群用于纤维素糖化和燃料酒精发酵的试验研究

采用刚果红纤维素平板法分别从田间腐烂的秸秆、潮湿地中的腐烂落叶内筛选出12株分解纤维素的菌株,分别进行了在不同温度、pH和时间条件下的羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMC)和滤纸酶活(FPA)的检测,筛选出了4株分解效率较高的菌株。采用正交实验研究了2株菌活性的主要影响因素,最终筛选出了2株产酶稳定的纤维素分解菌。采用扫描电镜,对菌株形貌进行了分析。应用2株纤维素分解菌和酵母菌混合菌种发酵的同时糖化发酵工艺,分别进行了单菌株和混合菌株的玉米秸秆糖化及燃料酒精发酵的试验研究,研究表明,混合菌群发酵后酒精产量为16g酒精/100g秸秆。     

基于LABVIEW的柴油／酒精双燃料发动机燃料控制装置的研究

针对目前柴油/酒精双燃料发动机燃料系混合比难于控制，导致柴油，酒精双燃料发动机的研究发展缓慢的现状，在不改变发动机供油系统的前提下，利用LABVIEW软件自带的虚拟仪器设计双燃料喷射系统，实现柴油，酒精混合比的人为控制。     

中国与丹麦合作开发第二代燃料乙醇

中国石化集团、中粮集团与丹麦诺维信公司最近签署合作协议，共同致力于利用农作物废料来开发燃料乙醇，旨在开发利用农作物废料玉米秸秆纤维素生产第二代燃料乙醇的规模化商业生产流程，合作包括了整个燃料乙醇的生产和销售产业链。     

纤维素原料生产燃料酒精的技术现状

综述了纤维素原料的预处理及水解为葡萄糖技术的研究进展，介绍了纤维素原料发酵生产酒精技术的概况，对不同的预处理、水解和发酵方法进行了比较，指出制约以纤维素为原料生产酒精的因素依然是成本问题，如何有效地降低成本是当前亟待解决的一个难题。     

对我国发展燃料酒精的设想

一九八六年四月作者曾先后赴联邦德国和巴西考察燃料酒精技术。联邦德国制取酒精的主要原料是利用多余的土豆和甜菜,已建成了实验工厂,其技术、工艺、设备比较先进,配套齐全。他们的技术已在巴西放大投产。到一九八五年全巴西燃料酒精产量达到一百一十一亿公升。全国有近二百万辆汽车使用酒精,汽     

利用微生物将废纸屑加工成酒精

美国佛里达大学微生物学家英格雷姆找到一种方法，能将普通废纸屑加工成酒精，为此，他利用了一种生存在造纸厂污水中的微生物。该方法是先将纸屑研磨成糊状，加入一种稀释的酸，使纸浆中的纤维素和半纤维素变成液体，然后在液体中添加真菌酶，将这些长分子物质转化成较普通的糖类，最后借助微生物将其转变为酒精。目前美国已建立了一座利用纸屑生产酒精的工厂，其产品将添加进汽油中，以符合许多州要求减少汽车尾气毒性的法律规定。为此目的，美国现在每年要耗费约４Ｍｔ的酒精。利用微生物将废纸屑加工成酒精@王敏     

Net energy analysis of methanol and ethanol production

Methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) are industrial alcohols that can be used as liquid fuels. They may be obtained from renewable or non-renewable feedstocks. The production processes and end uses are analyzed in order to assess the potential energy savings introduced by alcohol production from renewable instead of nonrenewable feedstock. Whereas MeOH production from wood brings about energy savings, EtOH production from corn may or may not save energy depending on the end use of the alcohol. If the alcohol is used as a motor fuel, no overall energy savings are found. The economics and total labor requirements of each process are also considered.     

Economic aspects of nuclear and hydrogen energy in the world and Russia

Hydrogen, when used as a fuel, has the most minimal impact on the environment and is a viable, promising, but insufficiently studied alternative fuel. World demand for its production may increase by tens and hundreds of times, and alternative energy sources - renewable and non-renewable, including nuclear ones - are needed to meet it.The paper discusses the characteristics of these sources, shows the important role of nuclear energy.The development of hydrogen production stimulates the development of the symbiosis of nuclear and hydrogen energy in conjunction with renewable energy and allows the formation of a new sustainable global energy system - alternative energy.     

汽车替代燃料的现状分析与展望

世界能源危机与环境污染问题促使汽车行业能源体系转型,可再生、节能、环保、清洁的新型汽车替代燃料成为汽车行业的新宠.根据燃料是否可再生,将汽车替代燃料分为不可再生汽车替代燃料和可再生汽车替代燃料,并对天然气、液化石油气、醇醚类燃料、氢能源、植物油燃料、生物质裂解气燃料等汽车替代燃料与汽油、柴油等传统汽车燃料进行了分析和比较,总结了汽车替代燃料相对于传统汽车燃料的优点与缺点,并对汽车替代燃料的发展前景进行了展望.     

Biodiesel and renewable diesel: A comparison

The search for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels has led to the development of fuels from various sources, including renewable feedstocks such as fats and oils. Several types of fuels can be derived from these triacylglycerol-containing feedstocks. One of them is biodiesel, which is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is produced by transesterifying the oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol under mild conditions in the presence of a base catalyst. Another kind of product that can be obtained from lipid feedstocks is a fuel whose composition simulates that of petroleum-derived diesel fuel. This kind of fuel, probably best termed “renewable diesel”, is produced from the fat or oil by a hydrodeoxygenation reaction at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. This article discusses in a general and comparative fashion aspects such as fuel production and energy balance, fuel properties, environmental effects including exhaust emissions and co-products. Among the questions that are addressed are if these fuels compete with or complement each other and what the effect of production scale may be.     

Biomass-derived aviation fuels: Challenges and perspective

The worldwide utilization of fossil energy, including its specific application as transportation fuel, significantly contributes to the continuous increase of the atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Several solutions have been promoted or scheduled to reduce CO₂ emissions. Among these solutions, the development of renewable energy resources, such as bio-fuels, offers important advantages as promoted by several countries and institutions who disclosed their plans to partly or totally use alternative renewable energy sources in the future. For the rapidly growing aviation sector, aviation fuel derived from fossil resources is still the major available energy source. The development of renewable aviation fuel is considered to be a promising future strategy to reduce related CO₂ emissions. The worldwide total aviation fuel consumption by commercial airlines increased from about 260 million m³/year in 2005 to over 340 million m³/year in 2018, and a further annual increase of about 5% is expected till 2050.Worldwide actions have hence been undertaken with respect to bio-aviation fuel production, distribution, and demonstration flying. As a relatively new topic, there are a lot of remaining challenges in technology development, fuel certification and distribution. The production technology, policy and environmental impact of bio-aviation fuel were comprehensively reviewed, including its production by the catalytic conversion of lipids, by the conversion of carbohydrates or lignocellulosic biomass, and by developing bio-refinery concepts for bio-aviation fuel production. The future reduction of CO₂ emissions in the aviation sector requires an improvement of the biomass to aviation fuel production technology through the correct integration of biology, chemical engineering, and energy crops. The paper illustrates this potential integration through reviewing the current research in the production of aviation fuels from biomass, including the complete industrial chain from airplane manufacturer, aviation fuel producer and provider, airline strategies, and ongoing R&D, bearing in mind that major efforts are required to foster the development of the cost-effective production of renewable aviation fuel. The different topics of the Table of contents will be subsequently dealt with.     

Assessment of the potential for hydrogen production from renewable resources in Argentina

The potential for hydrogen production from three major renewable resources (wind energy, solar energy and biomass) in Argentina is analyzed. This potential for the annual production of wind, solar and biomass hydrogen is represented with maps showing it per unit area in each department. Thus, by using renewable resource databases available in the country, a new Geographic Information System (GIS) of renewable hydrogen is created. In this system, several geographic variables are displayed, in addition to other parameters such as the potential for renewable hydrogen production per department relative to transport fuel consumption of each province or the environmental savings that would imply the production of hydrogen required to add 20% V/V to CNG, with the aim of developing the cleaner alternative CNG + H₂ fuel. In order to take into account areas where energy development would be restricted, land use and environmental exclusions were considered.     

RES support in Russia: Impact on capacity and electricity market prices

Russian renewable energy policy has undergone changes following an establishment of targets for installed capacity and power production using renewable energy sources and the introduction of new capacity based support scheme for renewable energy. The forecasted amount of future renewable power will not provide enough power production to meet growing demand for renewable energy; although, it will help with modernization of the energy sector and development of renewable technology and innovation. At the same time, the capacity support scheme for renewable energy may adversely affect capacity prices and become an additional burden for industrial consumers, who are already paying the cost of capacity support for conventional power plants, so-called Capacity Delivery Agreements (CDAs). This work assesses the impact of the new capacity based support scheme on capacity and electricity price formation. Modeling results show that the impact of capacity support for renewable energy is small compared to that of capacity support for conventional energy, suggesting that the Russian energy production mix will continue to be dominated by fossil fuel based generation.     

Review and comparison of various hydrogen production methods based on costs and life cycle impact assessment indicators

Hydrogen is a clean, renewable secondary energy source. The development of hydrogen energy is a common goal pursued by many countries to combat the current global warming trend. This paper provides an overview of various technologies for hydrogen production from renewable and non-renewable resources, including fossil fuel or biomass-based hydrogen production, microbial hydrogen production, electrolysis and thermolysis of water and thermochemical cycles. The current status of development, recent advances and challenges of different hydrogen production technologies are also reviewed. Finally, we compared different hydrogen production methods in terms of cost and life cycle environmental impact assessment. The current mainstream approach is to obtain hydrogen from natural gas and coal, although their environmental impact is significant. Electrolysis and thermochemical cycle methods coupled with new energy sources show considerable potential for development in terms of economics and environmental friendliness.     

Central Asian countries energy system and role of renewable energy sources

The status, problems, and development prospects of the fuel and energy complex of the Central Asian Region (CAR) countries are examined. In particular, data are presented on the CAR energy system resource base, and production and consumption of the fuel and energy resources in the CAR countries are analyzed. Special attention is devoted to the use of renewable energy sources.     

Review on key technologies and applications of hydrogen energy storage system

随着国内以风电,太阳能为主的可再生能源快速增长,可再生能源消纳能力不足和并网困难等问题愈发突出,大规模储能系统被证实是解决该问题的有效方法.本文回顾了现有成熟储能系统的不足与限制,分析氢储能的优势特点,构建了电能链和氢产业链融合的氢储能系统,为可再生能源的进一步发展提供良策.随后对氢储能系统三个环节(制氢,储运氢,氢发电)关键技术进行了梳理,对电解槽技术,燃料电池技术和储氢材料中的关键性能进行了比较和评估.在氢储能领域,部分发达国家已经初步形成了从基础研究,应用研究到示范演示的全方位格局,本文对德国和法国的重点示范工程进行了调研,为我国未来发展氢储能的提供参考.