Socioeconomic impacts of heat transfer research

Heat transfer research affects almost every sector of the economy, yet its impacts have not been well studied or communicated to date. To address this issue, this article evaluates recent heat transfer research trends and which parts of the economy are likely to be affected by it. Analysis is done through keywords in heat transfer journals, US NSF awards, US patents, and trends in US economic sectors. This study indicates that if heat transfer research helps to attain a 10% conversion efficiency gain in all relevant sectors of the US economy, ~ 110 billion dolars of annual value added could be generated.     

韩国天然气水合物研究开发思路及对我国的启示

天然气水合物已是国际能源界公认的21世纪接替石油天然气的新能源。美国、加拿大、日本等发达国家都非常注重天然气水合物的开发研究,而韩国、中国、印度的研究工作起步相对较晚。但韩国在2005年就成立了国家天然气水合物研究机构,制定了国家天然气水合物10年研究计划,该计划的总体目标是到2015年为止．发展天然气水合物开采知识,并开发出在Ulleung盆地商业开采水合物技术。我国对天然气水合物也做了大量的研究工作,但到目前为止还没有一个确切的水合物开发路线图。与韩国相比,我国在水合物研究方面存在研究工作相对薄弱、技术装备有待提高、具体规划不够、研究力量分散等差距,最大的差距在于没有围家性的天然气水合物研究机构。借鉴韩国的研究开发思路,建议我国应尽快成立国家天然气水合物研究机构,并制定国家天然气水合物研究计划。     

应用中红外光谱技术分析甲醇汽油

应用中红外光谱技术研制出的油品分析仪对甲醇汽油进行研究,分析其成分、辛烷值及甲醇含量,试图找到一种有效的测定方法。     

电网企业在电动汽车充电设施产业链的竞争分析

充电设施产业伴随电动汽车的迅速发展正处于产业链发展的初始阶段,电网企业在该产业链中由于具备技术资源优势在产业中处于先发优势地位,具备成为产业的核心企业和领导者的潜质。文章通过对充电设施产业链的利害分析,研究电动汽车充电设施产业链竞争者的优劣势,提出其在产业的发展建议。     

同位素流量过程线分割研究进展与展望

简要介绍了同位素的基本概念、表示方法以及同位素示踪流量过程线分割的基本原理。综述了国内外关于流量过程线分割各种方法的优缺点,并对二水源同位素过程线分割模型和三水源同位素过程线分割模型进行了详细介绍和推导。指出了国内这方面研究的不足,并展望了今后的研究趋势和应用前景。     

The changing nature of life cycle assessment

LCA has evolved from its origins in energy analysis in the 1960s and 70s into a wide ranging tool used to determine impacts of products or systems over several environmental and resource issues. The approach has become more prevalent in research, industry and policy. Its use continues to expand as it seeks to encompass impacts as diverse as resource accounting and social well being. Carbon policy for bioenergy has driven many of these changes.Enabling assessment of complex issues over a life cycle basis is beneficial, but the process is sometimes difficult. LCA's use in framing is increasingly complex and more uncertain, and in some cases, irreconcilable. The charged environment surrounding biofuels and bioenergy exacerbates all of these. Reaching its full potential to help guide difficult policy discussions and emerging research involves successfully managing LCA's transition from attributional to consequential and from retrospective to prospective.This paper examines LCA's on-going evolution and its use within bioenergy deployment. The management of methodological growth in the context of the unique challenges associated with bioenergy and biofuels is explored. Changes seen in bioenergy LCA will bleed into other LCA arenas, especially where it is important that a sustainable solution is chosen.     

世界二甲醚应用开发现状

二甲醚因其对人体无毒、使用安全,对环境友好,并具有良好的燃料性能,可部分替代液化气民用燃料以及替代柴油作为清洁的汽车燃料,加之其原料来源丰富,生产成本低,因此其生产与应用技术的研发受到世界各国的关注。综述了当前世界及中国二甲醚应用技术的进展情况,对我国二甲醚应用技术的研发提出建议。     

新型飞轮储能技术及其应用展望

简要介绍了新型飞轮储能系统的工作原理和基本结构,并从关键技术发展及应用研究的角度出发,系统地介绍了飞轮储能系统的研究情况和今后的发展方向,还对飞轮储能和其他储能方式的特点进行了详细比较。飞轮储能系统具有的诸多优点,有着广阔的应用前景。     

香蕉秸秆资源化利用的研究进展

对香蕉秸秆在纤维生产、堆肥、饲料、气化和厌氧发酵等方面的利用情况进行了综述,指出了香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵生产沼气是其资源化和能源化利用的途径和潜力。我国香蕉秸秆年产沼气潜力高达4亿m3,其推广和应用将产生巨大的经济、社会和生态效益。     

风电场的稳定问题

介绍了大型风电场的并网技术;指出了依据风电场的容量大小,其接入电网的电压等级也有所不同;在对风电系统的稳定性进行定位的基础上,通过对国内外包含风电场的电力系统的研究成果的对比分析,展现了不同类型的风电机组在电力系统暂态过程中的行为特性,为从事风电研究的科技工作者提供参考.     

发动机齿轮传动机构强度计算对比分析研究

针对某柴油机齿轮传动机构,利用ROMAX齿轮专业分析软件对所有齿轮的接触、弯曲疲劳强度进行了分析研究,得到了整个齿轮机构的可靠性分布情况。两种设计方案的可靠性情况的对比分析表明：新方案不仅可靠性高,且强度分配更加均匀,零件的结构设计更接近等寿命设计目标。     

乙丙共聚物（OCP）黏度指数改进剂原料优选

介绍了乙丙共聚物（OCP）黏度指数改进剂的制备方法及研究进展。结合大连石化公司的实际情况，根据对OCP黏度指数改进剂T613、T614产品性能的对比研究，对6种OCP原材料进行了优选。结果表明：均质处理后的J-0030型OCP原料能够满足生产T613产品的需要，剪切稳定指数（SSI）及稠化能力可控制在质量要求范围内，降凝度参数在20℃以上，对降凝剂803B感受性好，适合在各种温度条件下使用，生产成本低；J-0010型OCP原料是生产T614产品的最佳原料，产品的SSI稳定、稠化能力高，对降凝剂803B感受性好，降凝度参数在21℃以上，能满足各种温度工况的要求；根据工艺要求或原料短缺时，可选择两种OCP原料来混合生产，如J-0030与0016可按8：2混合生产T613产品、J-0010与0016、HB8714混合生产T614产品，但产品需要进行均质处理，使SSI合格并能在低温下使用。     

轴系电动遥控静态制动装置的研制

简介了船用轴系电动遥控静态制动装置的技术特点及研制应用情况,特别介绍了研制过程中针对受力结构、摩擦材料、电动装置、电气控制系统等方面开展的研究。该船用轴系电动遥控静态制动装置具有转矩大、电动操纵、遥控等特点,已在二种船型五条船上获得应用,性能优良,工作可靠。     

限定稳斜角的三维定向井轨道设计问题的求解

为快速、可靠地求解限定稳斜角的三维井眼轨道设计问题,研究了该问题设计方程组的解析求解方法。经过数学公式推导,求出了设计方程组的拟解析解。从理论上证明了从设计方程组出发,可以推导出一个只含有一个未知数的特征函数;而设计方程组的所有未知数,可以由该特征函数的全部实数根和一组解析计算公式依序逐个计算出来。理论分析和实际计算表明,新方法可快速判断设计方程组是否有解,并能在有唯一解和多个解的情况下,快速、准确地计算出该唯一解或全部解。新方法完全克服了初值依赖性、收敛性、不能求多个解等数值迭代类算法的固有缺陷;计算精度只与特征函数求实数根算法有关,是一种几乎精确的算法。研究结果表明,新方法是求解设计方程组快速、可靠、精确的先进计算技术,不仅是算法研究上的理论创新,而且在钻井软件开发上具有很高的实用价值。     

Fundamental scientific aspects of lithium ion batteries (XV) ——Summary and outlook

自摇椅式可充放锂电池概念由Armand M等人在1972年提出,锂离子电池的基础研究历经43年,在材料体系、电化学反应机理、热力学、动力学、结构演化、表界面反应、安全性、力学行为等方面不断取得更为深入广泛的认识,并最终推动锂离子电池技术发展和成功实现了商业化。锂离子电池面临着电池性能需要全面提升、应用领域需进一步拓宽的强劲需求,因此要求基础研究能够提供创新的、更好的技术解决方案,对锂离子电池材料复杂的构效关系能精确认识,对于电池在制造和服役过程中的失效机制有全面的理解,对各种控制策略的效果能提供可靠的科学依据。同时,锂离子电池的发展也在促进着固态电化学、固态离子学、能源材料、能源物理、纳米科学等交叉基础学科的发展。作为“锂离子电池基础科学问题”讲座的最后一篇文章,本文对锂离子电池基础研究的科学问题,存在的难点、发展趋势进行了总结。     

Risk assessment of new pricing strategies in the district heating market: A case study at Sundsvall Energi AB

The price structure of district heating has been no major scientific issue for the last decades in energy-related research. However, today trends in district heating pricing tend to move towards a more customer-oriented approach with predetermined prices under a longer periods, leading to a more complex price structure. If a district heating supplier offers district heating with predetermined prices in order to compete with similar electricity offers, the financial risk of the new price structure is significantly higher than the risk of an ordinary variable cost offer based on short-run marginal cost. In contrary to an electricity seller, the district heating company cannot transfer all of the risk of predetermined prices to the financial market, instead the company is thrown upon its own ability to handle the risk by, e.g., hedging its own energy purchase. However, all uncertainties cannot be coped with in this manner. Thus, there is a need for a methodology that can be used to estimate the financial risk of different price structures and to value different opportunities to reduce the risk. In this article, we propose a methodology, implemented in prototype software, to evaluate the risk associated with new price structures in district heating.     

土壤热源热泵地下换热性能分析

以土壤热源热泵为研究对象，采用探针法对4种情况下的土壤的导热性能进行实验研究，结果表明，总体上讲土壤的导热系数砂与含水量增加而增大，在4种配比情况下，当含水量相同时，土与砂比率为1：2时土壤导热系数达到最大，但土与砂比率为2：1时与其相差不多，则土与砂比率采用2：1时可认为更经济。     

Fault analysis and excitation requirements for switchedreluctance-generators

Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are a prime candidate for aerospace starter/generators and various automotive applications. The choice of SRMs for the starter/generator application is driven largely by the perceived reliability and fault tolerance of the machine and its electronics. An analysis of the switched reluctance generator's (SRG) faults and excitation requirements is essential to utilize the full fault tolerance capability of the machine in this application. Thus, research has been undertaken to identify, analyze and simulate the various fault modes of the SRG. This research included an investigation of the generator's excitation requirements with and without faults. The investigation makes it possible to determine the size of the excitation source required during the initial build up of the generator's output voltage and under fault conditions. The SR machine, controller, EMI filter, excitation source, and load were all modeled and integrated into a Matlab-Simulink model in order to analyze the SR generator system     

亚洲发展中国家聚变研究第二大国——印度核聚变研究的突起

印度的磁约束聚变研究成果主要是在ADITYA和SST-1两个托卡马克装置上取得的,包括大型真空室和低温恒温器、大型超导磁体和低温系统、辅助系统(离子回旋共振加热、电子回旋共振加热、低杂波电流驱动和中性束注入器)以及高压电源等。作为ITER计划的7个参与国之一,印度制定了详细的聚变能源发展路线图:一方面在自行研制的首个超导稳态托卡马克(SST-1)上继续开展稳态物理和相关技术研究,积极参与ITER计划的建造和实验;另一方面将建造一个D-T聚变装置SST-2,计划2022年投入运行;在印度DEMO之前建成一个聚变功率达1GW的实验聚变增殖堆(EFBR),实现氚自持;在2037年建成聚变功率达3.3GW的DEMO;2060年建成装机容量2×1GWe的聚变电站。今后30年,印度将着重开展与聚变堆相关的综合物理模拟、超导磁体系统、偏滤器系统、先进材料以及电源、加热和电流驱动系统等领域的技术研发,争取在2050年建成聚变电站。印度在国际聚变界有可能发挥更重要的作用。     

Economic gains and environmental losses from international trade: A decomposition of pollution intensity in China's value-added trade

Based on a multi-regional input-output model, this study explores the temporal changes and driving forces of China's environmental losses relative to its economic gains from international trade with each of its 45 trading partners from 1995 to 2015. We find that China suffered larger environment losses per $US value-added through exports than almost all of its trading partners. Over time, the environmental losses paid by China declined quicker than that of its bilateral trading partners. The decomposition results of our research further show that the technology effect played a dominant role in this decline. Moreover, the phenomenon that developed economies have outsourced dirty intermediate production stages to emerging economies via trade in intermediate goods, has led to the emerging economies suffering greater environmental losses over time for certain economic gains from international trade.