The effect of reduced amino acid level and increasing levels of lupin on growth performance and meat content in organic reared pigs

BACKGROUND: Suitable protein sources for organic pig production are scarce. This project was aimed at studying the effect of a reduced amino acid level and thus crude protein level, and the inclusion of lupin in diets for grower‐finisher pigs fed under organic conditions. Two hundred pigs (females:male castrates, 1:1) were fed either 100% or 85% of amino acid recommendations and lupin inclusions levels of 0%, 12.5% or 25% from 30 to 105 kg. RESULTS: Feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by the amino acid level. Carcass meat percentage was 59.2% for females and 57.2% for castrates when fed low amino acid level and 0% lupin, and this was an effect of higher feed intake of castrates compared with females. The inclusion of 25% lupin reduced feed intake and daily gain, lowered feed efficiency and increased slaughter loss and carcass meat percentage. CONCLUSION: It is possible to reduce amino acid levels and thus crude protein levels without adverse effects on animal performance. It is, however, recommended to feed castrates restrictively to avoid low carcass meat percentage. Inclusion of up to 12.5% of lupin can be used in organic diets for pigs without negative effects on animal performance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of dietary supplementation of cysteamine on growth performance,carcass quality,serum hormones and gastric ulcer in finishing pigs

A study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of dietary inclusion of a cysteamine (Cs) preparation on growth performance, carcass quality, plasma hormone levels, gastric pH and occurrence of gastric ulcer in finishing pigs. A total of 384 Landrace × Large White finishing pigs, (192 gilts and 192 barrows) with an average initial body weight of 66.05 ± 0.623 kg (mean ± SEM) were randomly divided into 24 floor pens, with eight gilts and eight barrows in each pen (9.2 m²) as one experimental unit. The 24 pens of pigs were randomly allocated to one of three diets: (1) a maize/soybean meal basal diet; (2) the basal diet plus 30 mg Cs kg^?1 diet; and (3) the basal diet plus 50 mg Cs kg^?1 diet. Dietary supplementation of Cs had quadratic effects (P < 0.01) on final body weight and average daily gain, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg^?1. Dietary supplementation of Cs quadratically improved (P < 0.01) average daily feed intake and feed/gain ratio, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg^?1. Dietary supplementation of Cs had a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on muscle RNA/DNA ratio. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of Cs reduced (P < 0.05) back‐fat thickness. Dietary supplementation of Cs had quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on plasma glucagon and T₃ hormone levels, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg^?1, but had no effect (P > 0.05) on plasma growth hormone, insulin and T₄ levels. There were no apparent pathological changes seen in the stomach mucosa of pigs fed at 30 mg Cs kg^?1 compared with the control diet. It is concluded that a low dose of dietary inclusion of Cs at 30 mg kg^?1 can improve growth performance and carcass quality without adverse effects on the stomach in finishing pigs. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Whole body amino acid composition of the growing pig

The protein in the whole bodies of 76 Landrace × Large White entire male and female pigs fed different diets (different combinations of protein and non-protein energy intake) for 0, 4, 6 or 8 weeks from 12 kg liveweight, were analysed for their amino acid composition. The purpose was to see if the composition changed in any systematic way with body protein weight. It was found that there were some effects of dietary treatment and sex on the concentrations of some amino acids, but these effects were exerted through their effects on protein weight. The concentrations, in the protein, of lysine and histidine increased significantly (P <0.01), whereas cystine concentration decreased significantly (P <0.001) with increasing protein weight. These changes were consistent with the assumption that there is a change in the proportion of total body protein as hair protein with increasing body protein weight, since lysine and histidine are present in relatively high proportions in the body (excluding hair) of the pigs, whereas cystine is present in particularly high concentrations in the hair. The concentration of an amino acid in the body of the pig could thus be expressed as a function of body protein weight; this allows for changes in the amino acid concentrations of the body protein as the animal increases in size.     

α-硫辛酸对育肥猪生产性能和抗氧化功能的影响

研究日粮中添加α-硫辛酸对肥育猪生产性能和抗氧化功能的影响.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加300、600和900 mg/kg的旷硫辛酸,试验期28 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加600、900 mg/kgα-硫辛酸降低了平均日增重(P＜0.05)和平均日采食量(P＜0.01),而各组料重比差异均不显著(P＞0.05);900mg/kgα-硫辛酸组总抗氧化能力增加显著(P＜0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著增强(P＜0.01).α-硫辛酸添加组血清中丙二醛含量均显著降低(P＜0.05).α-硫辛酸的适宜添加水平为600 mg/kg.     

Evaluation of corn cob mix in organic finishing pig nutrition

Two consecutive experiments were performed to evaluate corn cob mix (CCM) inclusion in an organic diet. The experiments were performed in an organic barn on nine pens of four pigs (two barrows and two sows) of commercial breeds from 45 kg to slaughter. In the first experiment, an organic concentrate was mixed with organic CCM‐silage to obtain three concentrate:CCM ratios of 1:0, 4:1 and 3:2 (w:w). In the second experiment, three concentrates were produced to obtain diets with equal nutrient levels on a dry matter basis after 0, 200 and 400 g kg^?1 CCM inclusion respectively. In all groups of both experiments, meat and carcass traits were comparable with common practice and differences between treatment groups were not seen. Feed conversion ratio on an as‐fed basis was worse with higher CCM levels in the diet, most likely due to the dilution effect by the lower dry matter content of CCM. In the first experiment, pigs on a higher concentrate:CCM ratio showed a higher feed intake, indicating a compensation for the lower energy density of these diets. In the second experiment, the 400 g kg^?1 CCM group showed a lower daily dry matter intake (p = 0.048) leading to slower growth (p = 0.015). This indicated a bulk effect of the CCM in this case. In conclusion, lean carcasses with good meat quality can be obtained even in situations where up to 400 g kg^?1 organic CCM‐silage is included in a balanced organic pig fattening diet. Moreover, a bulk effect of CCM‐silage can be used in some cases to limit the typically high dry matter intake in outdoor pig fattening, thereby preventing excessive fat accretion. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

日粮中添加DDGS对五指山大猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

研究饲粮中添加两种不同水平的DDGS对五指山猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择48头体重约18kg的五指山大猪,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组、II组DDGS使用量分别是22%,25%,进行为期30d的饲养试验。结果表明,与饲喂基础饲粮组相比,22%DDGS组平均增重、平均日增重和料重比差异不显著;25%DDGS组平均增重和平均日增重显著降低,料重比增加显著。3个组平均增重所需的饲料成本分别为13.57、12.80和12.87元/kg。本试验条件下,五指山大猪饲料中DDGS适宜添加水平为22%。     

乳酸菌发酵饲料对生长猪生产性能的影响

研究了乳酸菌发酵饲料对规模化猪场生长猪生产性能和健康的影响。对照组直接饲喂基础日粮,1组饲喂"基础日粮+20%乳酸菌发酵饲料(风干)",2组饲喂"基础日粮+30%乳酸菌发酵饲料(风干)",3组饲喂"基础日粮+50%乳酸菌发酵饲料(风干)"。结果表明:1、2和3组平均日增重比对照组分别提高了9.67%、11.47%和13.68%,3组与对照组相比差异极显著,1、2组与对照组相比差异显著;1、2和3组头平均日采食量比对照组分别提高了3.47%、4.16%和4.88%,3组与对照组相比差异极显著,1、2组与对照组相比差异显著。1、2和3组料肉比比对照组分别下降了5.16%、6.35%和7.54%,发病率比对照组分别降低了38.46%、46.15%和69.23%;1、2和3组比对照组多盈利22.7%、26.8%和31.6%。     

Effect of the duration of feeding of a protein‐free diet on endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid loss in the growing pig

The aim of the study was to determine whether endogenous nitrogen and amino acid excretions at the terminal ileum change over time in the growing pig fed a protein‐free diet for 8 days. Seven entire male pigs with an overall mean live weight of 81.6 kg (SEM 3.3 kg) and surgically implanted post‐valve T caecum cannulas were fed a semi‐synthetic casein‐based diet for 8 days. Food was withheld from the pigs for 24 h, after which they were fed a protein‐free diet for a further 8 days at a rate of 10% of metabolic body weight per day. Chromic oxide was included in the protein‐free diet as an indigestible marker. Ileal digesta were collected continuously from 13:00 to 18:00 h on each day of the experimental period. Endogenous ileal nitrogen flows were determined for each pig each day the protein‐free diet was given, and endogenous ileal amino acid flows for the first and eighth days. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of the duration of feeding of the protein‐free diet on endogenous ileal total nitrogen or amino acid flows, except for the amino acids glycine and cysteine, the flows of which significantly decreased over the 8 day period (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 for glycine and cysteine respectively), from (mean ± SEM) 1639 ± 217 to 892 ± 212 µg g⁻¹ dry matter intake (DMI) for glycine and from 173 ± 13 to 127 ± 19 µg g⁻¹ DMI for cysteine. The relative contributions (moles of each amino acid as a proportion of total moles of amino acids) of threonine, glycine and cysteine decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and that of proline increased significantly (P < 0.05) during the 8 days that the protein‐free diet was fed to the pigs. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

凹凸棒石黏土对生长育肥猪生产性能、金属含量及肉品质的影响

研究凹土原土及热改性凹土对生长育肥猪生产性能、金属含量和肉品质的影响。选用体重约47kg健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交的生长育肥猪60头,随机分为3组,每组4个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加2%凹土原土、2%热改性凹土的试验日粮。结果表明:1)凹土原土和热改性凹土对生长育肥猪生产性能无显著影响(P0.05);2)凹土原土和热改性凹土降低血液中As、Pb、Cr含量和腿肌中Cr的含量(P0.05),热改性凹土显著提高血液中Mg含量(P0.05);3)凹土原土降低眼肌MDA(P0.05),凹土原土和热改性凹土降低眼肌中T-AOC的活性(P0.05);4)凹土原土提高眼肌p H45 min、a*45 min(P0.05),降低L*45 min、b*24 h和压力损失(P0.05)。添加凹土原土和热改性凹土能降低重金属在动物机体中的沉积、提高抗氧化能力进而改善肉品质,热改性凹土效果优于原土。     

Effect of condensed tannin in cottonseed hulls on endogenous ileal amino acid loss in the growing rat

The effect of condensed tannin (CT) in cottonseed hulls (CSH) on endogenous ileal amino acid flow in the growing rat was evaluated. CSH contain around 900 g kg^?1 fibre and 52 g kg^?1 total CT. Twenty-four rats were allocated to four semi-synthetic diets, which contained enzymically hydrolysed casein (EHC) as the sole source of dietary nitrogen and chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Two of the diets contained no CSH while the remaining two contained 50 g kg^?1 CSH. At each level of hull inclusion (0 and 50 g kg^?1), polyethylene glycol (PEG: MW 3500) was added (6 g kg^?1) to one of the diets. The effect of CT was assessed by determining endogenous ileal amino acid loss in the presence or absence of PEG, which binds and inactivates CT. The rats were given their respective experimental diets ad libitum for 14 days. Samples of digesta were collected at slaughter from the terminal 15 cm of ileum. The digesta samples were centrifuged and the supernate ultrafiltered. The precipitate plus retentate (MW > 10000) fraction affords an estimate of endogenous loss. Inclusion of CSH in the EHC based diet increased ileal flow of total nitrogen (1387 versus 1623 μgg^?1 dry matter intake; P ≤ 0.05), increased ileal flow of total amino acids (23%; P ≤ 0.01), and significantly increased ileal flow of several individual amino acids. There was no significant effect of PEG and no PEG × diet interaction; showing that the CSH effects could not be explained by action of CT. The presence of hulls in commercial cottonseed meal would appear to contribute to the reported low apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients for cottonseed meal by increasing endogenous ileal amino acid flow, but this effect is not due to the CT component of the hulls.     

Effect of feeding different diets on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of nitrogen,amino acids and enzymes in growing pigs

Five barrows were fitted with permanent pancreatic re-entrant cannulas to determine the influence of diet on exocrine pancreatic secretions in the weight range from 40 to 65 kg. The pigs were fed four diets. Diets 1 and 2 were based on corn starch and contained 18.6 and 16.9 % crude protein (dry matter basis) from soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. Diets 3 and 4 contained 93.9 % wheat and barley, respectively. In the same order, the crude protein contents (dry matter basis) of these diets were 14.4 and 11.2%, respectively. The experiment was carried out according to 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period comprised 12 days. Following an adaptation period of 8 days, pancreatic juice was collected from 08:00 on day 9 to 08:00 h on day 10 and from 08:00 on day 11 to 08:00 h on day 12. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 08:00 and 20:00 h, 800 g each meal. Despite large differences, up to 23%, between the overall mean values of the parameters that were measured there was no effect (P > 0.05) of diet on the volume of secretion of pancreatic juice, the pH and the secretion of total and TCA-precipitable nitrogen. Due to the high level of within-study variation there was also no effect (P > 0.05) of diet on the secretion of amino acids and the total activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, α-amylase and lipase in pancreatic juice.     

Effect of oil sources and vitamin E levels in the diet on the composition of fatty acids in rooster thigh and chest meat

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of different oil sources and dietary supplementation with vitamin E on the composition of fatty acids in rooster meat. Two hundred and forty 30‐week‐old White Leghorn roosters were distributed in a completely randomized factorial arrangement of 5 × 2, using five oil sources (sunflower, soybean, canola, linseed and fish) and two levels of antioxidant (30 and 400 mg vitamin E kg^?1 of diet). The intake of fish and canola oil in the diet reduced (P < 0.05) the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the thigh meat. Amongst the unsaturated fatty acids in the thigh, the fish and canola oil reduced (P < 0.05) the level of ω6 fatty acid, with a consequent decrease in the ratio ω6:ω3. The diet with fish oil increased (P < 0.05) the content of C22:6ω3 in the thigh meat. The use of linseed oil resulted in a significant reduction of the ratio of ω6:ω3 fatty acid in the thigh. The use of soybean oil in the diet increased (P < 0.05) the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the thigh, specifically in the content of ω6. The inclusion of vitamin E increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the chest meat, such as C18:3ω3, C20:5ω3 and C22:6ω3. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于氨基酸和脂肪酸的藏羊肉质量评价

为探索藏羊肉的评价分级方法,采用氨基酸分析仪和气相脂肪酸甲酯法分析评价了羔羊肉和成年藏羊肉的氨基酸及脂肪酸比例构成。结果表明:成年藏羊肉氨基酸评分（AAS）与化学评分（CS）分值分别为7.65和5.54,风味及功能氨基酸含量较高,质量评价等级优于羔羊肉。n-3PUFAs与n-6PUFAs的比值成年藏羊肉为11.19%,羔羊肉为12.88%,符合FAO/WHO所推荐的日常膳食比值10%²0%。羔羊肉PUFA比例（5.32%）显著高于成年藏羊肉（3.68%）（p<0.05）,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的种类较成年藏羊肉丰富。氨基酸及脂肪酸含量及比例构成是实现藏羊肉营养质量评定及分级的重要指标。      

氨基酸液肥灌根对红地球葡萄产量和果实品质的影响

为提高红地球葡萄延迟栽培中果实质量和产量,于成熟期进行了氨基酸液肥灌根.结果表明,灌根后比对照的果实粒重、穗重、产量、可溶性固形物,可溶性蛋白、Vc含量增加,可滴定酸含量降低.灌肥2次的处理效果极显著.     

Effects of triticale-based diets on finishing pig performance and pork quality in deep-bedded hoop barns

Effects of triticale diets on pig performance and pork quality were evaluated in summer and winter. Diets were: corn-soy, 40% triticale, or 80% triticale. Pigs (72 kg) were fed 49 d. Loins were evaluated for meat and fat quality and sensory evaluation. Average daily gain decreased as triticale inclusion increased (P < 0.01). Feed intake was similar. Pigs fed corn-soy had the greatest and those fed 80% triticale had least gain:feed ratio (P < 0.05). In summer, pigs fed corn-soy had largest and those fed 80% triticale diet had smallest loin muscle area (P < 0.05) based on ultrasound scan. During summer, ultimate pH was higher (P ? 0.001) and, loin purge and shear force were lower (P < 0.05). Diet did not affect sensory evaluation or fatty acid profile of loins. During summer, total MUFA were more and total PUFA were less (P ? 0.01). Triticale fed to pigs in hoop barns slightly decreased growth without compromising pork quality.     

Effect of straw on lamb welfare, production performance and meat quality during the finishing phase of fattening

The studies analyse the effect of straw on lamb welfare, production and meat quality in finishing lambs. Two studies were carried out. Study 1 included two treatments and two replicates with six lambs each (17.20±0.2kg). One pen was provided with straw for forage and bedding while the other had none. Feeding with concentrate was ad libitum. Live weight and concentrate consumption were recorded and average daily gain and conversion index calculated. Stereotypes, agonistic and affiliative interactions and physiological indicators of stress were analysed. In study 2, 24 lambs were divided into two groups to analyse the effect of treatments on meat and carcass quality. No significant differences in production or meat quality traits were observed. Lambs housed without straw had higher levels of cortisol and stereotypes. Affiliative interactions were greater in lambs without straw. Results suggest that straw can be considered an effective environment-enriching tool to improve welfare.