The Effect of Nozzle Diameter,Lance Height and Flow Rate on Penetration Depth in a Top‐blown Water Model

This work aimed at investigating the penetration depth in a water model during lance blowing. A study of accessible literature was carried out to summarise previous work that had studied penetration depth. Based on the literature study an experimental plan was devised consisting of experiments focused on studying the effect of nozzle diameter, lance height and flow rate on the penetration depth. However, the primary focus was on studying the effect of small nozzle diameters on the penetration depth, which has not previously been reported in the literature. It was found that the results of the experiments in general agreed well with previous work, namely: the penetration depth increases with decreasing nozzle diameter, decreasing lance height and increasing gas flow rate. All equations known previously were used to calculate the penetration depth based on current experimental data. Thereafter, it was deduced which of the empirical relationships best fitted the experimental data. The jet momentum number was also determined from the experimental data and it was found that the penetration depth increased with an increased jet momentum number. However, for smaller nozzle diameters there was a considerable deviation. Therefore, a new correlation was suggested, heuristically derived from a macroscopic energy conservation consideration, and it was shown to result in better agreement between experiments and predictions for small nozzle diameters.     

Study on Mass Transfer Characteristics in an AOD Converter Bath under Conditions of Combined Side and Top Blowing

The mass transfer characteristics in a steel bath during the AOD refining process with the conditions of combined side and top blowing were investigated. The experiments were conducted on a water model unit of 1/4 linear scale for a 120‐t combined side and top blowing AOD converter. Sodium chloride powder of analytical purity was employed as the flux for blowing, and the mass transfer coefficient of solute (NaCI) in the bath was determined under the conditions of the AOD process. The effects of the gas flow rates of side and top blowing processes, the position arrangement and number of side tuyeres, the powdered flux particle (bubble) size and others on the characteristics were examined. The results indicated that, under the conditions of the present work, the mass transfer coefficient of solute in the bath liquid is in the range of (7.31×10^?5‐3.84×10^?4) m/s. The coefficient increases non‐linearly with increasing angle between each tuyere, for the simple side blowing process at a given side tuyere number and gas side blowing rate. The gas flow rate of the main tuyere has a governing influence on the characteristics, and the gas jet from the top lance decreases the mass transfer rate, the relevant coefficient being smaller than that for a simple side blowing. Also, in the range of particle (bubble) size used in the present work and with all other factors being constant, raising particle (bubble) size increases the coefficient. Excessively fine powder particle (bubble) sizes are not advantageous to strengthening the mass transfer. With the oxygen top blowing rate practiced in the industrial technology, the side tuyere arrangements of 7 and 6 tuyeres with an angular separation of 22.5° and 27° between each tuyere, as well as 5 tuyeres with an angle of 22.5° between each tuyere can provide a larger mass transfer rate in the bath. Considering the relative velocity of the particles to the liquid, the energy dissipation caused by the fluctuation in the velocity of the liquid in turbulent flow and regarding the mass transfer as that between a rigid bubble and molten steel, the related dimensionless relationships for the coefficient were obtained.     

旋浮熔炼+旋浮吹炼与富氧侧吹熔炼+多枪顶吹连续吹炼工艺比较

简要介绍了旋浮熔炼+旋浮吹炼与富氧侧吹熔炼+多枪顶吹连续吹炼工艺流程,通过对比分析这两种工艺的生产技术指标、造渣熔剂消耗、冶炼能耗和杂质元素适应性,阐明了它们各自的工艺特点,为我国后续新建或升级改造铜冶炼项目的工艺选择提供参考。     

富氧顶吹熔池熔炼处理废线路板初探

结合废线路板富含有价金属的资源属性和基板中可燃有机组分的能源特征,阐述了顶吹熔池熔炼处理废线路板工艺过程及原理。从废线路板的熔炼渣型、富氧熔炼、烟气二次燃烧及烟气中酸性气体的脱除四个方面,论述了富氧顶吹熔池熔炼处理废线路板的技术与经济价值。以SiO2-CaO-FeO-Al2O3渣型为基础,凭借富氧强化冶金工艺,通过高温燃烧源头减控二噁英,利用复合药剂高效脱除酸性气体,实现了顶吹熔池熔炼处理废线路板清洁化和资源化,为废线路板等铜基固废的资源再生提供了新的产业化路径。     

硫化锑精矿富氧顶吹熔池熔炼新工艺探讨

针对我国锑金属冶炼行业现状,与某锑业公司合作,对采用熔池熔炼技术炼锑进行了有开创性的半工业性的试验探索,基本验证了采用熔池熔炼技术炼锑新工艺的技术可行性。     

铜陵新建顶吹炉项目试生产实践

详细介绍了铜陵有色新建顶吹炉项目熔炼主工艺的工艺流程,以及配料、制粒、熔炼、水淬的4个工序的工艺特点。针对新建顶吹炉试生产过程中出现的问题,提出了相应的改进方法,有效稳定了顶吹炉渣型、冰铜品位和冶炼温度。该项目自2018年5月18日开始投料试生产以来,运行情况良好,且质量好、投资省、达产快,安全环保。     

底吹熔池流体流动的数学物理模型

本文推导了底吹熔池流场中两相区的含气率公式和密度公式,修正了涡量传输方程中的源项,改进了前人关于底吹熔池流体流动的数模。本数学模型预报的结果与水模型中实验测量结果相符。     

Fundamental Study on Interaction between Top Blown Jet and Liquid Bath

It is important to understand the physical interaction between top‐blown oxygen jets and liquid steel in basic oxygen steelmaking furnaces (BOF). In the present study, cold model experiments and CFD simulations were carried out with single‐ and multi‐hole nozzles and the velocity profiles of jets were successfully simulated. Water model experiments were also performed to study the cavity formation and the spitting phenomena by the impinging jets. The cavity shapes and the spitting behavior were correlated to the top‐blowing conditions by considering the characteristics of multi‐hole nozzle jets.     

顶底复吹转炉底吹氮工艺研究

文章研究了不同转炉底吹模式下同一钢种以及相同转炉底吹模式下不同钢种中的氮含量变化规律,同时研究了转炉工艺参数、钢水成分及温度对转炉终点钢中氮含量的影响,对实际生产中氮含量控制具有一定的指导意义。     

250t钢包底吹氩精炼工艺优化的物理模拟

以250t底吹氩钢包为原形,根据相似原理进行水模型实验,研究了不同透气砖布置参数、吹氩量、加料位置及透气砖透气性能变化对精炼效果的影响.结果表明：0.75R（透气砖在距钢包底部中心为0.75倍钢包底部半径R的位置）的双透气砖布置较0.64R、0.5R混匀时间短,但对包壁的冲刷严重;双透气砖大夹角（135°、180°）布置比小夹角（45°、90°）混匀时间短,0.64R-180°的双透气砖对称布置方案最优.在透气砖上方或双透气砖连线中垂线区域内添加物料,混匀时间最短;吹气量控制在67~70m³/h之间,可充分利用气体的搅拌能量,满足混匀时间短且不会产生卷渣的洁净钢精炼要求;透气砖堵塞较双孔正常吹气混匀时间延长,顶部钢液形成两个大小不一的裸露亮圈,并加重对包壁耐材的冲刷与侵蚀,降低钢液的混均效果及钢的洁净度.     

单孔炼钢氧枪冲击深度的数值模拟

转炉炼钢是一个高温冶金过程,传统的方法难以计算炼钢过程中氧枪冲击钢水的深度。关于氧枪枪位和冲击深度的关系式有些是出于理论计算,有些是经验的。利用Fluent软件对不同枪位的氧枪冲击深度进行模拟,发现模拟结果与现有理论公式相差较大,然后利用origin数学工具软件拟合出较合理的枪位和冲击深度的关系式。     

底吹喷枪异常堵塞时复吹转炉的熔池搅拌

根据重庆钢铁股份公司复吹转炉生产过程中实际结构尺寸和改造设计的特点,设计制作了复吹转炉冷态模型.针对实际生产过程中转炉底吹喷枪可能出现的异常堵塞情况,研究了底吹喷枪正常、部分堵塞或全部堵塞等不同工况下,复吹转炉熔池内的搅拌混匀时间与底吹供气强度的关系.     

梅钢顶底复吹转炉冶炼终渣及钢水成分的研究

采用热力学平衡模型对梅钢终渣成分进行计算分析，结果表明，梅钢冶炼终点渣-钢反应远未达到平衡，其主要原因是受操作工艺参数的影响。利用冷态模拟实验对梅钢的工艺参数进行优化，并提出改善冶炼过程操作的措施。     

顶吹浸没铜熔炼技术述评

通过对顶吹熔池熔炼技术的发展过程和特点加以论述，特别是对顶吹熔炼技术中的澳斯麦特熔炼和艾萨熔炼两种技术加以对比，从而揭示其优缺点。另外本文还对两种技术在国内外的应用情况进行介绍，目的是为中小企业的改造提供一定的根据。该技术在国内的全面推广一定会对我国的炼铜业带来深远影响。     

Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow in Bath during Combined Side and Top Blowing AOD Refining Process of Stainless Steel: Application of the Model and Results

The mathematical model developed for the molten steel flow in the combined side and top blowing AOD refining process of stainless steel has been used to compute and analyze the flow fields of the liquid phases in the baths of the 120 t AOD converter and its water model unit with a 1/4 linear scale. The influence of the side tuyere number and the angle between each tuyere on the flows has been examined. The results demonstrate that the mathematical model can quite reliably and well model and predict the fluid flow in an AOD bath with the combined blowing. The liquid flow in an AOD converter bath with the combined blowing is resulted from the gas side blowing streams under the influence of a gas top blowing jet. The streams play a governing role on it; and the liquid in the whole bath is in active agitation and circulatory motion during the gas blowing process. The gas jet from the top lance does not change the essential features of the gas stirring and liquid flow in the bath, but can make the local flow pattern of the bath liquid obviously vary and its turbulent kinetic energy enhance. The changes in the tuyere position and number have similarly not altered the basic characteristics and patterns of the gas agitation and liquid flow and turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the bath. At a given tuyere number and gas side blowing rate or a given angular separation between each tuyere and gas side blowing rate, however, the variation of the angle between each tuyere or the tuyere number can locally change them. Using 6 tuyeres with 27° can reach the more uniform flow field and turbulent energy distribution of the liquid in the bath than taking 7 tuyeres with 18° or 22.5° and 6 tuyeres with 22.5°.     

复吹转炉射流与钢水熔池相互作用的水模型试验

根据鞍钢180 t复吹转炉的实际生产情况,设计了超音速射流氧枪并进行水模型实验,避免了亚音速射流氧枪所带来的氧枪枪位修正问题.通过10:1水模型.保证最佳的底吹工艺参数不变(4孔对称,底吹流量0.70m3/h),改变顶吹氧枪的气体流量(38-42 m3/h)和吹炼枪位(130-210 mm)进行实验.结果表明:水模型最佳的工艺参数是枪位150 mm,流量39 m3/h.     

铜富氧顶吹熔池熔炼节能设计

对比了密闭鼓风炉炼铜与富氧顶吹熔池熔炼炼铜能源消耗情况,改造后充分利用了精矿熔炼的反应热,再加上余热回收和利用蒸汽发电,更重要的是利用竖罐炼锌残渣作为熔炼炉的燃料.通过节能设计使能耗指标达到国内外先进水平.     

基于顶吹熔池熔炼工艺协同处理含铜污泥

含铜污泥兼具环境危害和资源回收的双重属性，顶吹熔池熔炼工艺作为一种先进的火法冶炼工艺具有清洁高效等特点，在处理含铜污泥方面具有巨大的潜力。分析了含铜污泥的无害化和资源化技术现状，阐述了一种基于顶吹熔池熔炼技术的含铜危险废物资源化利用工艺，该工艺生产效率较高，床能力达到30 t/(m²·d),铜回收率大于98%,贵金属回收率大于95%。经过高温熔炼后铜等有价金属以粗铜的形式回收，熔渣水淬得到玻璃态炉渣，烟气经过“二次燃烧+回收余热+SNCR脱硝+急冷塔+石灰-活性炭喷射+布袋除尘+湿法脱硫+电除雾”工艺后达标排放，完全消除了含铜危险废物中重金属、持久有机污染物、SO₂、NO_x、卤化物等污染物。