橡胶垫隔震支座结构高宽比限值研究

本文对叠层橡胶垫隔震结构的高宽比限值进行了研究,导出了实用的简化计算公式,分析了地震动峰值、场地条件、隔震层刚度、上部结构刚度(反映了上部结构类型)、橡胶垫的布置等因素对隔震结构高宽比限值的影响及其变化规律。给出了不同条件下具有统计意义的隔震结构高宽比限值的定量范围,并提供了提高隔震结构高宽比的有效方法,得出了一些具有实际意义的结论,为工程计算与设计提供了方法和依据。本文结果可供编制有关规范和规程参考。     

Large‐scale shaking table test on pile‐soil‐structure interaction on soft soils

The two large‐scale shaking table tests of tall buildings on soft soils in pile group foundations are performed to capture the effect of the seismic pile‐soil‐structure interaction (PSSI) on the dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The two different model conditions are observed, including a fixed‐base structure and a structure supported by 3‐by‐3 pile group foundation in soft soil, representing the situations excluding the soil‐structure interaction (SSI) and considering the SSI, respectively. In the tests, the superstructure is a tall building with 12‐story reinforced concrete frame. The pile‐soil‐structure system rests in a shear laminar soil container, which is designed to minimize the boundary effects during shaking table tests. The two models are subjected to various intensity seismic excitations of Shanghai bedrock waves, 1995 Kobe earthquake, and 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake events. According to the experimental and analytical results, SSI systems have longer natural periods than the fixed‐base structure. In addition, soft soil has amplification effect under smaller seismic excitations and isolation effects under larger earthquake intensities. The strain amplitude at the top of pile is large, and the strain at the middle and tip is relatively small. Whereas the contact pressure is small at the top of pile and large at the middle and tip. From the dynamic responses of the superstructure, it is found that the PSSI amplifies the peak displacements and interstory drifts of the structures supported by pile group foundations by comparing with the fixed‐base structure. Whereas the peak acceleration and interstory shear force of the structure are reduced considering seismic PSSI. The results show that the seismic SSI is not always favorable, however, it may increase certain dynamic responses of the structure. Consequently, the seismic SSI should be considered reasonably, providing insight towards the rational seismic design of buildings rested on soft soils.     

基础隔震结构高宽比限值研究

本文研究目的是得到隔震结构在各种工况下的高宽比限值,这对隔震结构设计是必要的。橡胶隔震支座不能产生拉应力和隔震支座压应力不超过容许值是保证隔震结构在强震中不产生倾覆的充分条件。基于这两个条件,本文推导了隔震结构高宽比限值的显式并给出了针对不同建筑类别、不同设防烈度、不同场地条件和不同隔震层阻尼比的高宽比限值。在支座的轴力计算中,考虑了水平地震作用、竖向地震作用和重力荷载代表值的共同影响以及荷载的最不利组合。研究发现,当控制条件为支座不产生拉应力时,高宽比限值随隔震结构周期的增加而增加;当控制条件为支座压应力不超过容许值时,高宽比限值随隔震结构周期的增加而减小。因此,存在一个临界周期使高宽比限值取得极大值。研究还发现,存在一个最大的隔震结构周期使高宽比限值等于零或隔震层位移超过容许值。将隔震结构的周期与临界周期和最大隔震周期比较,就可以得到相应高宽比限值的表达式。     

Simplified procedures for seismic design verification and evaluation of lead rubber bearing base‐isolated buildings based on free‐vibration response

Base isolation has seen widespread application to buildings and infrastructures over the past four decades. However, there is a lack of methods for assessing the performance of a base‐isolated structure at the end of construction and during its service life. To this end, simplified methods are developed for verifying isolation design and evaluating seismic demands of rubber‐bearing‐supported base‐isolated buildings based on their free‐vibration response, which could be obtained using field (on‐site) testing. The base isolation layer consists of lead rubber bearings (LRBs) and linear natural rubber (LNR) bearings. For design verification purposes, analytical solutions are provided to benchmark the free‐vibration response of base‐isolated buildings, considering the general case of a multilinear hysteretic isolation response representing multiple LRBs with distinct mechanical specifications. In seismic demand evaluation, seismic capacity of an isolation system is estimated using free‐vibration response of various amplitudes that cover a range of expected seismic intensity of interest. Seismic demands are obtained when capacity coincides with an earthquake response spectrum at a compatible damping level. Procedures are developed for the potential use of snap‐back tests and verified using experimental and numerical data.     

Fuzzy‐sliding mode control of nonlinear smart base‐isolated building under earthquake excitation

In this paper, the effectiveness of the fuzzy sliding mode control strategy on three‐dimensional benchmark building with smart base isolation under seismic excitation has been examined. One of the appropriate control theories for such this nonlinear system is the sliding mode control theory; discontinuous sliding mode theory has weakness such as chattering phenomena. In this paper, we used a combination of fuzzy logic and sliding mode theory for the deletion of this defect. The proposed control theory has been scrutinized by applying on lately developed nonlinear three‐dimensional base‐isolated benchmark building. This building because of the three‐dimensional nature, coalescing of lateral and torsional responses, continuity of responses of the superstructure, and base is modeled with three degrees of freedom on every floor. In this building eight actuators assigned only at the base level and in the two directions (x, y). In other words, 16 actuators are located underneath the structure. Furthermore, the base isolation system has been modeled by considering lateral coupled equations for a better examination of the performance of the system. The results indicate that reduction of control performance is remarkable. Also, utilizing proposed control theory can decrease the responses of building in two main directions and, particularly, in the rotational degree of freedom.     

Dynamic characteristics and seismic response of frame–core tube structures,considering soil–structure interactions

In order to study the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of high‐rise buildings with a frame–core tube structure, while considering the effect of soil–structure interactions (SSIs), a series of shaking table tests were conducted on test models with two foundation types: fixed‐base (FB), in which the superstructure was directly affixed to the shaking table, and SSI, consisting of a superstructure, pile foundation, and soil. To increase the applicability of the model to the dynamic characteristics of real‐world tall buildings, the superstructure of test models was built at a scale of 1/50. This simulated a 41‐floor high‐rise building with a frame–core tube structure. The mode shape, natural frequency, damping ratio, acceleration and displacement response, story shear, and dynamic strain were determined in each of the test models under the excitation of simulated minor, moderate, and large earthquakes. The SSI effect on frame–core tubes was analyzed by comparing the results of the two test models. The results show that the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the two systems were significantly different. Finally, these results were verified by performing a numerical analysis on the differences in the seismic responses of the FB and SSI numerical models under various simulated seismic conditions.     

Dynamic characteristics and viscous dampers design for pile‐soil‐structure system

A series of large‐scale shaking table tests are conducted on tall buildings with and without energy dissipation devices on soft soils in pile group foundations, representing pile‐soil‐structure interaction (PSSI) system and the corresponding fixed‐base situations. The superstructure is a 12‐story reinforced concrete (RC) frame. The dynamic characteristics of the test models show that the frequencies decrease and the damping ratio increase in PSSI system by comparison with the fixed‐base structures. The mode shapes of PSSI system are different from that under fixed‐base condition, and the mode shapes of structure without dampers change greater than that with energy dissipation devices under various white noises. An improved method for structural dynamic characteristics, considering the impedance function of piles, is developed to address the issue of modal parameters with PSSI effect. In addition, the structural dynamic parameters of the large‐scale shaking table tests are identified using the modification method and other regulation methods, demonstrating that the improved approach is highly accurate and effective. Subsequently, a design procedure for viscous dampers of structures with PSSI effect is presented based on the dynamic characteristics of the system. Finally, the dynamic responses of the structure with viscous dampers in the practical engineering are decreased effectively, indicating the good performance of designed viscous dampers. The numerical results also show that the damping efficiency of interstory drift is larger than the acceleration and interstory shear force. Therefore, the improved modal parameters method, validated through a series large‐scale shaking table tests, is applicable for identifying dynamic characteristics of pile‐soil‐structure with energy dissipation devices system. The design procedure of viscous dampers, proved by a reinforced concrete frame structure located on a practical Shanghai soft site, can be employed to design the viscous dampers considering seismic PSSI effect.     

基于弹塑性限位装置的基础隔震建筑地震碰撞行为

在近场速度脉冲型地震作用下,基础隔震建筑可能产生过大的支座变形,为了防止结构和隔震沟边缘产生刚性碰撞并对上部结构造成损伤,建议在隔震层高度用弹塑性限位装置来防止结构产生过大位移并实现一定程度的消能减震。提出了一组动力学方程,将建筑结构模型和Bouc-Wen单元串联,可以考虑隔震间隙的非线性动力响应。考虑了速度脉冲周期对结构响应的放大作用,根据弹塑性动力碰撞分析方程,以3组不同高度的钢框架结构基准模型为算例,计算了限位装置的弹性刚度和屈服力等因素对不同结构的弹塑性响应。结果表明：恰当选取用于碰撞限位的弹塑性限位装置的碰撞刚度与屈服力,既能有效限制隔震层的水平位移,上部结构也不会产生过大的反向动力响应,能够充分保护结构;在较易激发类共振效应的速度脉冲型地震动作用下,上部结构最大响应同弹塑性限位装置的弹性刚度与屈服力呈正相关性。     

Reduced‐basis stiffness inversion of a structure–foundation system via component‐mode synthesis

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new formulation for incremental reduced‐basis stiffness inversion via component‐mode synthesis. An elastically supported shear building model is taken as an example of an assemblage of substructures. The superstructure, the swaying spring and the rocking spring are regarded as ­the constituent substructures. The story stiffnesses of the superstructure are expressed in terms of linear combinations of several stiffness basis distributions. Eigenmodes of a fixed‐base shear beam model having a uniform cross‐section combined with rigid modes due to swaying and rocking displacements of the foundation ­are adopted as component modes for an overall model. It is shown that inverse use of the component‐mode synthesis technique in an incremental inverse problem enables the development of an efficient computational procedure for finding stiffness parameters in the design problem. An approximate expression for the seismic response to stationary random excitations is also presented for the reduced model. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through several elastically supported shear building models. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of a full‐scale multistorey RC building under dynamic loading

A structural scheme of a typical precast multistorey reinforced concrete building incorporating flat‐slab and braced frame systems is presented. The building has been designed for seismic zones. First its dynamic parameters have been determined experimentally. Than the structure has been subjected to resonance vibration and impulse loads in order to yield cracking and other damage in the load‐bearing elements and their joints. The obtained experimental results have been interpreted from the seismic resistance viewpoint. The dynamic parameters and the structural elements damage nature for that building were the main subject of the experiments. Further theoretical investigation has been focused on examining the response of the building to real earthquakes. The experimentally obtained response of the building to vibration loading and the numerically calculated structural behaviour under real earthquakes have been compared. It was concluded that the building satisfies the seismic code requirements for zones with peak ground accelerations (PGA) less than 0·3 g. In order to adapt the building to seismic zones with higher PGA without any changes in the load‐bearing elements and their joints, it was proposed to use a base isolation system. Numerical simulation shows that the base‐isolated building represents a safe response to real earthquake records with PGA equal to 0·3 g. Hence the structure can be recommended for seismic zones with that PGA. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基础隔震结构中上部结构与隔震层的刚度比限值研究

以控制结构变形为目标,将上部结构刚度与隔震层刚度的比值定义为隔震刚度比,作为反映上部结构与隔震层协同变形特点的指标。假定上部结构的地震作用沿高度为矩形分布,在一般结构单质点简化方法基础上提出一种隔震结构动力分析的等效简化方法。进一步分析双自由度等效模型的刚度影响和动力特性,以隔震刚度比的形式解释了结构位移需求、位移分配函数以及隔震刚度比对结构抗震性能的影响。基于抗震性能,推导出结构位移需求与周期关系式、临界隔震刚度比表达式、最大和最小隔震刚度比限值表达式。选取不同结构高度、地震烈度、阻尼条件等计算了上部形式为框架、框-剪、剪力墙结构的三类隔震结构在罕遇地震作用下的隔震刚度比限值。结果表明,一般隔震结构的隔震刚度比限值不宜小于4,低多层隔震结构主要由最小隔震刚度比控制,高层隔震结构在特定条件下需要满足最大隔震刚度比限值。计算结果整理成表格可供设计参考。     

Seismic response control of base‐isolated buildings using multiple tuned mass dampers

Seismic response of a base‐isolated building equipped with single tuned mass damper (STMD), multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs), and distributed multiple tuned mass dampers (d‐MTMDs) under real earthquake ground motions is investigated. Numerical study is carried out using analytical models of five‐, 10‐, and 15‐storey base‐isolated buildings equipped with the STMD, MTMDs, and d‐MTMDs. The buildings are modeled as shear‐type structure with a lateral degree of freedom at each floor level, and the buildings are isolated using the laminated rubber bearing, lead‐core rubber bearing, friction pendulum system, and resilient‐friction base isolator. The coupled differential equation of motion for the buildings are derived and solved in the incremental form using Newmark's step‐by‐step method of integration. From the numerical study conducted, it is concluded that installing a tuned mass damper at each floor level of a base‐isolated building reduces the structural response in terms of top floor acceleration and bearing displacement. It is found that installing the MTMDs and d‐MTMDs are significantly beneficial in reducing top floor acceleration as compared with the STMD. Further, almost comparable reduction in the bearing displacement could be obtained by installing the STMD, MTMDs at top, and d‐MTMDs in the base‐isolated buildings. The d‐MTMDs are more beneficial as compared with the STMD and MTMDs as otherwise huge controller mass can now be divided and distributed on different floor levels.     

基础隔震结构在彭州妇幼医院工程中的设计应用

彭州妇幼医院采用基础橡胶隔震支座结构体系,上部结构为多层框架结构.本文介绍了该工程基础隔震结构的设计过程,应用MIDAS有限元分析软件,分别进行了基础隔震结构与非隔震结构的地震反应时程分析,对基础隔震结构与非隔震结构在同一地震作用下的周期、楼层剪力、层间位移、和层间加速度进行比较分析.通过比较分析表明,基础隔震结构的地...     

Robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings under code‐specified ground motions

The robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings is investigated under code‐specified ground motions. Friction‐type bearings are often used in base‐isolated high‐rise buildings to make the natural period of those buildings much longer. While additional damping can be incorporated into every story in passive controlled structures with inter‐story type passive members, that can be incorporated into the base‐isolation story only in the base‐isolated building. This fact leads to the property that, as the number of stories of the building becomes larger, the damping ratio reduces. This characteristic may cause some issues in the evaluation of robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings. A kind of inverse problem for the target drift in the base‐isolation story is formulated in order to determine the required quantity of additional viscous damping. It is demonstrated numerically that, as the base‐isolated building becomes taller, the damping ratio becomes smaller and the ratio of the friction‐type bearings in the total damping becomes larger. This may lead to the conclusion that base‐isolated high‐rise buildings have smaller robustness than base‐isolated low‐rise buildings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滚轴与橡胶垫隔震结构模型震动台试验研究

建筑物平移时已经具备了设置隔震消能装置的条件,平移时用的滚轴不再取出,在建筑物下设计安装隔震橡胶垫,使滚轴与橡胶垫共同承受上部结构传来的荷载,并且在地震作用下共同起减震作用.对滚轴与橡胶垫隔震结构模型进行了震动台试验研究,通过输入不同大小和类型的地震波,分析隔震上部结构和隔震支座的地震反应.分析结果表明,滚轴与橡胶垫隔震结构的隔震效果明显,试验结果可以为隔震设计和加固中使用这种隔震结构及进一步的理论分析提供重要依据.     

Performance evaluation of an MR damper in building structures considering soil–structure interaction effects

Since the force generated by a magneto‐rheological (MR) damper has large nonlinearity, the performance of an MR damper is dependent on response characteristics such as frequency and amplitude. Soil–structure interaction (SSI) is generally known to have a large effect on the seismic response of a building structure. In this study, the performance of an MR damper in mitigating the seismic response of a building structure is evaluated considering the SSI effects. First, the performance variance of an MR damper due to the change of the structural natural period is investigated by constructing its normalized response spectrum through the numerical analysis of many earthquake wave records and the natural period of a structure. The variable friction force of an MR damper is normalized by the structural base shear force, and its amplitude and decrement of response are quantitatively evaluated. Then, the response characteristics of the SSI system due to the lengthening of the structural natural period and various soil conditions are numerically evaluated based on the response spectrum analysis. Finally, the numerical results with and without considering the SSI effects are comparatively evaluated for the building structure with an MR damper. The comparison results show that the SSI effect should be considered in order that the undesirable effect of an MR damper on the structural control would not be neglected. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层建筑上部结构-桩-土共同作用特性的分析与研究

为了全面认识上部结构 -桩 -土共同作用结构的受力机理以及地震作用下的受力行为及抗震性能 ,寻求高层建筑设计的合理性 ,对在共同作用下上部结构动力特性进行了分析。采用时程分析进行了上部结构共同作用的地震反应计算 ,利用解析法、差分法对上部结构及基础进行了共同作用与非共同作用下计算内力的比较 ,提出了在实际设计中高层结构应注意的问题 ,为上部结构设计提供理论依据。     

基于结构设计的基础隔震结构高宽比限值的研究

本文研究了橡胶支座基础隔震结构的高宽比限值。研究基于保证隔震结构在强震中不倾覆的两个充分条件,一个是橡胶隔震支座不能产生拉应力,另一个是隔震支座压应力不超过容许值。本文推导了隔震结构高宽比限值的显式并给出了针对不同建筑类别、不同设防烈度、不同场地条件和不同隔震层阻尼比的高宽比限值。在支座的轴力计算中,还考虑了竖向地震作用和荷载的最不利组合。研究发现,当控制条件为支座不产生拉应力时,高宽比限值随隔震结构周期的增加而增加;当控制条件为支座压应力不超过容许值时,高宽比限值随隔震结构周期的增加而减小。因此,存在一个临界周期使高宽比限值取得极大值。研究还发现,存在一个最大的隔震结构周期使高宽比限值等于零或隔震层位移超过容许值。将隔震结构的周期与临界周期和最大隔震周期比较,就可以得到相应高宽比限值的表达式。最后,按照简单、安全的原则,将各种工况下的高宽比限值进行了归并,给出了高宽比限值的设计建议值。同时,还按设计规范提供的结构周期计算公式计算了隔震结构的高度限值。     

基于场地特征周期的最小地震剪力系数研究

楼层最小地震剪力系数是建筑抗震设计中的重要控制指标之一。对现行规范规定的最小地震剪力系数限值与场地特征周期无关的不合理性进行了分析,这也是导致Ⅰ、Ⅱ类场地上的长周期结构基底剪力系数难以满足规范限值的主要原因。分析了影响基底剪力系数的因素,发现基底剪力系数受到结构质量和刚度的分布、地震烈度、场地特征周期、结构阻尼比以及设计反应谱形状的影响。提出了基于场地特征周期的最小地震剪力系数限值,在场地条件较好时可放松规范限值,这样使长周期结构的抗震设计更容易满足地震剪力系数的要求,更为经济合理。通过一个算例验证了文中提出的基于场地特征周期的最小地震剪力系数限值的合理性。     

宿迁市府苑小区综合楼隔震分析

宿迁市府苑小区综合楼位于 8度区 ,设计基本地震加速度值为 0 3 0 g ,为 6层底部框架砌体结构 ,平面呈三折线形。工程采用基础隔震技术进行结构设计 ,隔震层由橡胶隔震支座、滑移支座、粘滞消能器组成。对隔震体系空间模型的时程分析表明 :采用基础隔震措施可显著降低上部结构的地震作用 ;设置粘滞消能器能较好地解决降低上部结构的地震作用和限制隔震层位移之间的矛盾 ,有效地消除结构的扭转效应