Deformation Characteristics of Steel Billets with Liquid Core

To investigate the deformation characteristics of billets with liquid core during soft reduction and to clarify the correlation between internal cracks and deformation of the billet in the mushy zone, a fully coupled thermo‐mechanical Finite Element Model was developed in ABAQUS, furthermore, casting and soft reduction tests were carried out in a laboratory strand casting machine. During soft reduction the temperature distribution, the stress and strain states in the billet were calculated, the deformation characteristics of the billet during soft reduction were determined and the relation between internal cracks and equivalent plastic strain as well as maximal principal stress was analysed. The results show that tensile stresses can develop in the mushy zone during soft reduction and the equivalent strain nearby the Zero Ductility Temperature (ZDT) increases with a decreasing solid fraction. Internal cracks can be initiated when the accumulated strain exceeds the critical strain and /or the applied tensile stress exceeds the critical fracture stress during solidification. In addition, the factors (reduction efficiency and internal cracks) that should be considered to determine the optimal parameter for the soft reduction were established.     

轻压下技术在高碳钢方坯连铸应用中的参数选取

轻压下技术作为改善铸坯偏析的有效措施之一,被广泛应用于高碳钢方坯连铸中,其压下参数的选取对于轻压下技术至关重要.通过理论分析并结合其他厂的生产经验,认为压下位置在中心固相率为0.2～0.8、总压下量为4～8 mm时,轻压下效果最佳.合理地应用轻压下技术,可以有效地减轻铸坯的V型偏析、降低中心碳偏析并改善铸坯的宏观组织.     

轻压下技术在高碳钢方坯连铸中的应用

台湾中钢、韩国浦项等5家钢厂在高碳钢方坯连铸中采用轻压技术之后，铸坯中碳和其它元素的中心偏析程度明显降低，缩孔和中心疏松缺陷也大大减少。从这些厂家的应用效果还可以看出，普通的轻压下技术，即机械轻压下技术用于小方坯连铸似乎存在一定的局限性，而热轻压下技术则为小方坯连铸提供了一种新的选择。     

轻压下技术在板坯连铸生产中的应用现状

 阐述了轻压下技术的机理、作用形式、发展过程、理论研究等,并对梅钢板坯连铸2号机(使用轻压下工艺)和1号机(未使用轻压下工艺)的产品进行了对比,结果表明,使用了轻压下工艺之后,铸坯的中心偏析、疏松、裂纹等缺陷得到了明显的改善,因此轻压下工艺对于改善铸坯的中心偏析、疏松等缺陷有良好的效果。良好的操控界面、强化凝固过程的控制技术、不同钢种临界应变物性的研究是轻压下未来的重点发展方向。     

高碳钢方坯凝固质量研究

阐述了高碳钢方坯的生产现状及内部缺陷的成因,研究了二冷比水量、过热度和拉速对铸坯内部质量的影响。结果表明,在没有末端电磁搅拌和轻压下的条件下,满足高碳钢150mm2方坯质量要求的最佳工艺为:比水量0.75L/kg、过热度不大于25℃、拉速2.1m/min;铸坯中心缩孔不大于2.0级、中心疏松不大于1.5级、中心碳偏析指数不大于1.08。     

动态轻压下改善板坯内部质量的应用研究

介绍了安钢采用动态轻压下技术改善板坯内部质量的效果,并分析了动态轻压下对中心偏析和内部裂纹的影响。     

降低高碳钢连铸小方坯中心偏析的研究

通过建立连铸小方坯凝同传热的数学模型，对实际生产中的小方坯凝固状况进行了模拟，发现原配水条件下铸坯表面温度波动大，并针对生产中连铸坯中心碳偏析较大的问题，对二冷水进行了优化。优化配水后的工业试验结果表明，通过凝固模型计算优化后的二冷配水可以降低中心碳偏析，提高连铸坯低倍质量。     

82B高碳钢连铸坯中心偏析及线材质量的改善

为了解决用连铸坯直接轧制的82B高碳钢线材易脆断的问题,进行了试验研究,通过金相组织检验分析等方式,找出了导致82B线材易脆断的主要原因是铸坯中心偏析,并在生产中采取了降低中包钢水过热度、用拉矫辊实施轻压下等措施,使82B高碳钢铸坯中心偏析及轧制的线材质量得到明显改善。     

轴承钢矩形坯内部裂纹的研究

通过扫描和能谱分析及温度场模拟对350mm×470mm轴承钢连铸坯内部裂纹进行了研究。结果表明:裂纹处存在一定的夹杂物,夹杂物主要是Al2O3、MgO及部分铝硅酸盐,其中Al2O3夹杂物较大,长度达70μm,宽度为40μm左右;夹杂物主要是由于在炉外精炼中使用了高碱度和较高Al2O3含量的渣系,生产过程中卷渣等造成的;在连铸过程中,液固两相区存在夹杂物,成为裂纹源,铸坯固液界面所承受的应力及由此产生的塑性变形超过了所允许的高温强度和临界应变值,沿夹杂物方向扩展形成裂纹。     

管线钢连铸轻压下工艺的研究

为了充分发挥铸机动态轻压下技术在提高铸坯内部质量方面的作用,进行了管线钢连铸轻压下技术的试验研究。通过分析中心偏析的形成机理,研究连铸轻压下工艺的设计原则。利用枝晶检验和化学成分分析等手段,研究不同轻压下位置对连铸坯中碳、锰、磷元素偏析的影响,从而对现行的动态轻压下位置进行了优化调整,进一步提高了管线钢连铸坯的内部质量。     

凝固传热模型在静态轻压下技术中的应用

在实测铸坯表面温度的基础上,通过对各冷却段界面换热系数进行修正,建立了适合实际工况条件的凝固传热数学模型,并将模型计算结果应用于静态轻压下试验中,取得了良好的效果。研究结果表明:实施轻压下最佳的工艺条件为:过热度10～30℃、二冷比水量0.28 L/kg、拉速0.85 m/min,压下量8 mm;采用轻压下技术后,铸坯的中心疏松级别由原来的2.0～2.5级降低为1.0～1.5级;V型偏析和中心缩孔有所改善;铸坯的中心平均碳偏析指数由1.17～1.26降低为1.07～1.13。     

高碳钢内部质量控制

鞍钢第二炼钢厂采用现有工艺生产高碳钢(45号、50号钢)时,其产品易出现分层缺陷.分析了缺陷产生的原因,提出减少铸坯中心偏析、中心裂纹,改善铸坯内部质量的措施,有效地降低了高碳钢分层缺陷的发生率.     

Study on the Design of the Soft Reduction Unit of High‐Speed Billet Casters

The production of continuously cast products that display very low centre segregation and thus more homogeneous properties is an important objective, particularly for high‐speed continuous casting of billets, in meeting increasingly stringent quality requirements. In addition to the well known methods of reducing macro‐segregation in continuous casting, inline deformation of the partially solidified strand, already used successfully in slab and bloom casting, offers an alternative for producing material with low segregation level. The present report considers the feasibility and effectiveness of mechanical soft reduction for the continuous casting of billets. The structural design of the soft reduction unit as a stand or segmental construction was investigated, as well as the influence of varying roll diameters. A strand of the existing billet caster S4 was modified for this purpose and soft reduction tests were conducted on spring steel grade 54SiCr6 at casting speeds between 3.30 and 3.60 m/min. The conclusions drawn from the test results as regards roll diameter, required reduction rate and necessary reduction force formed the basis for designing the soft reduction unit of the new billet caster SO that went in operation in March 2004.     

轻压下技术在连铸中的应用

介绍了轻压下技术的冶金原理，讨论实际应用过程中几个重要工艺参数的确定，并针对连铸坯中心偏析的控制效果与传统连铸工艺进行了比较。     

板坯连铸轻压下技术的工艺优化

结合新钢第一炼钢厂4号板坯连铸机的实际情况,对其轻压下进行了工艺优化,结果表明:轻压下工艺优化之后,铸坯的中心偏析和中心疏松得到了明显的改善。     

Dynamic Soft Reduction Technology for Bloom Casting

 The dynamic soft reduction technology for 360mm×450mm bloom casting and its application results at PISCO (Panzhihua Iron &; Steel Co.) were presented. In order to analyze the influence of the soft reduction on internal defects of bloom, such as center porosity and central segregation, experiment for contrasting process with or without soft reduction for bloom was investigated. The operation shows that after applying the soft reduction of bloom alloy steel, the ratio of center porosity whose defect level is below 1.0 increased from 66.67% to 85.71%, ratio of central segregation whose defect level is below 1.0 increased from 94.44% to 100%, ratio of central shrinkage cavity which is free increased from 88.89% to 96.42%, and central segregation index of carbon decreased from mean value of 1.15 to 1.05. These results have provided important technology supports for PISCO to optimize the steel product structure, and to improve the production of high quality, property, and value added products.     

钢种和断面对连铸板坯轻压下效率的影响

结合轻压下效率的理论计算式,考察了板坯断面、钢种对连铸板坯轻压下效率的影响规律。结果表明:压下效率与板坯宽度、厚度呈线性增加关系,板坯宽度每增加15%,压下效率增加约4%;板坯厚度增加15%,压下效率增加约32%;钢种的两相区温度宽度越小,压下效率越高;板坯宽度与钢种对压下效率的影响较小,板坯厚度对压下效率的影响大。     

Dynamic Soft Reduction for Continuously Cast Rail Bloom

  Center porosity and centerline segregation in continuously cast bloom can be minimized by the well known method of dynamic soft reduction. Metallurgical results of soft reduction previously employed in continuous bloom casting for heavy rail steel in Panzhihua Iron and Steel Group were not fully achieved because of the improper soft reduction process. Therefore, experiments for optimizing the process parameters of soft reduction for bloom were carried out. The results show that the proportion of the center porosity, which is less than 10, increases from 2841% to 9981%, while the proportion of the centerline segregation class increases from 4091% to 100%, and the proportion of the central cavity increases from 9205% to 100%, whereas the center carbon segregation index decreases from 117 to 105. The internal quality and the mechanical performance of the rails produced from continuously cast blooms meet the requirement of high speed tracks of 350 km/h.