Factors influencing the sensory perception of reformulated baked confectionary products

Abstract

Baked confectionary products such as cakes, biscuits, cookies, and muffins are consumed globally as they are coveted for their sensory attributes. However, due to their high sugar and fat content, baked confectionary products are also considered major contributors to the prevalence of obesity and the rise of type II diabetes in industrialized nations and in emerging economies. Both sugar and fat have multiple roles in baked confectionary products in terms of structure, texture, shelf-life, aroma, and taste. Considerable efforts have been undertaken to modify product formulations to decrease sugar and fat contents without compromising on product or sensory quality, and this review focuses on relevant research undertaken to date. Aspects addressed include the impact of decreasing sugar and fat content, the impact of sugar or fat substitutes in relation to sensory perception, with a focus on the role of key product constituents, processing parameters, flavor reactions, aromatic compounds, and flavor chemical and sensory techniques.     

烛果油的组成特征及其对巧克力抗霜性影响的研究

烛果油富含1,3-硬脂酸-2-油酸甘油三酯(StOSt),是可可脂的理想改良剂。为探究烛果油在巧克力中的应用效果,以市售烛果油为研究对象,分析其组成特征,并研究其与可可脂复配的相行为及复配体系在经典黑巧克力中的抗霜性能。结果显示：烛果油中的StOSt(57.1%)和甘油二酯(6.65%)含量显著高于可可脂的(23.8%、4.48%),且烛果油中低熔点甘油三酯含量也高于可可脂的;烛果油在室温下的固体脂肪含量比可可脂低10～20百分点;当烛果油与可可脂按质量比9∶1复配时,其相应的巧克力抗霜性显著强于可可脂基巧克力,其中,合适的StOSt、POSt、POP三者比例(10∶3∶1)提高了油基的相容性,而适当的甘油二酯含量有助于保持相的均一性。综上,烛果油可应用于巧克力中以延缓巧克力起抗霜。     

Physical and Sensory Properties of Milk Chocolate Formulated with Anhydrous Milk Fat Fractions

Maximum additions of milk fat that produced temperable milk chocolates were anhydrous milk fat (AMF), middle-melting fraction (MMF) or low-melting fraction (LMF) up to 40 wt % total fat, and high-melting fraction (HMF) up to 35%. The solid fat content (SFC), melting point, melting enthalpy, instrumental and sensory hardness of milk chocolates decreased with increasing milk fat addition. No differences in sensory attributes sweetness, milk powder, chocolate, butter flavor or thickness of melt were observed. Chocolate with 40% MMF or LMF had greater milk flavor than that with 12.2% HMF. Onset of melt correlated (r = 0.96) with melting enthalpy. No differences between types of milk fat (AMF, HMF, MMF, LMF) were observed for any textural attribute assessed.     

月桂酸类代可可脂巧克力脂霜组成及形态学研究

通过气相色谱分析和显微镜观察对起霜前后月桂酸类代可可脂巧克力的脂肪酸组成以及形态学特征进行了研究。结果表明,与新鲜巧克力相比,脂霜中C12∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1含量明显增加,而C14∶0含量相对减少;原子力显微镜结果显示,新鲜巧克力表面相对平滑,起霜后平滑表面破坏,形成明显凹凸面;扫描电镜观察发现新鲜巧克力表面结晶网络结构疏松,起霜巧克力表面油脂晶体形成致密网络结构;偏光显微镜显示脂霜中晶体颗粒明显大于新鲜巧克力晶体颗粒,发生了向更稳定晶体的转变。     

Composition and Structure of Fat Bloom in Untempered Chocolate

It is generally accepted that visual fat bloom is caused by the separation of cocoa butter toward the surface. However, this is not always true for all types of bloom. One type of fat bloom, which can occur due to lack of tempering, has still not been completely elucidated. We performed a compositional and structural study of this type of fat bloom in plain chocolate. More specifically, we performed (1) an investigation of its crystallographic properties, (2) investigation of fat content, (3) analysis of the composition of triacylglycerol (TAG), (4) stereomicroscopic observations, and (5) observation and elemental analysis using a scanning electron microscope with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (SEM‐EDS). In the bloomed chocolate, the fat content in the light brown phase was lower than that in the black phase. Concerning fat composition, the content of sn‐1,3‐saturated acyl, sn‐2‐oleoyl glycerols (Sat‐O‐Sat type TAGs) in the light brown phase was lower. The lower fat content is thought to result in its lighter color. The results of our composition analysis and morphological observations suggest that the mechanism of the bloom generation due to nontempering involves not the separation of fat toward the surface but the crystallization of fat which leads to withdrawal of fat from the vicinity of the growing crystal, leading to differences in fat content.     

脂肪代用品的特点及应用

脂肪代用品可以代替天然脂肪应用于食品、化妆品、医药工业。阐述了多种脂肪代用品的物理、化学性质和生理特性 ,并分别介绍了它们在实际生产中的应用。     

Perception of Heat in Cheese Sauces as Affected by Capsaicin Concentration, Fat Level, Fat Mimetic and Time

Perceived heat intensity in cheese sauces with five capsaicin levels, three fat levels and four fat mimetics was studied with time intensity techniques. Heat intensity was not related to fat mimetic. No differences occurred among fat levels at 0.0 and 0.4 ppm capsaicin. At 0.8 ppm capsaicin, maximum and total heat intensities of reduced- and low-fat sauces were equal; both were lower in full-fat sauces (P<0.001). Low-fat sauces exhibited greater maximum heat and total intensity than full-fat at 1.2 ppm capsaicin. At 1.6 ppm capsaicin, low-fat sauces had greater total intensity than either reduced-or full-fat (P<0.05) sauces. At low-fat levels, lower capsaicin concentrations provided heat equal to higher concentrations in full-fat cheese sauces.     

Fat Content of Milk and Cream and Effects on Fat Globule Stability

Milk fat globules with crystalline fat content were sheared in defined flow conditions in order to ascertain the critical strain rate, which led to destabilization of the fat globules. Based on a fluid-mechanical model which considered the influence of the dispersed phase, a critical shear rate was defined. The model predicted a linear decrease in destabilization shear rate coupled with an increase in fat volume concentration. This interrelationship was confirmed in experiments. Fat globule stability, as related to shear strain rate, increased at decreasing temperatures. Critical shear rates for milk and cream should be calculated at a fat content not exceeding 45% for temperatures between 5 and 20°C. Any motion at higher fat content had a destabilizing effect on fat globules.     

Automated image analysis tool for migration fat bloom evaluation of chocolate coated food products

Migration fat bloom remains a major problem in the production of coated confectionary products where a layer of chocolate is added around a filling or other fat containing substrate. Fat bloom quantification is typically done by a human panel scoring samples in time using a low resolution discrete scale. In view of developing a mechanistic model for migration fat bloom, it is important to have a higher resolution. In this paper, a new, high resolution quantitative method based on image analysis is developed. The method is able to detect both the evolution of fat bloom in terms of the disappearance of gloss and the development of “whitish” portions at the chocolate surface. It was successfully applied to distinguish the difference in fat bloom development rate between samples containing different fat concentrations (0, 3 and 6g/100g) coated on fillings containing different amounts of fat (25 and 75g/100g). In the 25g/100g filling fat case, blooming occurred at a very late stage and was caused by the disappearance of gloss. In the 75g/100g filling fat case the development of a “whitish” surface was responsible for the change in acceptability. The newly developed image analysis method is a solid alternative for the panel procedure.     

粉末油脂的研制

本课题对猪油粉末化乳化液的配制，喷雾干燥的条件进行了研究。着重探讨了乳化剂的ＨＬＢ值、乳化剂的添加量、乳化的温度及水份的添加量对乳化液稳定性和粘度的影响，从而筛选出较为理想的工艺条件。     

Antioxidative Fat Replacer and High-Monounsaturated Oil Used for Pork Fat in Precooked Sausage

One high-fat and four low-fat pork sausage formulations were made: P30 with 30% pork fat (P); P11-W with 11% P and 10% added water (W); P11-WC with 11% P, 9.5% W and 0.5% carrageenan (C); Pso11-WC with 6% P plus 5% high-oleic sunflower oil (So), 9.5% W and 0.5% C; and Pso11-WGcf with 6% P plus 5% So, 7.0% W and 3% defatted glandless cottonseed flour (Gcf). Sausage patty cooking yield was highest for P11-WC and Pso11-WGcf. TBA values for refrigerated precooked patties were lowest for Pso11-WGcf, whereas carrageenan had a prooxidant effect in low-fat patties made with all-pork fat. The oil had no adverse effects on lipid oxidation and sensory properties of low-fat patties with C. The monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio increased by 53–71% in the So-containing low-fat patties when compared to P11-W and P11-WC patties.     

低脂冰淇淋的性质研究

用籼米为基质的脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋配方中的部分脂肪开发了低脂冰淇淋；研究了低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率、抗融化能力、硬度、贮能模量和感官指标。结果表明：随着冰淇淋配方中脂肪含量减少，冰淇淋的膨胀率逐渐增加，抗融化能力略有下降，脂肪替代品能明显增加低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率并改善其抗融化性。低脂冰淇淋的硬度和G^＋下降。用模糊数学的方法评价了低脂冰淇淋的感官指标，发现低脂冰淇淋中脂肪的最佳含量为4％。脂肪替代品能明显改善低脂冰淇淋的感官品质。脂肪含量为4％的低脂冰淇淋的感官指标与中脂冰淇淋相当。     

The Contribution of Modern Margarine and Fat Spreads to Dietary Fat Intake

The study of dietary fat consumption and its resultant effects on human health has been one of the most investigated topics in the field of human nutrition. Based on the results obtained from such studies, specific dietary recommendations on fat intake (both in terms of quantity and quality) have been established by health organizations around the globe. Among the various food industry sectors, the margarine manufacturers have also responded to these guidelines and now offer improved formulations with a desirable balance of fat contents and fat types. The main aim of this article is to provide an overview on how these modern margarines can contribute towards reaching the dietary guidelines relating to fat intake. In particular, the dietary recommendations with respect to the specific fatty acid types are comprehensively detailed along with an emphasis on the role of modern margarines in providing balanced fat types (more polyunsaturated fats, less saturated fats and a near‐complete absence of trans fats) in the daily diet.     

新型功能性油脂问题浅析

近二十年来,人们一直关注着过度膳食脂肪对健康所带来危害,同时各种新型功能性油脂也应 运而生。该文论述这些新型功能性油脂在制备技术、理化性质与应用,及食物安全性等方面存在问题, 并对其进行讨论。     

甘油二酯对可可脂类油脂结晶和巧克力起霜的影响研究进展

可可脂类油脂富含对称型单不饱和甘油三酯,通过科学调控可可脂类油脂中的甘油二酯,可优化巧克力的调温工艺,控制其起霜行为。综述了可可脂类油脂中甘油二酯的含量与种类(包括脂肪酸饱和度、链长和位置分布),探讨其对油脂结晶行为的作用规律,进而分析其对巧克力抗霜性能的影响。在适宜含量下1,3-甘油二酯可促进油脂形成巧克力需要的Ⅴ型晶体结构,而1,2-甘油二酯则倾向于使油脂形成Ⅱ～Ⅳ型晶体结构,且作用程度受脂肪酸链长的影响。然而,高含量甘油二酯无法使油脂形成Ⅴ型晶体结构。当甘油二酯含量在3%～5%时,油脂虽可形成Ⅴ型晶体结构,但需根据具体含量对结晶参数进行调整。因此,有必要通过分提、复配等技术对可可脂类油脂的甘油二酯进行调控。     

Pre-Emulsified Corn Oil, Pork Fat, or Added Moisture Affect Quality of Reduced Fat Bologna Quality

Replacing fat with additional water prevented the increase in firmness normally associated with low-fat meat products. Pre-emulsifying the fat or oil also decreased the firmness of reduced-fat bologna. The color of reduced fat bologna was darker for all except the pre-emul-sified corn oil treatments. Redness values for the intact (reduced) fat were the highest of all treatments. Pre-emulsifying fats caused a reduction in redness values for bologna. Flavor and overall acceptability scores from a consumer sensory panel did not differ among bologna samples, but juiciness scores were higher in bologna containing additional water. Accumulated purge in vacuum packages increased with water content in the products and with addition of pre-emulsified oil.     

明胶与阿拉伯胶复合凝聚法制备脂肪替代品的研究

随着人们对高油脂食品对健康影响的认识,脂肪替代品开发的意义越来越大。本实验以明胶和阿拉伯胶为主要原料通过复合凝聚法制备脂肪替代品(FS),得到FS产率高达4.93的生产工艺：pH4.25,明胶溶液与阿拉伯胶溶液配比1:1、搅拌温度50℃、静置时间为0.5h、溶质浓度2%、搅拌速度100r/min。产品的外观类似油脂,体积平均粒径在10μm左右,满足脂肪替代品特性要求。