施加温度场的多孔介质中超临界流体流动特性模拟

为了研究温度场作用下超临界流体在多孔介质流动中“可调”性质的变化特性,针对各向同性多孔圆柱体建立了多孔介质中超临界流体的流动与传热耦合传递过程数学模型。在均匀加热和非均匀加热条件下,采用COMSOL Multiphysics3.3a软件对模型方程进行数值求解,研究了超临界CO2注入砂床过程中流体“可调性”随局部压力和温度耦合变化的特性。研究表明,非均匀的线性加热条件可以改变近壁区的流动特性,使多孔介质内在近壁处的流体速度沿流动方向趋于平均,在一定程度上加速壁面处滞缓的流体;超临界流体相对密度等性质的分布特性主要受计算区域中温度和流速影响而发生较大变化。施加温度梯度的作用可以成为调控多孔介质中超临界流体“可调性”的手段。     

多孔介质中受限层流冲击射流的流动与换热特性

基于两区(two-domain)模型采用基于预处理的时间推进法对铺设有多孔介质层的恒温平板在受限层流冲击射流作用下的流动与换热特性进行了研究,其中多孔区域动量方程采用Brinkman-Forchheimer拓展Darcy模型,能量方程则采用局部热平衡(LTE)模型,并对porous/fluid交界面切应力跳跃条件对多孔介质冲击射流的影响进行了分析。流体的控制方程采用基于密度的有限体积法来求解,并针对于多孔区域低速流动特点采用相对应的预处理矩阵来消除控制方程的刚性。还对Reynolds数、孔隙率、Darcy数、热导率比、多孔介质层厚度等参数的变化对流动结构及换热特性的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明,在目前的计算条件下,在其他参数一定时,Reynolds数、孔隙率对通道内流动结构的影响有限;Darcy数、多孔介质层厚度则对流动结构的影响很大;上述参数对受冲击平板的总体换热性能均有明显的影响。在受冲击平板上铺设适当厚度的高渗透率、高热导率的多孔材料能有效地增强换热性能。     

REV尺度多孔介质格子Boltzmann方法的数学模型及应用的研究进展

综述了多孔介质表征体元尺度(REV)格子Boltzmann模型的研究进展,根据对多孔介质处理方式主要分为部分反弹模型和阻力模型两类,分析归纳了各类模型的优缺点。由于阻力模型中渗流的广义格子Boltzmann方程(GLBE)的作用力是基于GUO等的作用力模型,可以准确得到宏观方程,不存在离散误差,且模型的平衡分布函数和作用力项中都包含反应介质特性的孔隙率,因而应用最为广泛。本文还重点介绍了REV尺度多孔介质LBE模型在流动、传热、传质、化学反应及相变等过程中的具体应用,认为REV尺度多孔介质内的三传一反数学模型中需要加入孔隙尺度因素,在更大工程尺度上应该考虑过程参数的各向异性,展望了REV尺度多孔介质LBE模型的发展和应用前景。     

多孔介质中流体流动的格子气自动机模拟

介绍了 13-Bit正六边形多速格子气自动机模型的特点 ,讨论了多孔介质流体流动的格子气自动机模型的渗透率等参量算方法 ,应用该模型对计算机产生的多孔介质几何构型和焦炭多孔介质中的流体流动进行了模拟 ,其结果既可以给出多孔介质中的流动细节 ,也可统计得到表征多孔介质宏观流动特征的物理参量 .初步研究表明 :格子气自动机模型可用于模拟复杂边界条件下多孔介质的流体流动     

多孔介质中超临界流体可调特性的模拟与分析——温度梯度的作用

多孔介质中超临界流体的可调性与流体流动与传热耦合过程密切相关.今针对各向同性二维正方形区域建立了多孔介质中超临界流体的流动与传热耦合传递过程数学模型.以超临界CO2为模型流体,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对模型方程进行数值求解.分析和讨论了多孔介质中温度梯度对超临界流体的流动特性和传递性质的影响特性.研究表明:温度梯度显著地影响计算区域中流体的速度分布,近加热壁区的流体出现了速度的加速层.流体的动力黏度和导热系数等性质的分布特性也受计算区域中温度梯度的作用而存在极小值,导致局部流动性能的提高和传热性能的下降.对于多孔介质中超临界流体的可调性,可通过边界上的温度梯度加以调节和控制.     

三维小球随机堆积多孔介质内黏弹性流体流动数值模拟分析

复杂流体在多孔介质内的流动广泛存在于自然界和工业生产中,研究复杂流体的非牛顿特性对多孔介质内流动的影响具有重要的意义。基于黏弹性流体本构方程,对三维颗粒随机堆积的多孔介质模型进行研究,获得了流体流变性质对多孔介质内流动特性的影响规律。研究发现,流体的流变性质对多孔介质流场内流动的压力降和渗透率等有着显著的影响。对于黏弹性流体来说,随着弛豫时间的增大,即流体的弹性增强,导致流场内压力降减小,渗透率增大;当表征剪切稀化效应的迁移因子增大时流场内部压力降减小,渗透率增大。     

固定床流体流动特征数值模拟

为了研究固定床边壁效应、固定床床层数的变化以及颗粒的填充倾斜角度等参数对床内流体流动状况的影响,基于Ergun方程建立了轴对称多孔介质数学模型。同时对床内流体流动状况进行了研究:在床高确定的情况下,随着床层数的增加,压强降减少;随着颗粒填充倾斜角度的增加,压强降也减少,速度径向分布不均;在固定床边壁附近,气体速度明显增大。计算结果与实验值的比较表明模型能有效地描述固定床压强降和床内流体流动状况。     

多孔介质热流耦合传热模拟研究

针对稠油热采过程中高温高压流体注入油藏多孔介质引起的温度场和速度场的变化情况,以达西定律为基础,采用有限体积法建立多孔介质热流耦合方程。基于REV尺度多孔介质模型进行模拟计算,研究多孔介质的渗透率和体积分数,以及热采过程中热流体的注入压力,对多孔介质内热流耦合传热过程的影响。结果表明:增加渗透率对多孔介质传热的效果优于增加入口压力,固体体积分数增大,增加热阻,导致传热效果降低。增大注入热流体压力,能够增加热量传递速度。     

逾渗多孔介质对固体颗粒吸附过程的影响

研究了悬浮液中的颗粒在通过逾渗多孔介质时的被吸附特性。采用数值计算的方法;通过求解描述低速流体流动的Stokes方程以及简化的颗粒运动方程;初步得到颗粒在逾渗多孔介质中的运动轨迹;并在此基础上;求得颗粒与多孔介质内表面的碰撞概率;进而研究颗粒的被吸附特性。数值结果表明均匀多孔介质和分形多孔介质对颗粒的吸附存在本质差异。颗粒流出概率（实际中常表示为出口悬浮液中的颗粒浓度）与多孔床深度间的指数关系仅对均匀多孔介质成立;而对分形多孔介质并不成立。     

表面辐射对部分填充吸湿性多孔介质的封闭腔体内热湿耦合传递的影响

根据多孔介质热质传递原理, 基于有限元的方法数值分析了具有表面热辐射的部分填充吸湿性多孔介质的封闭腔体内部自然对流流动及热湿耦合传递过程, 探讨了表面发射率、Rayleigh数和Darcy数等参数对封闭腔体内部自然对流流动及热湿耦合传递过程的影响, 研究结果表明, 壁面热辐射的作用可以提高多孔介质内部的温度, 而且随着表面发射率的增大, 多孔介质内部的水分逐步向其右上角迁移和聚集。另外, Darcy数、多孔介质与空气的热导率比对方腔内部多孔介质的热量传递和水分迁移影响较小。     

非热平衡多孔介质内反应与传热传质耦合过程

采用局部热不平衡假设,对发生强吸热化学反应的多孔介质体系建立了反应与传热、传质耦合问题的数学模型,采用Ergun-Forchheimer-Brinkman方程描述多孔介质中的流体流动.运用交替方向隐式(ADI)方法对模型离散求解,并采用文献中的实验数据对模型进行验证.计算了不同条件下颗粒物料层内气体和固体骨架的温度场、产物气体浓度场以及固体转化率分布,以得到多孔介质体系内固有化学反应时的传热、传质规律.结果表明,不能忽略固体骨架与流体间的温度差.入口渗流速度、入口气体温度以及固体颗粒尺寸是影响系统反应特性的重要参数.研究结果对具有强吸热反应的固定床反应器的设计和运行具有一定的参考作用.     

移动颗粒床中高温气体渗流传热数值计算

针对移动颗粒床中物料层内的高温气体渗流传热现象 ,考虑渗流与传热的相互作用 ,采用局部非热平衡假设建立了多孔介质渗流传热物理数学模型并进行了数值计算 .研究了不同情况下床内填充多孔介质中的流速、气固温度和床层压力损失 .计算结果表明 ,高温热气对移动床颗粒料层的热渗透主要发生在渗流入口端区域 ,增大入口渗流速度以及减小床层物料下移速度将导致物料温度沿床高慢速下降 ,热渗透深度扩大 ,热渗透作用区域内的物料温度水平提高 .在热渗透作用区域 ,孔隙率对流场和压力损失有很大的影响 .研究结果对于移动颗粒床反应器的设计与运行具有一定的参考作用     

多孔介质内流体流动的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法模拟多孔介质内的流动过程,通过预测渗透率,比较了单松弛模型、多松弛模型和熵格子模型在多孔介质计算中的优劣,为研究多松弛模型中各自由参数的影响,选择了12种组合进行模拟,此外,还将大涡模拟与格子Boltzmann方法相结合模拟了多孔介质内高Reynolds数下的流动及流型的转变。结果表明：单松弛模型和熵格子模型预测的渗透率随黏度逐渐增大,而多松弛模型得到的结果随黏度变化很小,另外,多松弛模型中不同松弛参数的组合对结果有较大的影响,通过比较推荐了模拟多孔介质时的最佳组合,计算结果与经验公式吻合较好。大涡模拟与多松弛模型结合较好地预测了多孔介质内流型的转变,Reynolds数越大,多孔介质内的涡越多,并且变大。     

Viscoelastic flow in packed beds or porous media

An analysis of viscoelastic flow in packed beds or porous media is presented based on a capillary hybrid model of the flow which incorporates a viscous mode and an elongational mode. The development includes modelling of the elongational mode of the flow to obtain the elongational flow contribution to the potential drop for a viscoelastic fluid. A general expression describing viscoelastic flow in porous media is developed which utilizes the viscous response determined by the fluid model equation and an elongational flow response characterized by an elongational viscosity difference for the fluid. The expression applies to all three traditional bed models employing the tortuosity and Kozeny constant. The relationship yielded extensions of Darcy's law applicable to viscoelastic flow in porous media and an expression representing the flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a packed bed or porous core of length L. The relationship of the friction factors and respective Reynolds numbers is also presented.     

Quantitative Estimation of Permeability with Lattice Boltzmann Simulations: Representative Porous Media from Composite Processing

Understanding of the flow of fluids through beds of fibrous media is extremely important for composites processing. In this work, we have investigated a steady flow of a Newtonian fluid through two‐dimensional porous media using lattice Boltzmann methods. The porous domains studied in this work represent different types of porous media encountered in composite processing. Initially, the methodology was validated with a simulation of flow through random porous media. Flow through porous media with circular and elliptical inclusions was simulated with different geometric arrangements. Simulations were also carried out with anisotropic porous media. The permeability was estimated as a function of porosity, geometric arrangements and the degree of anisotropy. The simulation results agree well with those from analytical, empirical and experimental studies. The results demonstrate that such a method will be very useful in simulating composite processing.     

Flow through porous media of a shear-thinning liquid with yield stress

Darcy's law for the laminar flow of Newtonian fluids through porous media has been modified to a more general form which will describe the flow through porous media of fluids whose flow behavior can be characterized by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The model covers the flow of homogeneous fluids with a yield value and a power law flow behavior. Experiments in packed beds of sand were carried out with solutions of paraffin wax in two oils and with a crude oil from the Peace River area of Canada. The model fitted the data well. A sensitivity analysis of the fitting parameters showed that the model fit was very sensitive to errors in the flow behavior index, n , of the Herschel-Bulkley model. A comparison of the “n” values calculated from viscometer measurements and from flow measurements agreed well. A more general Reynolds number for flow through porous media, which includes a fluid yield value, was developed. The data were fitted to a Kozeny-Carman type equation using this Reynolds number. The constant in the Kozeny-Carman equation was determined for the two packed beds studied using Newtonian oils. The data could all be represented, within the experimental error, by the relationship f^* = 150/Re^*. Since the mean volume to surface diameter of the packing was determined by the measurement of its permeability to a Newtonian oil, assuming C' = 150, the new definition of the Reynolds number allows the direct use of the Kozeny-Carman equation with Herschel-Bulkley type fluids.     

Dynamics of fluid circulation in coupled free and heterogeneous porous domains

Fluid flow in coupled free and porous domain, particularly when the porous medium is heterogeneous, is encountered in many hydro-environmental conditions, e.g., leakage from underground pipe, combined groundwater lake-subsurface interactions. One of the most difficult problems in the study of coupled flow behaviour has been the development of a universally applicable modelling scheme for combining the flow regimes. This is because the free/porous interfacial properties (e.g., shear-stress; velocity slip) that govern the coupled flow behaviour are difficult to determine experimentally under hydro-environmental conditions. On the other hand, the implications of various forms of heterogeneity in the porous media properties can be very different on the fluid-flow behaviour. Difficulties may also arise in direct coupling of the model equations that govern the fluid flow in the individual regions (e.g., Navier-Stokes for free-flow region and the Darcy's equation for the porous flow region). Consequently, models of coupled free and porous flow for hydro-environmental conditions are not very well developed at the moment. While there are some indications that fluids in coupled free and porous domains may circulate (i.e., development of flow cells), there is a lack of appropriate 3D analysis on how heterogeneities in porous media may affect such flow patterns. In this paper, we aim to analyse how porous media heterogeneity affects the dynamics of flow circulation in the porous side of a coupled free and porous domain. For this purpose, we analyse flow patterns in several model domains made up of two porous layers with differing permeabilities. The governing model equations are discretised and solved using the standard finite volume method on a staggered cell-centred mesh. The temporal discretisation is done using the explicit method. An in-house graphical user interface (GUI) has been created specifically to aid in the visualisation of otherwise complex flow patterns. The GUI contains many post-processing options and provides a comprehensive tool for the analysis of hydrodynamics and contaminant motion (not discussed in this paper) in coupled free and porous flow domains. This GUI is described in this paper briefly. The effects of altering the aspect ratio (i.e., multi-scale) of the domain on the coupled flow pattern have also been discussed.     

Micro-level instability of bubble flows in packings

Bubbly liquid flow through fixed beds and its transition to dispersed-bubble flow is analyzed. The system is described as a compressible fluid filtrating through porous media. The system peculiarities—the isothermal variation of perfect gas in the spherical bubbles, weak compressibility of the liquid, etc.—are accounted for in the state equation for bubbly liquid. Dimensionless criteria were found determining the bubbly-liquid flow in packings at the macro (bed) scale as well as criterion for its stability at the micro (pore) scale. The modeling results are compared with the experimental data.