乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯合成新工艺研究

以丙二酸二乙酯、冰醋酸、亚硝酸钠为原料 ,n( CH2 - ( COOC2 H5) 2 )∶ n( CH3 COOH)∶n( Na NO2 ) =1∶ 2∶ 2 ,加入相转移催化剂合成肟基丙二酸二乙酯 ( DEOM) ,节省冰醋酸和亚硝酸钠的使用量。 DEOM用 CH2 Cl2 萃取 ,然后将 DEOM在 40～ 5 0℃、醋酸介质中加锌粉还原 ,乙酐酰化 ,用水结晶得产品乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯 ( DEAM) ,熔点 96.5～ 97.5℃ ,相对于丙二酸二乙酯收率为 79.6%。     

乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯的合成方法改进

一种简便合成乙酰氨基两二酸二乙酯的方法：用亚硝基丙二酸二乙酯还原乙酰化,得到收率83％左右,纯度99．4％以上的产品。     

聚丙烯催化剂内给电子体环丁基-1,1-二甲醇二甲醚的合成

以丙二酸二乙酯和1,3-二氯丙烷为起始原料,经烷基化、酯还原和醚化反应合成环丁基-1,1-二甲醇二甲醚,分别考察了关键因素对3步合成反应的影响。适宜的工艺条件为:①烷基化反应时,丙二酸二乙酯0.1 mol,n(丙二酸二乙酯)∶n(CsOH)∶n(1,3-二氯丙烷)=1.0∶2.2∶1.4,DMSO为100 mL,反应温度30℃,反应时间16 h,收率为93.6%;②酯还原反应时,以无水氯化锌为催化剂,环丁基-1,1-二甲酸二乙酯与硼氢化钾的摩尔比为2.0∶1.0,反应温度60℃,反应时间12 h,收率为88.0%;③醚化反应时,以四丁基溴化铵相转移催化剂,甲苯为溶剂,0.1 mol环丁基-1,1-二甲醇,n(环丁基-1,1-二甲醇)∶n(NaOH)∶n(碳酸二甲酯)=1.0∶8.0∶2.4,催化剂四丁基溴化铵1.25 g,反应温度40℃,收率为61.8%。以丙二酸二乙酯为计三步反应的总收率为50.9%。     

香豆素-3-羧酸及酯合成方法的研究

在无水乙醇中,以二乙胺为催化剂,通过水杨醛与丙二酸二乙酯的Knoevenagel缩合反应合成了香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯,再经水解、酸化得到香豆索-3-羧酸。对影响香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯收率的原料配比、催化剂的用量进行了研究。所得最佳合成条件为：水杨醛与丙二酸二乙酯物质的量比1：1．2,二乙胺与水杨醛物质的量比为1：4,反应时间2h,在最佳工艺条件下。香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯的收率85％,香豆素-3-羧酸的收率95％。     

2-氯嘧啶的合成工艺研究

介绍了2-氯嘧啶的合成工艺路线,研究了多种因素对每步反应收率的影响,得到较佳的工艺条件。实验结果表明丙二酸二乙酯和盐酸胍反应以4h为佳,合成的4,6-二羟基-2-氨基嘧啶以二氯甲烷为溶剂反应得4,6-二氯-2-氨基嘧啶,脱氯反应的较佳配比为n(Na)：n(Zn)：n(4,6-二氯-2-氨基嘧啶)=2．6：3：1,合成2-氯嘧啶的较佳原料配比为n(2-氨基嘧啶)：n(ZnCl2)：n(NaNO2)=1：3：1．7,反应总收率为43．7％。     

4-异氰酸酯基苯乙酸乙酯的合成工艺研究

介绍了以对氨基苯乙酸乙酯和三光气为原料合成其异氰酸酯的研究.重点讨论了溶剂、原料配比、反应时间、反应温度和滴加顺序等对合成工艺的影响.研究表明:以1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂,反应回流时间为4-5 h,物质的量比n二(三-氯甲基)碳酸酯(BTC):n对氨基苯乙酸乙酯=1:2,收率可达97%.     

4-(2-乙酰氨基-3-羧基丙酰氨基)苯甲酸的合成工艺研究

以L-天冬氨酸和乙酸酐为原料,经脱水环化合成N-乙酰-L-天冬酸酐,然后与对氨基苯甲酸经N-酰化反应合成得到新化合物4-(2-乙酰氨基-3-羧基丙酰氨基)苯甲酸。通过Scifinder查询,未发现它的报道。研究了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间和溶剂等因素对产物收率的影响。优化条件为:无水乙醇作溶剂,n(N-乙酰-L-天冬酸酐)∶n(对氨基苯甲酸)=1∶1,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为3 h。优化条件下产物收率为78.7%。目标化合物经熔点、红外和核磁氢谱确证。     

d,l-2-乙酰氨基-3-(3'-吲哚)丙酸的制备和拆分研究

以3-吲哚基-甲基-乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯为原料,经选择性水解制备d,l-2-乙酰氨基-3-(3'-吲哚)丙酸,最佳反应条件是:反应温度70～80℃,反应时间为6h,物料3-吲哚基-甲基-乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯与氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1∶2.5,产率可达到84.4%;研究了利用对硝基苯基-2-氨基-1,3-丙二醇为拆分剂对d,l-2-乙酰氨基-3-(3'-吲哚)丙酸进行拆分,d-2-乙酰氨基-3-(3'-吲哚)丙酸的拆分纯度为98%.     

3-氨基-2-吡咯甲酸乙酯盐酸盐的合成工艺改进

改进了3-氨基-2-吡咯甲酸乙酯盐酸盐的合成工艺,经过4步反应合成了目标化合物,包括在氢化钠催化下甲酸乙酯和乙腈缩合后再与氨基丙二酸二乙酯缩合,然后经乙醇钠关环及与氯化氢成盐得到;应用氢核磁共振及元素分析对样品结构进行了表征;对各步反应的条件进行改进,结果表明：原料的最优比例是n (HCOOC2H5) ∶n (CH3CN)∶n (NaH)∶n [NH2CH(COOC2H5)2HCl]＝1∶1.2∶1.3∶0.5,反应温度为20℃,反应时间分别为24 h和48 h;在工艺改进的情况下,反应收率得到较大提高,生产成本降低,适合工业化生产。     

香豆素-3-羧酸及其酯的合成研究

在无水乙醇中,以六氢吡啶为催化剂,通过水杨醛与丙二酸二乙酯的Knoevenagel缩合反应合成了香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯,再经水解、酸化得到香豆素-3-羧酸。对影响香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯收率的原料配比、反应时间、催化剂的选择和用量进行了研究。所得最佳合成条件为:水杨醛与丙二酸二乙酯物质的量比1.0∶1.4,1 mol六氢吡啶用量0.8 mL,反应时间2 h,在最佳工艺条件下,香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯的收率87.6%,质量分数为99.6%。通过IR光谱对产品进行了表征。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.