水泥泡沫混凝土的改性研究

采用丁苯乳液、苯丙乳液、硅灰、粉煤灰和橡胶粉等外加剂分别对物理发泡水泥混凝土的性能进行单一和复合改进试验。结果表明,复掺硅灰和丁苯乳液可显著提高泡沫混凝土早期强度,并降低吸水率,改善混凝土性能,当硅灰掺量4%,丁苯乳液掺量12%时,混凝土吸水率降低17%,7d抗压强度增加0.5 MPa;丁苯乳液对降低泡沫混凝土吸水率有一定促进作用;苯丙乳液对混凝土强度影响较大;硅灰与粉煤灰降低吸水率效果不佳;橡胶粉不能作为混凝土外加改性材料。     

矿物掺合料对聚羧酸减水剂与水泥相容性的影响

高性能减水剂与水泥适应性差会导致混凝土流动性和坍落度损失过快,矿物掺合料将影响高性能减水剂与水泥的相容性。对比研究矿物掺合料种类和掺量对水泥净浆、砂浆和混凝土流动性的影响;采用TOC法测试了矿物掺合料对聚羧酸减水剂吸附量的影响;分析了矿物掺合料影响聚羧酸减水剂与水泥相容性的机理。结果表明,粉煤灰和矿渣对提高水泥净浆流动性具有一定的叠加效应,可用胶砂减水率的加权平均值进行量化;硅灰对水泥浆体流动性的不利影响远大于粉煤灰和矿渣的辅助减水分散作用,不利于改善聚羧酸减水剂与水泥的相容性;粉煤灰和矿渣增加聚羧酸减水剂在水泥体系中的吸附量;粉煤灰和矿渣对聚羧酸减水剂在混凝土中的减水分散效果有改善作用但不显著。     

低温稻壳灰可控制备及复合水泥研究

采用可控式低温稻壳灰制备装置研究了各种因素对稻壳灰产品的影响;X射线及SEM表征表明,制得的低温稻壳灰为无定形态,且颗粒粒度范围为50～100nm.将低温稻壳灰作为水泥掺合料,与硅灰和粉煤灰对比得到:低温稻壳灰对混凝土强度具有明显的提高效用;当水灰比一定,低温稻壳灰掺入量小于20%(质量分数)时,硅灰与稻壳灰的增强效果相近,可以用稻壳灰代替硅灰.     

环境湿度对玻璃纤维增强水泥力学性能的影响

通过开展在不同龄期、不同环境湿度下玻璃纤维增强水泥(GRC)试件的抗折强度、抗压强度试验和基体pH值测定,研究了环境湿度对掺加粉煤灰和硅灰等活性矿物掺合料的GRC试件力学性能的影响。结果表明:环境湿度对GRC试件的抗折强度有重要影响,相对湿度越大,随着龄期增加, GRC试件抗折强度降低越严重;在温度60℃、相对湿度95%条件下,经过56 d龄期后,掺有40%粉煤灰和10%硅灰的GRC试件抗折强度比未掺加粉煤灰和硅灰的GRC试件的抗折强度提高48.5%、抗压强度提高23.6%, GRC基体pH值降低6%。在相同的湿度条件下,掺有粉煤灰和硅灰试件的pH值在各个龄期都低于普通硅酸盐水泥试件,说明粉煤灰和硅灰的掺入能降低水泥水化液相的碱度,进而延缓了纤维受侵蚀的速度,显著改善了GRC试件的力学及耐久性能。通过对试验结果进行分析,利用MATLAB软件建立了GRC试件抗折强度和抗压强度与水泥砂浆基体pH值及时间的关系式。      

促进水泥泡沫混凝土凝结硬化的试验与研究

采用硅灰、氯化钙和碳酸锂等外加剂分别对物理发泡水泥混凝土的凝结硬化性能进行单一和复合改进试验。结果表明,氯化钙能够有效促进水泥泡沫混凝土的凝结与硬化,当氯化钙掺量为2%(36 g)时,混凝土的初凝和终凝时间均缩短了11 h,7 d抗压强度增加了0.8 MPa;硅灰对水泥泡沫混凝土凝结硬化有一定的促进作用;碳酸锂促凝效果不明显;硅灰和氯化钙复掺没有表现出较大的复合效应。     

矿物掺合料对地聚合物抗冻性能的影响

以碱激发偏高岭土制备地聚合物混凝土,分别研究了掺入15%的钢渣、矿渣或粉煤灰的地聚合物混凝土的力学抗压强度和抗冻性能,测试了地聚合物混凝土的真空饱水体积吸液率,运用XRD、SEM和DSC-TG等测试方法分析了矿物掺合料对地聚合物微观结构和水化产物的影响。结果表明:钢渣或矿渣能有效提高地聚合物混凝土的抗压强度,而粉煤灰的掺入使其强度稍有降低;地聚合物表观形貌中存在较多的孔洞和微裂缝导致其抗冻性能较差,掺入钢渣或者矿渣后地聚合物形成了新的产物C-S-H凝胶、C-A-S-H凝胶等并填充在结构中形成更加密实的板状结构,降低了地聚合物混凝土冻融破坏速率,五次冻融循环后地聚合物的相对强度均在90%以上,抗冻性能得到提高;粉煤灰降低了制备地聚合物混凝土的用水量且未水化的粉煤灰颗粒镶嵌在结构中增加了其密实性和抗冻性能,五次冻融循环后相对强度为86.9%,基准组的相对强度仅为79.7%。     

硅基材料和矿渣应用于水泥基材料的研究进展

水泥基材料是目前使用量最大的建筑材料,在实际应用过程中,水泥基材料会出现损坏,达不到预期的性能要求.水泥水化产物中存在大量结晶的Ca(OH)2,影响各种水泥水化产物之间的粘结性,造成水泥基材料性能的降低.如何增强水泥基材料的性能成了国内外研究的热点,需要找到能够有效改善水泥基材料性能的方法.查阅国内外相关文献发现,将粉煤灰、硅灰、纳米SiO2(因三种材料的主要组分为SiO2,以下统称为硅基材料)或矿渣掺入到水泥基材料中,因其具有火山灰反应,并能起到填充作用,可明显提高水泥基材料的性能.掺合料的加入可降低水泥基材料中Ca(OH)2含量,减小其晶粒尺寸,使C-S-H凝胶的数量增多,改善水泥基材料的孔隙率,提高其性能.粉煤灰和矿渣成分中有部分玻璃态物质,能减少水泥浆体用水量,增加和易性;具有较低的火山灰性,适量掺入能降低水泥浆体的水化速度;含有粉煤灰或矿渣的水泥基材料早期强度较低,后期强度较高.硅灰与纳米SiO2的火山灰活性较高,能促进水化,适量掺入能够使水泥基材料早期强度大幅提高,但后期强度发展较慢;同时也会增大水泥基材料早期收缩,增加其结构开裂的风险.不同掺合料复掺后能产生协同增强效应,可获得性能优异的复掺改性水泥基材料.本文主要介绍了硅基材料和矿渣在水泥基材料中的应用,从反应机理、水化热、强度、孔隙率等方面来阐述其在水泥基材料中的研究现状和相关成果.对目前研究中存在的相关问题进行了分析总结,以期为制备性能优异的水泥基材料提供一定的参考.     

矿物掺合料对水泥砂浆TSA侵蚀的影响

研究了硅灰、粉煤灰、矿渣对水泥砂浆TSA侵蚀的影响,采用掺30%石灰石填料的砂浆件,测试各砂浆在5±1℃的2%MgSO4溶液中浸泡1年后的外观、强度及矿物成分变化.结果表明:掺石灰石粉使水泥砂浆受侵蚀后表面呈软泥状,主要腐蚀产物为硅灰石膏和石膏,表现为典型的TSA破坏特征,其强度损失率大于纯水泥砂浆.矿物掺合料的加入降低了水泥石中CH晶体含量,从而在一定程度上提高了水泥砂浆的抗TSA侵蚀能力.矿物掺合料对水泥石中CH晶体的减少与对抗TSA侵蚀性的改善效果具有相同的规律,其优劣次序为:60%矿渣粉>5%硅灰 25%矿渣粉>8%硅灰>30%矿渣粉>20%粉煤灰>无掺合料.     

三元复合胶凝体系中硅灰和粉煤灰反应程度的确定

采用选择性溶解法和非蒸发水量法定量研究了不同龄期、不同掺量水泥-硅灰-粉煤灰三元复合胶凝体系中矿物掺合料的反应进程。用同细度同掺量的惰性石英粉替代粉煤灰以消除粉煤灰的稀释效应和异核成核效应,得到三元复合胶凝体系中硅灰的反应程度;根据三元复合胶凝体系中矿物掺合料的整体反应程度,计算了粉煤灰的反应程度。结果表明,硅灰的火山灰反应在复合胶凝体系水化1 d时就已经开始,并呈现早期快而后期慢的特点;而粉煤灰的火山灰效应,在7 d以后才开始并加快。在三元复合胶凝体系中,硅灰和粉煤灰的反应程度均随着粉煤灰掺量的提高而降低。     

粉煤灰泡沫混凝土力学性能的研究

利用粉煤灰、石灰和水泥为原料,双氧水为发泡剂,制备粉煤灰泡沫混凝土,通过改变泡沫混凝土的水胶比、双氧水掺量和水泥掺量,测试其抗压强度,利用正交实验分析选出最优方案和最显著因素,并通过对泡沫混凝土断面照片进行黑白二值化处理,研究最显著因素与孔隙特征之间的关系。结果表明,双氧水发泡的粉煤灰泡沫混凝土抗压强度随着水泥掺量的增加而增大,随着双氧水掺量的增加而减小,随着水胶比的增大而出现减小的趋势,但是并不显著。随着泡沫混凝土水泥掺量的增加,泡沫混凝土的孔径逐渐减小。当水泥掺量为70%,双氧水掺量为3%,水胶比为0.55时泡沫混凝土力学性能最好。     

Compressive strength and chloride resistance of self-compacting concrete containing high level fly ash and silica fume

The influence of high-calcium fly ash and silica fume as a binary and ternary blended cement on compressive strength and chloride resistance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) were investigated in this study. High-calcium fly ash (40–70%) and silica fume (0–10%) were used to replace part of cement at 50, 60 and 70 wt.%. Compressive strength, density, volume of permeable pore space (voids) and water absorption of SCC were investigated. The total charge passed in coulombs was assessed in order to determine chloride resistance of SCC. The results show that binary blended cement with high level fly ash generally reduced the compressive strength of SCC at all test ages (3, 7, 28 and 90 days). However, ternary blended cement with fly ash and silica fume gained higher compressive strength after 7 days when compared to binary blended fly ash cement at the same replacement level. The compressive strength more than 60 MPa (high strength concrete) can be obtained when using high-calcium fly ash and silica fume as ternary blended cement. Fly ash decreased the charge passed of SCC and tends to decrease with increasing fly ash content, although the volume of permeable pore space (voids) and water absorption of SCC were increased. In addition when compared to binary blended cement at the same replacement level, the charge passed of SCC that containing ternary blended cement was lower than binary blended cement with fly ash only. This indicated that fly ash and silica fume can improve chloride resistance of SCC at high volume content of Portland cement replacement.     

The fluid transport properties of HCWA–DSF hybrid supplementary binder mortar

It has been demonstrated in several past studies that high calcium wood ash (HCWA) can be effectively used in combination with densified silica fume (DSF) as supplementary binder material to enhance the mechanical performance of concrete. The experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of the inclusion of HCWA and DSF on the durability properties of high strength cement mortar produced. A total of twelve different mix designs of mortar were fabricated with the use of HCWA at various cement replacement levels of 0–20% in combination with 7.5% densified silica fume (DSF) and subjected to various durability tests. The durability assessments performed include tests on water absorption, air permeability, porosity and degree of carbonation. A significantly lower degree of water absorption, porosity and carbonation was observed for cement mortars with HCWA contents of 2–8% used in combination with 7.5% DSF by weight of binder as compared to an equivalent pure cement mortar.     

Comparative study of the initial surface absorption and chloride diffusion of high performance zeolite,silica fume and PFA concretes

Zeolite, a type of natural pozzolanic material, has been used in producing blended cement and concrete in China. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of zeolite in enhancing the performance of concrete in comparison with silica fume and pulverized fuel ash (PFA). In the first series of experiments, zeolite, silica fume, and PFA were all used to replace 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% of cement by weight in concrete with water to total cementitious material ratio (W/(C + P)) kept at 0.28. The results showed that zeolite decreased bleeding and increased marginally the viscosity of concrete without significantly compromising the slump. And at 15% replacement level, it resulted in 14% increase in concrete strength at 28-day compared with the control concrete. The test results also showed that there existed an optimum replacement level for zeolite to effect a decrease in initial surface absorption and in chloride diffusion of concrete. The test results of the second series of experiments where zeolite, silica fume and PFA were in turn used to replace 10% of cement in concretes with W/(C + P) in the range of 0.27 to 0.45 appeared that zeolite performed better than PFA but was inferior to silica fume in terms of increasing strength, decreasing initial surface absorption and chloride diffusion. It was further found that when W/(C + P) was greater than 0.45, the strength of the concretes incorporating zeolite or PFA (by direct replacement) was lower than that of the control concrete. The micro-structural study on concrete with zeolite revealed that the soluble SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ could react with Ca(OH)₂ to produce C–S–H which densified the concrete matrix. Pozzolanic effect of zeolite improved the microstructure of hardened cement paste and reduced the content of the harmful large pores, hence made concrete more impervious.     

Use of natural zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material

Natural zeolite, a type of frame-structured hydrated aluminosilicate mineral, is used abundantly as a type of natural pozzolanic material in some regions of the world. In this work, the effectiveness of a locally quarried zeolite in enhancing mechanical and durability properties of concrete is evaluated and is also compared with other pozzolanic admixtures. The experimental tests included three parts: In the first part, the pozzolanic reactivity of natural zeolite and silica fume were examined by a thermogravimetric method. In this case, the results indicated that natural zeolite was not as reactive as silica fume but it showed a good pozzolanic reactivity. In the second part, zeolite and silica fume were substituted for cement in different proportions in concrete mixtures, and several physical and durability tests of concrete were performed. These experimental tests included slump, compressive strength, water absorption, oxygen permeability, chloride diffusion, and electrical resistivity of concrete. Based on these results, the performance of concretes containing different contents of zeolite improved and even were comparable to or better than that of concretes prepared with silica fume replacements in some cases. Finally, a comparative study on effect of zeolite and fly ash on limiting ASR expansion of mortar was performed according to ASTM C 1260 and ASTM C 1567. Expansion tests on mortar prisms showed that zeolite is as effective as fly ash to prevent deleterious expansion due to ASR.     

Correlation between compressive strength and certain durability indices of plain and blended cement concretes

In this study, plain, silica fume and fly ash cement concrete specimens prepared with varying water to cementitious materials ratio and cementitious materials content were tested for compressive strength, water permeability, chloride permeability, and coefficient of chloride diffusion after 28 days of water curing. The data so developed were statistically analyzed to develop correlations between the compressive strength and the selected durability indices of concrete. Very good correlations were noted between the compressive strength and the selected durability indices, particularly chloride permeability and coefficient of chloride diffusion, irrespective of the mix design parameters. However, these correlations were observed to be dependent on the type of cement.     

Combined effect of chemical nature and fineness of mineral powders on Portland cement hydration

This paper focuses on the influence of the chemical nature and the fineness of the fillers on the hydration process and on the compressive strength development. Four different types of fillers are considered in combination with Portland cement: quartzite filler, alumina filler, limestone filler, and silica fume. The study deals with blended mortars having a 0.45 water to powder (cement and filler) ratio with a 10% substitution of cement by filler. Quartzite fillers do not seem to accelerate the hydration process in a significant way. No positive effect is noticed on the strength development either. The presence of a fine inert alumina powder increases the rate of early hydration of Portland cement. The greater the fineness, the faster the rate of hydration heat development. This reactivity leads to an increase in the compressive strength at early age for mortar containing the finest alumina powders. In case of coarse alumina powder, no acceleration effect is obtained. Finely ground limestone (calcite) fillers promote heterogeneous nucleation of hydrates which significantly accelerates hydration. At early age, this also results in an increased mortar compressive strength in comparison with the control mortar. From the obtained results, it is clear that both chemical natures as well as fineness are important with regard to the accelerating effect of the hydration process. With increasing fineness, the accelerating effect increases. For powders with comparable fineness, it is clear that limestone powder has a more significant accelerating effect than silica fume and alumina filler. Quartzite filler seems to have no significant effect.     

Primary particle size and agglomerate size effects of amorphous silica in ultra-high performance concrete

Silica fume is widely used in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). However, it is a by-product in the industrial silicon production and therefore far from an optimized additive. Silica fume improves the compressive strength, but its detailed reaction mechanisms in concretes with low water/cement ratios are not yet fully understood. This study focuses on the influence of primary particle sizes and sizes of agglomerates of different amorphous silicas in UHPC. As a reference system, wet-chemically synthesized silica was used with very high purity, defined particle sizes, narrow primary particle size distributions and controllable agglomerate sizes. The obtained data were compared to silica fume. The results indicate that non-agglomerated silica particles produce the highest strength after 7 d, but a clear dependence on primary particle sizes, as suggested by calculations of packing density, was not confirmed. UHPC may be improved by incorporating an ameliorated dispersion of silica e.g. through commercial silica sols.     

Influence of filler type on the properties of foam concrete

Most of the investigations on foam concrete in the past have been confined to neat cement paste, cement paste with partial replacement with admixtures and to cement–sand mixes. This paper reports the results of a systematic study to ascertain the influence of filler type (i.e., sand and fly ash) and the particle size of sand on the properties of moist cured foam concrete. This study shows that the consistency of mixture, for achieving pre-formed foam concrete of design density, mainly depends on the filler type. The flow behaviour of foam concrete is mainly influenced by the foam volume. A reduction in particle size of sand caused an improvement in strength of foam concrete. For a given density, replacement of sand with fly ash resulted in higher strength. Finer filler resulted in a higher ratio of strength to density.     

Effects of cold-bonded fly ash aggregate properties on the shrinkage cracking of lightweight concretes

This paper presents an experimental study on the restrained shrinkage cracking of the lightweight concretes made with cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates. Two types of fly ash having different physical and chemical properties were utilized in the production of lightweight aggregates with different strengths. Afterwards, lower strength aggregates were also surface treated by water glass and cement–silica fume slurry to improve physical and mechanical properties of the particles. Therefore, a total of eight concrete mixtures were designed and cast at 0.35 and 0.55 water–cement ratios using four types of lightweight coarse aggregates differing in their surface texture, density, water absorption, and strength. Ring type specimens were used for restrained shrinkage cracking test. Free shrinkage, creep, weight loss, compressive and splitting tensile strengths, and modulus of elasticity of the concretes were also investigated. Results indicated that improvement in the lightweight aggregate properties extended the cracking time of the concretes resulting in finer cracks associated with the lower free shrinkage. Moreover, there was a marked increase in the compressive and splitting tensile strengths, and the modulus of elasticity.     

Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume systems in concrete

Laboratory flow, strength, and ultrasnic pulse velocity tests were performed on mortars made with 70% (by weight) of portland cement and 30% of pozzolanic materials where the pozzolanic materials consisted of various combinations of fly ash and silica fume. In addition to these ternary systems, binary blends, such as Portland cement and fly ash, and Portland cement and silica fume, along with 100% Portland cement mortars, were investigated for comparison. The purpose of the investigation, preliminary in nature, was to see under what circumstances, if any, would be a synergistic action when a ternary system of Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume is used in a mortar or concrete.Mortars were made with two cements of type I and two cements of type III along with class F and class C fly ashes. One silica fume was used. Standard flow tests were performed on the fresh mortars, and compressive strength as well as ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed with each hardened mortar at various ages up to 28 days. It is expected that the results and conclusions obtained here on mortars will be transferable to concretes.There are several novel, or at least lesser known, results of the investigation. For instance, a new explanation is offered for the plasticizing effect of fly ash which is based on the optimum particle-size distribution concept. Another such result is that ground fly ash produced greater flow increases with type I cement than with type III. A third finding is that the superplasticizer is more effective in increasing the flow as well as strength when the mortars contain fly ash and/or silica fume than in the case of mortars without mineral admixture. Also, it appears that when type I cement is used, the silica fume in the quantity of 5% of the weight of the cement produces relatively greater strength increase in the presence of fly ash than without fly ash.These promising results are preliminary in nature. Therefore, further research is justified with ternary systems in concrete. The presented work is a portion of a larger investigation.