变黏分流酸流变性影响因素的研究

利用室内合成的甜菜碱型两性表面活性剂(VES-TCJ)制备变黏分流酸。首先测定酸液中VES-TCJ浓度对鲜酸表观黏度的影响。然后模拟酸-岩反应,考察pH、VES-TCJ浓度、剪切速率、温度等因素对变黏分流酸体系变黏特性的影响。实验结果表明,当剪切速率为170 s-1,25℃下鲜酸的表观黏度小于25 mPa.s,具有良好的泵入能力。酸液表观黏度在酸-岩反应过程中不断增大,pH值为3左右时,乏酸的表观黏度最大。表面活性剂是酸液变黏的关键,VES-TCJ浓度大于4%后,变黏分流酸具有较高的表观黏度。变黏分流酸表观黏度随剪切速率的增大和温度的升高而明显减小。     

缓蚀剂和无机盐对黏弹性表面活性剂流变性能的影响

针对黏弹性表面活性剂转向酸化和压裂液体系,研究了新型双聚喹啉季胺盐缓蚀剂与其相互作用,和不同盐溶液对其黏温性能的影响和机理。结果表明,作为转向酸液体系的黏弹性表面活性剂对缓蚀剂的缓蚀效率无影响,双聚喹啉季胺盐缓蚀剂降低黏弹性表面活性剂耐高温性。低浓度无机盐溶液对黏弹性表面活性剂黏度无影响,而高浓度二价盐盐溶液CaCl₂和MgCl₂可显著提高黏弹性表面活性剂溶液的耐高温性能。在高浓度CaCl₂的存在下,含季胺盐酸化缓蚀剂的黏弹性表面活性剂耐高温性提高。     

一种新型耐温酸化转向剂KHD501B的开发及性能评价

开发了一种新型粘弹性表面活性剂KHD501B,与国内常规粘弹性自转向酸体系相比,使用该表面活性剂配制自转向酸体系具有良好的抗温、抗剪切性能,并考察了酸化缓蚀剂KHD529与自转向酸体系的配伍性及自转向酸体系的缓速性,室内评价试验结果表明,随KHD501B浓度不断增加,酸液体系黏度不断升高,KHD501B浓度为5%时,20%盐酸中黏度仅为10m Pa·s左右,自转向酸随酸岩反应的进行黏度不断增加并实现自转向,转向黏度可达到300m Pa·s以上,之后酸岩继续反应直至自动破胶;酸化缓蚀剂KHD529加量为1%时,与酸液体系配伍性较好,且20%盐酸酸液体系中N80钢片腐蚀速率低于5g/(m2·h)。     

表面活性剂三元复配技术用于稠油降黏的研究

针对辽河油田超稠油开采过程中的难降黏问题,根据乳化降黏机理,在表面活性剂单剂及阴-非离子表面活性剂二元复配降黏体系研究的基础上,探究阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)和非离子型OP-10、吐温-80三元复配体系对稠油降黏率、乳化率及乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明,阴-非离子表面活性剂三元复配体系对稠油的降黏及乳化效果,比二元复配体系的降黏及乳化效果差。因此,在采油生产中,通过增加表面活性剂的种类以提高稠油降黏效果的方法并不合适,应根据稠油类型和表面活性剂降黏的实验数据,正确选择表面活性剂的复配体系。     

硅酸盐复合黏弹性驱油剂的研究与评价

使用黏弹性表面活性剂形成具有一定黏弹性的蠕虫状胶束,所需原料的浓度较高,成本较高,制约了黏弹性表面活性剂驱油剂在现场的应用。以液体硅酸钠、两性表面活性剂、纳米二氧化硅为原料,制备了在经济使用浓度下能够显著提高注入水黏度且具有优良驱油性能的黏弹性驱油剂。透射电镜表征结果表明,驱油剂在有效质量分数为0.3%条件下即可达到较高的黏度。调整液体硅酸钠、表面活性剂的有效质量分数为0.12%~0.20%,制备的驱油剂的黏度达到10~50 mPa·s。实验对比了常用聚合物与黏弹性驱油剂的驱油效果,结果显示黏弹性驱油剂的驱油效果几乎是聚合物的2倍。这项工作为开发新型高效驱油剂提供了新方法,也为驱油剂流变学研究提供了新思路。     

阴-非离子表面活性剂复配技术用于稠油降黏的研究

针对辽河油田超稠油开采过程中的降黏难问题,本研究根据乳化降黏机理,在实验室评价了表面活性剂单剂及阴-非离子表面活性剂二元复配对稠油乳化效果及降黏效果的影响。结果表明,二元复配表面活性剂对稠油的降黏效果,优于表面活性剂单剂的降黏效果,且当油水比为6∶4、SDS+OP-10水溶液浓度为0.5%、乳化温度为50℃时,二元复配乳化剂降黏率达到91.06%,乳化率达到100%,符合现场应用的需求,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

黏弹性双子表面活性剂压裂液的制备及性能评价

考察了阴离子双子表面活性剂SA系列及水杨酸钠对阳离子双子表面活性剂SC-18溶液黏弹性的影响。黏弹性表面活性剂的基础配方为:1%SA-12+1%SC-18+0.5%水杨酸钠。该压裂液体系可满足井温小于100℃的低渗透油藏的压裂改造。该压裂液具有较好的抗剪切能力,170s~(-1)下剪切2h后,黏度保留率大于80%;破胶后黏度小于5 mPa·s,表明该配方具备优异的破胶性能;破胶后均无残渣;石英砂在压裂液的沉降速度满足压裂液性能要求。     

变黏酸的基本原理及发展概况

阐述了目前油田现场使用过的三种变黏酸(聚合物温控变黏酸、聚合物pH值控制变黏酸、黏弹性表面活性剂pH值控制变黏酸)的基本原理及发展概况。并通过分析三种变黏酸存在的缺陷,提出了变黏酸今后的研究方向。     

黏弹性表面活性剂及其在油田中的应用

介绍了黏弹性表面活性剂溶液的性质，确定黏弹性表面活性剂性质的测试方法和实验手段，以及其内部微观结构和流变特性等方面的研究成果。当黏弹性表面活性剂溶液浓度增加到某一临界浓度时，球形胶束开始向蠕虫状胶束转变，溶液黏度突然增大，随着浓度的进一步增大，蠕虫状胶束快速生长、增长并形成线型柔性棒状胶束，柔性棒状胶束相互缠绕、粘附甚至融合，形成某种超分子三维网状结构，溶液黏度急剧增加，并表现出较强的黏弹性。概述了黏弹性表面活性剂在油田中的应用，特别是在压裂液、酸液、钻井液及提高采收率等方面的应用，指出了黏弹性表面活性剂广泛运用的前景和尚未解决的问题。     

稠油乳化黏度测量曲线与乳液特性的关系

稠油化学驱过程中降黏剂浓度对稠油乳化影响明显,通过测量不同浓度降黏剂的稠油乳状液黏度-时间曲线,以黏度、降黏率为指标分析了黏度曲线与乳液特性的关系。结果表明,当降黏剂的浓度远大于临界乳化浓度时,形成稳定O/W乳状液,黏度低、降黏率大于95%。当降黏剂的浓度大于临界乳化浓度时,形成O/W乳状液,而后随着表面活性剂向油相的迁移,油滴聚并、分层。当降黏剂的浓度与临界乳化浓度相当时,乳状液油O/W转化为W/O,黏度大幅度提高。当降黏剂的浓度小于临界乳化浓度时,只能形成W/O乳状液。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。