Fast color correction for multi-view video by modeling spatio-temporal variation

In multi-view video, a number of cameras capture the same scene from different viewpoints. Color variations between the camera views may deteriorate the performance of multi-view video coding or virtual view rendering. In this paper, a fast color correction method for multi-view video is proposed by modeling spatio-temporal variation. In the proposed method, multi-view keyframes are defined to establish the spatio-temporal relationships for accurate and fast implementation. For keyframes, accurate color correction is performed based on spatial color discrepancy model that disparity estimation is used to find correspondence points between views, and linear regression is performed on these sets of points to find the optimal correction coefficients. For non-keyframes, fast color correction is performed based on temporal variations model that time-invariant regions are detected to reflect the change trends of correction coefficients. Experimental results show that compared with other methods, the proposed method can promote the correction speed greatly without noticeable quality degradation, and obtain higher coding performance.     

一种用于多视视频加深度联合编码的错误隐藏算法

ATM(AVC-based test model)测试模型实现了多视视频加深度(MVD)格式的联合编码,使得数据的压缩效率更高。然而,较高的压缩效率使得码流对传输错误非常敏感,极易产生错误扩散现象。针对ATM测试模型的编码顺序,提出一种用于MVD联合编码的错误隐藏算法。算法充分利用视点内、视点间及纹理视频与深度视频间的相关性,针对每个视点的不同特征提出了适应其视频特性的不同隐藏算法。实验表明,本文提出的算法可以在不增加算法复杂度的情况下,有效提高视频的主客观质量。     

基于图像分割的深度视频校正算法

在基于深度图的虚拟视点绘制过程中,由于通过深 度估计软件获取的深度视频存在大量的失真,从而导致绘制的虚拟视点中存在纹理失真和缺 失现象。本文围绕深度视频失真类型,提出一种基于分割的深度 视频校正算法。利用彩色深度一致性信息分区域校正深度失真,以解决由于深度块失真造成 的虚拟视点纹理 缺失问题。首先,提取彩色视频运动和边缘区域,得到彩色视频边缘和运动区域掩模图;其 次,在边缘和运 动信息的辅助下,对彩色图像进行Mean Shift聚类,并将不同类别区域赋以不同的标签;最 后,分别统计不 同类别连通区域对应的深度直方图,利用其峰值校正深度视频中深度彩色非一致区域。实验 结果表明,本文提 出的基于分割块的深度视频校正算法优于部分基于像素的滤波算法,可以有效地校正深度视 频块失真,解决 虚拟视点边缘失真和纹理缺失问题,同时虚拟视点质量平均提高了0.20dB。     

SIFT-flow-based color correction for multi-view video

During the multi-view video acquisition, color variation across the views tends to be incurred due to different camera positions, orientations, and local lighting conditions. Such color variation will inevitably deteriorate the performance of the follow-up multi-view video processing, such as multi-view video coding (MVC). To address this problem, an effective color correction algorithm, called the SIFT flow-based color correction (SFCC), is proposed in this paper. First, the SIFT-flow technique is used to establish point-to-point correspondences across all the views of the multi-view video. The average color is then computed based on those identified common corresponding points and used as the reference color. By minimizing the energy of the difference yielded between the color of those identified common corresponding points in each view with respect to the reference color, the color correction matrix for each view can be obtained and used to correct its color. Experimental results have shown that the proposed SFCC algorithm is able to effectively eliminate the color variation inherited in multi-view video. By further exploiting the developed SFCC algorithm as a pre-processing for the MVC, extensive simulation results have shown that the coding efficiency of the color-corrected multi-view video can be greatly improved (on average, 0.85 dB, 1.27 dB and 1.63 dB gain for Y, U, and V components, respectively), compared with that of the original multi-view video without color correction.     

Coding-oriented multi-view video color correction

Color inconsistency between views is an important problem to be solved in multi-view video applications, such as free viewpoint television and other three-dimensional video systems. In this paper, by combining with multi-view video coding, a coding-oriented multi-view video color correction method is proposed. We first separate foreground and background in first Group Of Pictures （GOP） by using SKIP coding mode. Then by transferring means and standard deviations in backgrounds, color correction is performed for each frame in GOP, and multi-view video coding is performed and used to renew the backgrounds. Experimental results ances in color correction and multi-view video show the proposed method can obtain better performcoding.     

Depth video spatial and temporal correlation enhancement algorithm based on just noticeable rendering distortion model

Spatial and temporal inconsistency of depth video deteriorates encoding efficiency in three dimensional video systems. A depth video processing algorithm based on human perception is presented. Firstly, a just noticeable rendering distortion (JNRD) model is formulated by combining the analyses of the influence of depth distortion on virtual view rendering with human visual perception characteristics. Then, depth video is processed based on the JNRD model from two aspects, spatial and temporal correlation enhancement. During the process of spatial correlation enhancement, depth video is segmented into edge, foreground, and background regions, and smoothened by Gaussian and mean filters. The operations of the temporal correlation enhancement include temporal–spatial transpose (TST), temporal smoothing filter and inverse TST. Finally, encoding and virtual view rendering experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can greatly reduce the bit rate while it maintains the quality of virtual view.     

基于Kinect的实时深度提取与多视绘制算法

提出了一种基于Kinect的实时深度提取算法和单纹理+深度的多视绘制方法。在采集端,使用Kinect提取场景纹理和深度,并针对Kinect输出深度图的空洞提出一种快速修复算法。在显示端,针对单纹理+深度的基于深度图像的绘制(DIBR,depth image based rendering)绘制产生的大空洞,采用一种基于背景估计和前景分割的绘制方法。实验结果表明,本文方法可实时提取质量良好的深度图,并有效修复了DIBR绘制过程中产生的大空洞,得到质量较好的多路虚拟视点图像。以所提出的深度获取和绘制算法为核心,实现了一种基于深度的立体视频系统,最终的虚拟视点交织立体显示的立体效果良好,进一步验证了本文算法的有效性。本文系统可用于实景的多视点立体视频录制与播放。     

结合预处理的深度视频帧内快速编码算法

多视点彩色加深度(MVD)视频是三维(3D)视频的 主流格式。在3D高效视频编码中,深度视频帧内编码 具有较高的编码复杂度;深度估计软件获取的深度视频由于不够准确会使深度图平坦 区域纹理增加, 从而进一步增加帧内编码复杂度。针对以上问题,本文提出了一种联合深度处理的深度视频 帧内低复杂度 编码算法。首先,在编码前对深度视频进行预处理,减少由于深度图不准确而出现的纹理信 息;其次,运 用反向传播神经网络(BPNN,backpropagation neural network)预测最大编码单元 (LCU,la rgest coding unit)的最大划分深度;最后联合深度视频的边缘信 息及对应的彩色LCU最大划分深度进行CU提前终止划分和快速模式选取。实验结果表明, 本文算法在保证 虚拟视点质量的前提下,BDBR下降0.33% ,深度视频编码时间平均节省50.63%。     

Adaptive depth truncation filter for MVC based compressed depth image

In multiview video plus depth (MVD) format, virtual views are generated from decoded texture videos with corresponding decoded depth images through depth image based rendering (DIBR). 3DV-ATM is a reference model for the H.264/AVC based multiview video coding (MVC) and aims at achieving high coding efficiency for 3D video in MVD format. Depth images are first downsampled then coded by 3DV-ATM. However, sharp object boundary characteristic of depth images does not well match with the transform coding based nature of H.264/AVC in 3DV-ATM. Depth boundaries are often blurred with ringing artifacts in the decoded depth images that result in noticeable artifacts in synthesized virtual views. This paper presents a low complexity adaptive depth truncation filter to recover the sharp object boundaries of the depth images using adaptive block repositioning and expansion for increasing the depth values refinement accuracy. This new approach is very efficient and can avoid false depth boundary refinement when block boundaries lie around the depth edge regions and ensure sufficient information within the processing block for depth layers classification. Experimental results demonstrate that the sharp depth edges can be recovered using the proposed filter and boundary artifacts in the synthesized views can be removed. The proposed method can provide improvement up to 3.25 dB in the depth map enhancement and bitrate reduction of 3.06% in the synthesized views.     

基于最大可容忍深度失真模型的低复杂度深度视频编码

在保证虚拟视点绘制质量的前提下,如何降低深 度视频的编码复杂度是一个亟需解决的问题。本文提出了一 种基于最大可容忍深度失真(MTDD,maximum tolerable d epth distortion)模型的低复杂度深度编码算法,将MTDD模型引 入 到率失真(RD)代价函数,通过对编码单元(CU)进行失真度量判决 ,如果对当前CU进 行编码不会导致可察觉的绘制失真,则失真度量只考虑深度编码失真,否则失真度量同时考 虑深度编码失真和视点 合成失真(VSD),从而降低编码复杂度。实验结果表明,所 提出的算法在不 降低虚拟视点绘制质量和不增加编码码率的情况下,能显著降低深度视频的编码复杂度。     

Reduced Reference Quality Metric for Synthesized Virtual Views in 3DTV

Multi‐view video plus depth (MVD) has been widely used owing to its effectiveness in three‐dimensional data representation. Using MVD, color videos with only a limited number of real viewpoints are compressed and transmitted along with captured or estimated depth videos. Because the synthesized views are generated from decoded real views, their original reference views do not exist at either the transmitter or receiver. Therefore, it is challenging to define an efficient metric to evaluate the quality of synthesized images. We propose a novel metric—the reduced‐reference quality metric. First, the effects of depth distortion on the quality of synthesized images are analyzed. We then employ the high correlation between the local depth distortions and local color characteristics of the decoded depth and color images, respectively, to achieve an efficient depth quality metric for each real view. Finally, the objective quality metric of the synthesized views is obtained by combining all the depth quality metrics obtained from the decoded real views. The experimental results show that the proposed quality metric correlates very well with full reference image and video quality metrics.     

Point-sampled 3D video of real-world scenes

This paper presents a point-sampled approach for capturing 3D video footage and subsequent re-rendering of real-world scenes. The acquisition system is composed of multiple sparsely placed 3D video bricks. The bricks contain a low-cost projector, two grayscale cameras and a high-resolution color camera. To improve on depth calculation we rely on structured light patterns. Texture images and pattern-augmented views of the scene are acquired simultaneously by time multiplexed projections of complementary patterns and synchronized camera exposures. High-resolution depth maps are extracted using depth-from-stereo algorithms performed on the acquired pattern images. The surface samples corresponding to the depth values are merged into a view-independent, point-based 3D data structure. This representation allows for efficient post-processing algorithms and leads to a high resulting rendering quality using enhanced probabilistic EWA volume splatting. In this paper, we focus on the 3D video acquisition system and necessary image and video processing techniques.     

Generation of high-quality depth maps using hybrid camera system for 3-D video

In this paper, we present a hybrid camera system combining one time-of-flight depth camera and multiple video cameras to generate multi-view video sequences and their corresponding depth maps. In order to obtain the multi-view video-plus-depth data using the hybrid camera system, we capture multi-view videos using multiple video cameras and a single view depth video with the depth camera. After performing a three-dimensional (3-D) warping operation to obtain an initial depth map at each viewpoint, we refine the initial depth map using segment-based stereo matching. To reduce mismatched depth values along object boundaries, we detect the moving objects using color difference between frames and extract occlusion and disocclusion areas with the initial depth information. Finally, we recompute the depth value of each pixel in each segment using pairwise stereo matching with a proposed cost function. Experimental results show that the proposed hybrid camera system produces multi-view video sequences with more accurate depth maps, especially along the boundary of objects. In addition, it is suitable for generating more natural 3-D views for 3-D TV than previous works..     

自由视点视频系统中虚拟视合成及校正方法

根据多视点视频中的几何约束关系,提出了一种基于图像的新视点重建方法,能够根据所选择方位重建虚拟视;针对虚拟视中合成误差,提出了基于平面扫描的校正方法,最终获得了主观质量和客观质量均优于传统方法的虚拟视。     

Discontinuity-based registration of depth and video data in depth image based rendering

Depth image based rendering (DIBR) has been proposed to create content for 3D-TV. In DIBR, stereoscopic images are created from monoscopic images and associated depth data. Since for most of the available video content sensor depth data are lacking, methods to create artificial depth data for video content have been developed. Yet artificial as well as sensor depth data may contain misalignments with respect to video data. Misaligned depth data are a source of artifacts observable in rendered 3D views. We show that by using an edge-based registration method, the spatial alignment of depth and video data can be improved, leading to an alleviation of the observed artifacts.     

DIBR中基于平面扫描的深度重建方法

提出一种 DIBR 中基于平面扫描法的深度重建方法,与立体深度重建算法和基于图像的视觉壳算法不同,本文进一步改进平面扫描算法,无需任何场景的几何先验知识,而是利用每个像素点的深度信息合成真实场景的虚拟视点.当输入图像映射至相互平行的虚拟深度平面时,采用"动态判决方法"来计算像素间的色彩一致度;并在虚拟视合成中采用了基于视向权重策略的新视点重建方法.本文算法获取的深度信息更为精确,虚拟新视点的质量得到较大提高.     

A study of depth/texture bit-rate allocation in multi-view video plus depth compression

Multi-view video plus depth (MVD) data offer a reliable representation of three-dimensional (3D) scenes for 3D video applications. This is a huge amount of data whose compression is an important challenge for researchers at the current time. Consisting of texture and depth video sequences, the question of the relationship between these two types of data regarding bit-rate allocation often raises. This paper questions the required ratio between texture and depth when encoding MVD data. In particular, the paper investigates the elements impacting on the best bit-rate ratio between depth and color: total bit-rate budget, input data features, encoding strategy, and assessed view.     

Recent MPEG Standardization Activities on 3D Video Coding

The Moving Picture Experts Group(MPEG) has been developing a 3D video(3DV) coding standard for depth-based 3DV data representations,especially for multiview video plus depth(MVD) format.With MVD,depth-image-based rendering(DIBR) is used to synthesize virtual views that are based on a few transmitted pairs of texture and depth data.In this paper,we discuss ongoing 3DV standardization and summarize coding tools proposed in the responses to MPEG’s call for proposals on 3DV coding.     

一种用于深度图编码的虚拟视失真估计模型

多视视频加深度(MVD,multi-view video plus depth)的3D视频格式中,深度图提供视频的场景几何信息,其不在终端成像显示而是通过基于深度图像的绘制(DIBR)技术用于绘制虚拟视图像。在深度图的压缩编码过程中,深度图的失真会引起绘制的虚拟视图像的失真。深度图用于绘制而不用于显示的特性使得准确估计深度图绘制的虚拟视失真可以提高深度图编码的率失真性能。本文分析了不同的深度图失真引起的不同的虚拟视失真,进而提出一种估计深度图失真引起虚拟视失真的指数模型,并将模型用于深度图编码的率失真优化(RDO)中。实验结果表明,本文提出的模型可以准确估计深度图失真引起的虚拟视失真,提高深度图编码性能,相比于HTM的VSO可以降低约10%的编码时间,并且虚拟视质量略优于HTM。     

Color correction algorithm based on camera characteristics for multi-view video coding

Various types of multi-view camera systems have been proposed for capturing three dimensional scenes. Yet, color distributions among multi-view images remain inconsistent in most cases, degrading multi-view video coding performance. In this paper, we propose a color correction algorithm based on the camera characteristics to effectively solve such a problem. Initially, we model camera characteristics and estimate their coefficients by means of correspondences between views. To consider occlusion in multi-view images, correspondences are extracted via feature-based matching. During coefficient estimation with nonlinear regression, we remove outliers in the extracted correspondences. Consecutively, we generate lookup tables for each camera using the model and estimated coefficients. Such tables are employed for fast color converting in the final color correction process. The experimental results show that our algorithm enhances coding efficiency with gains of up to 0.9 and 0.8 dB for luminance and chrominance components, respectively. Further, the method also improves subjective viewing quality and reduces color distance between views.