高压处理对不同状态下肌肉嫩度的影响

高压技术是近十几年来发展起来的一种新技术,能在不影响肉类风味和营养成分的前提下改善肌肉的组织结构,延长保存期。通过高压处理达到嫩化肌肉的目的是高压在肉类加工中应用的重要方面之一。而压力处理对不同状态的肌肉(僵直前和僵直后)嫩度的影响有所不同。就高压处理对僵直前后肌肉嫩度的影响研究概况做以简单介绍。     

肉类嫩化的理论、方法及前景

近十多年来,肉类嫩化理论及加工工艺研究一直是肉品学科中的热点之一。了解肉的嫩化机理可以更好地加速肉嫩化的过程。嫩化技术为宰后嫩化技术和宰前嫩化技术。牲畜宰前肉的嫩化如适龄牲畜在出栏前,日粮中适当加入VD3、VE,或使牲畜适当运动。综述了电刺激、钙处理、外源酶处理、机械嫩化、pH处理、高压处理、冲击波处理等影响肉类嫩度与品质的因素及嫩化的技术理论和方法。     

肉类嫩化研究现状与发展趋势

肉的嫩度严重影响肉的消费,使肉嫩化的研究很有必要。本文主要综述了肉类嫩化的机理、影响肉嫩度的因素和肉嫩化的方法。同时还简单提及了肉类嫩化的发展趋势。     

宰后肉的嫩化机制及其影响因素

宰后肉类的后期成熟和嫩化处理,是改善肉品质（嫩度）的关键环节。本实验阐述了影响宰后肉嫩度的因素（pH值、胶原蛋白和钙激活酶）和相关嫩化机理（有机酸、电刺激、盐类、外源酶和内源酶、超声波、高压和吊挂拉伸的嫩化机理）。     

牛肉嫩化技术的研究进展

肉品嫩度是肉的首要食用品质,它是消费者评判肉质优劣的最常用指标。肉嫩度的改善,多年来一直是国内外肉品科学研究的热点之一。宰后肉类的后期成熟和嫩化处理,是改善肉品嫩度的关键环节。对影响肉嫩度的宰前和宰后因素、目前嫩化方法及嫩化机制进行综述,最后对肉的嫩化趋势作出展望。     

肉类嫩化技术研究进展

近年来,肉类嫩化技术一直是肉品学科中的热点之一。了解肉的嫩化机理可以更好地加速肉嫩化的过程。本文主要对肉类产品宰后嫩化技术的种类及影响肉类嫩度的因素进行了综述。     

肉类嫩度的影响因素及盐类嫩化牛肉技术研究进展

肌原纤维的结构状态和内源嫩化酶的生物状态都是改善肉类嫩度的主要影响因素,大量研究表明,盐类能够有效提高牛肉的嫩度及其食用品质,且该嫩化方法在提高牛肉保水性的同时,能够降低嫩化成本。文章综述了肉类嫩度的主要影响因素及其机理、盐类嫩化技术的相关机理以及国内外应用盐类嫩化牛肉的相关研究进展,为牛肉的嫩化技术及其机理的研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

烹调前肉类致嫩工艺研究

嫩度是肉类菜肴的重要风味指标之一.在烹调前可以通过冷却储存后熟致嫩、刀工处理致嫩、腌渍致嫩、保护性致嫩等具体工艺,使肉类达到理想的嫩度.     

植物蛋白酶在肉类嫩化中的应用研究进展

植物蛋白酶是一种安全、卫生、无毒的天然嫩化剂。常见的植物蛋白酶包括木瓜蛋白酶、猕猴桃蛋白酶、生姜蛋白酶以及菠萝蛋白酶等。利用植物蛋白酶嫩化处理肉制品,出现了肌原纤维小片化现象和结缔组织的降解,能显著提高肉品的嫩度。本文主要论述了植物蛋白酶嫩化肌肉的机理和近年来利用植物蛋白酶在肉类嫩化中的研究进展,以期为肉品嫩化的研究和探讨提供参考。     

重组弹性蛋白酶在猪肉嫩化中的应用

以木瓜蛋白酶作为对照,研究本实验室构建的重组毕赤酵母表达产物即弹性蛋白酶在肉类嫩化方面的应用,测定酶的活力,并对酶的最佳作用条件进行研究,进一步对其在肉类嫩化应用中加酶量、加入方式,肉的处理温度和时间进行优化。实验利用质构仪和嫩度计测定肉的剪切力的变化,按照剪切力与嫩化程度成反相关的规律并结合显微镜观察结果综合判断肉的嫩化程度。结果显示：利用注射法把酶液均匀注射入经过75～80℃水浴加热20～30min 处理的肉样中,加入酶量约20～37mg/mL,处理时间为2.5～6h 时,该重组弹性蛋白酶对肉的嫩化效果较好。     

肉类宰后成熟机制及成熟进程监测研究进展

宰后成熟是提高肉类食用品质（如嫩度、多汁性、风味等）的关键手段,常见的成熟方式有湿法成熟、干法成熟和干-湿结合的分步式成熟,不同成熟方式各有特点,最终目的都是提高肉的可食用性和适口性,但成熟时间过长会对肉的品质带来负面影响,如造成严重的质量损失、过度的脂肪及蛋白氧化等问题。因此,明确宰后成熟机制、监控和优化成熟进程,在提高肉类食用品质的同时,最大限度地减少过度成熟导致的品质缺陷,对肉类产业发展具有重要意义。尽管目前不同成熟方式下成熟进程的监测及优化、肉品质预测的相关研究鲜有报道,但成熟进程的精准化控制将成为未来肉类产业发展的重要方向。本文综述了宰后不同成熟方式及对肉嫩度、风味、颜色和氧化稳定性的影响和作用机制,对基于肉表面霉菌覆盖率和电阻的干法成熟进程监测和基于组织渗出液的湿法成熟进程监测进行讨论和展望,以期为后续建立基于肌肉特异性的成熟策略提供理论支持。     

肌肉嫩化方法及其机理分析

嫩度是肌肉重要的食用肉品质特征之一,影响肌肉嫩度的因素多种多样,包括肌原纤维、胶原蛋白、内源酶在内的内部因素,和温度、pH值等外部因素。阐述了物理(电刺激、高压处理、超声波)、生物化学(盐类、有机酸和生物酶)处理技术以及多种嫩化方法结合技术改善肌肉嫩度的方法,分析了不同的嫩化机理,并就肌肉嫩化机理分析研究进行了展望。     

冷却方式和电刺激对牛肉品质的影响

肉的嫩度是肉最重要的食用品质,它决定了肉的商品属性。动物宰前、宰后24h内的技术处理决定了肉的嫩度。本文主要综述了对牛屠宰后的处理方式如冷却方式、电刺激处理等对牛肉嫩度的影响。     

Physical Interventions to Manipulate Texture and Tenderness of Fresh Meat: A Review

Meat tenderness is a major eating quality attribute that ensures consumer satisfaction and repeat purchase of red meat. The variability in meat tenderness is related to several factors that are spread across the production chain (biological, on farm, processing, and consumer factors), which can lead to inconsistent tenderness in fresh red meat products. The tenderization process is dictated by physical and biochemical factors, which appear to affect the proteases involved in protein degradation and, consequently, they regulate the rate and extend of tenderization in meat. Several physical, chemical, and biochemical interventions have been investigated to improve the tenderness of meat. The present review discusses the physical interventions used to manipulate the texture of meat and their mechanism of action, optimal tenderizing conditions, and their effects on other meat quality attributes (colour stability, lipid oxidation, and water holding capacity). Attention should be paid to other quality attributes for full evaluation of the differing interventions.     

Optimisation of tenderisation, ageing and tenderness

Tenderness is an important part of meat acceptability and is affected by variations in production and processing. The tenderisation process was modelled on the activity of calpain proteinases. The extent of tenderisation is proportional to the level of calpains which accounts for the toughness of meat from β-adrenergic agonists. The rate of tenderisation increases with higher temperature and faster rigor development. These are responsible for the faster tenderisation in chicken, in meats following the use of electrical stimulation and in meats of high ultimate pH. Knowledge of these mechanisms of tenderisation afforded processes for optimisation of tenderness.     

The effect of sample dimensions on the cleaving of meat in the objective assessment of tenderness

Summary. An examination has been made of the effect of sample dimensions on the objective assessment of meat tenderness. By adjusting shear-force values-measured at right angles to the muscle-fibre axis-to a sample cross-section of 1 cm² at the proposed line of cleavage, variations in tenderness values within a sample are reduced to not more than ± 5 shear-force units. Such variations represent approximately ± 1/2 unit in the mid-region of a nine-point sensory scale of tenderness. Through making such corrections to shear-force values, it is anticipated that clearer indications of the effects of animal characteristics and carcass processing on tenderness within a single muscle will be possible.
Conclusions concerning the mechanism of cleaving meat are drawn from the relationships that have been shown between sample dimensions and tenderness values.     

牦牛肉加工与发展现状

牦牛是青藏高原的特有物种,通过研究表明牦牛肉营养丰富,具有高蛋白、低脂肪肉色深红、嫩度适中等特点,并且具有良好的加工特性,是一种优质健康的肉类资源。本文简单介绍了牦牛的加工现状,为规模化、标准化、工业化牦牛肉地方特色食品开发奠定基础。     

Applied and Emerging Methods for Meat Tenderization: A Comparative Perspective

The tenderization process, which can be influenced by both pre‐ and post‐slaughter interventions, begins immediately after an animal's death and is followed with the disruption of the muscle structure by endogenous proteolytic systems. The post‐slaughter technological interventions like electrical stimulation, suspension methods, blade tenderization, tumbling, use of exogenous enzymes, and traditional aging are some of the methods currently employed by the meat industry for improving tenderness. Over the time, technological advancement resulted in development of several novel methods, for maximizing the tenderness, which are being projected as quick, economical, nonthermal, green, and energy‐efficient technologies. Comparison of these advanced technological methods with the current applied industrial methods is necessary to understand the feasibility and benefits of the novel technology. This review discusses the benefits and advantages of different emerging tenderization techniques such as hydrodynamic‐pressure processing, high‐pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultrasound, SmartStretch^?, Pi‐Vac Elasto‐Pack® system, and some of the current applied methods used in the meat industry.     

宰后电刺激与肉的嫩度

本文综述了电刺激的发展历史背景和研究现状,肌肉的嫩化机制及宰后电刺激促进嫩化的机理.同时,介绍了一些该领域的相关研究成果,并对电刺激的机理和电刺激在动物宰后肌肉嫩化中的应用进行了讨论.     

超声波技术嫩化机理及其在肉制品中应用效果的研究进展

嫩度是评估肉制品品质的重要指标,提高嫩度有利于吸引消费者二次购买.传统物理嫩化技术虽广泛应用于肉及肉制品的嫩化加工,但在线应用差这一缺陷导致消费者接受度较低,因此推进了新兴物理嫩化技术的研究.其中,超声波作为一种高效节能、绿色环保、穿透力强的非热加工技术广泛用于肉制品的嫩化.本文综述了肉制品嫩化理论、嫩度主要影响因素以...