Specific features of systems for suppressing noise produced by the gas paths of power-generating boilers

Specific features of systems intended for suppressing noise produced by the gas paths of power-generating boilers and limitations that must be taken into account in constructing such systems are discussed. It is shown that the numerical method of simulating 3D flows can be used for development of systems for suppressing noise from gas paths. Examples of systems developed using this method at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute for reducing noise from the gas paths of the power-generating boilers Nos. 6 and 7 at Mosenergo’s GES-1 power station are given.     

“Cloud computations” for chemical departments of power stations

The notion of “cloud computations” is defined, and examples of such computations carried out at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute are given. Calculations of emissions discharged into the atmosphere from steam and hot-water boilers, as well as other calculations presented on the Internet that are of interest for power stations, are shown.     

Development of silencers for suppressing noise emitted from heat-recovery boilers taking into account the attenuation of sound energy in their heating surfaces

A formula is proposed using which attenuation of the level of acoustic power in a heat-recovery boiler can be calculated as a function of the area of its heat-transfer heating surfaces. The silencers developed by specialists of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute for additional suppression of noise emitted from combined-cycle and gas turbine units equipped with heat-recovery boilers are considered.     

The innovation educational program of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute: New school laboratories at the Department of Automated Process Control Systems

A new set of school laboratories at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute’s Department of Automated Control Systems is described that are intended for training engineers specializing in systems for automatically controlling technological processes in power engineering. The principles and objectives of the educational process, and requirements for its methodical support are discussed.     

大型火电厂烟气监测仪表选型的一些意见

介绍华能大连电厂烟气监测仪表的选型及现状，比较国内外烟气连续监测系统在系统配置，性能及价格和售后服务等方面的不同，提出大型火电厂烟气监测仪表选型应注意的几个问题。     

Use of coals for cocombustion with Estonian shale oil

The article reports the results of investigation into the possibility of using off-design coals as an additional fuel in connection with predicted reduction in the heat of combustion of shale oil and more stringent environmental regulations on harmful emissions. For this purpose, a mathematical model of a TP-101 boiler at the Estonian Power Plant has been constructed and verified; the model describes the boiler’s current state. On the basis of the process flow chart, the experience of operating the boiler, the relevant regulations, and the environmental requirement criteria for evaluation of the equipment operation in terms of reliability, efficiency, and environmental safety have been developed. These criteria underlie the analysis of the calculated operating parameters of the boiler and the boiler plant as a whole upon combustion with various shale-oil-to-coal ratios. The computational study shows that, at the minimal load, the normal operation of the boiler is ensured almost within the entire range of the parts by the heat rate of coal. With the decreasing load on the boiler, the normal equipment operation region narrows. The basic limitation factors are the temperature of the steam in the superheater, the temperature of the combustion products at the furnace outlet and the flow rate of the combustion air and flue gases. As a result, the parts by heat rate of lignite and bituminous coal have been determined that ensure reliable and efficient operation of the equipment. The efficiency of the boiler with the recommended lignite-to-coal ratio is higher than that achieved when burning the design shale oil. Based on the evaluation of the environmental performance of the boiler, the necessary additional measures to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere have been determined.     

电容式电压互感器电压暂降测量误差分析及校正

电压暂降是影响现代电网最为突出的电能质量问题之一,在进行大范围高压系统电压暂降监测时,必须考虑到含储能元件的电容式电压互感器（capacitor voltage transformer,CVT）所造成的不利影响。根据CVT结构推导了其测量电压暂降的误差并指出了影响该误差的内外部因素,而后构建了仿真模型,详细研究了暂降初相角、残余电压、CVT参数及负荷对电压暂降持续时间、暂降幅值以及相位跳变等特征量的影响及敏感度,最后提出一种基于虚拟阻抗补偿的CVT电压暂降测量误差校正方法,消除了电压暂降不确定性造成的测量误差多样性问题,仿真结果表明该方法的有效性,为普遍采用CVT的高压系统电压暂降准确测量提供了可行的校正方案。     

Comparative study of gas-analyzing systems designed for continuous monitoring of TPP emissions

Determining the composition of combustion products is important in terms of both control of emissions into the atmosphere from thermal power plants and optimization of fuel combustion processes in electric power plants. For this purpose, the concentration of oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and sulfur oxides in flue gases is monitored; in case of solid fuel combustion, fly ash concentration is monitored as well. According to the new nature conservation law in Russia, all large TPPs shall be equipped with continuous emission monitoring and measurement systems (CEMMS) into the atmosphere. In order to ensure the continuous monitoring of pollutant emissions, direct round-the-clock measurements are conducted with the use of either domestically produced or imported gas analyzers and analysis systems, the operation of which is based on various physicochemical methods and which can be generally used when introducing CEMMS. Depending on the type and purposes of measurement, various kinds of instruments having different features may be used. This article represents a comparative study of gas-analysis systems for measuring the content of polluting substances in exhaust gases based on various physical and physicochemical analysis methods. It lists basic characteristics of the methods commonly applied in the area of gas analysis. It is proven that, considering the necessity of the long-term, continuous operation of gas analyzers for monitoring and measurement of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, as well as the requirements for reliability and independence from aggressive components and temperature of the gas flow, it is preferable to use optical gas analyzers for the aforementioned purposes. In order to reduce the costs of equipment comprising a CEMMS at a TPP and optimize the combustion processes, electrochemical and thermomagnetic gas analyzers may also be used.     

Metal of the Equipment at Thermal Power Stations. Problems and Prospects

In late 2006, the conference “Metal of the Equipment of Thermal Power Stations. Problems and Prospects,” timed to the 85th anniversary from the date the All-Union Research Institute of Thermal Engineering (now OAO VTI) was held at VTI in Moscow. One hundred and forty representatives from 95 organizations from Russia, Germany, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, and Moldova took part in the conference. The problems that were discussed at the conference were related to ensuring reliable and safe operation of equipment at thermal and nuclear power stations.     

Review of the coal-fired,over-supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam power plants

The article presents a review of developments of modern high-capacity coal-fired over-supercritical (OSC) and ultra-supercritical (USC) steam power plants and their implementation. The basic engineering solutions are reported that ensure the reliability, economic performance, and low atmospheric pollution levels. The net efficiency of the power plants is increased by optimizing the heat balance, improving the primary and auxiliary equipment, and, which is the main thing, by increasing the throttle conditions. As a result of the enhanced efficiency, emissions of hazardous substances into the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide, the “greenhouse” gas, are reduced. To date, the exhaust steam conditions in the world power industry are p ₀ ≈ 30 MPa and t ₀ = 610/620°C. The efficiency of such power plants reaches 47%. The OSC plants are being operated in Germany, Denmark, Japan, China, and Korea; pilot plants are being developed in Russia. Currently, a project of a power plant for the ultra-supercritical steam conditions p ₀ ≈ 35 MPa and t ₀ = 700/720°C with efficiency of approximately 50% is being studied in the EU within the framework of the Thermie AD700 program, project AD 700PF. Investigations in this field have also been launched in the United States, Japan, and China. Engineering solutions are also being sought in Russia by the All-Russia Thermal Engineering Research Institute (VTI) and the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. The stated steam parameter level necessitates application of new materials, namely, nickel-base alloys. Taking into consideration high costs of nickel-base alloys and the absence in Russia of technologies for their production and manufacture of products from these materials for steam-turbine power plants, the development of power plants for steam parameters of 32 MPa and 650/650°C should be considered to be the first stage in creating the USC plants as, to achieve the above parameters, no expensive alloys are require. To develop and construct OSC and USC head power plants, joint efforts of the government, experts in power industry and metallurgy, scientific institutions, and equipment manufacturers are required.     

Electronic lighting interference

This article presents empirical laboratory and field data documenting electromagnetic interference between high-efficiency electronic lighting and certain other electronic devices. Typical equipment involved are power-line carrier systems, security systems, and remote controls for televisions and VCRs. Reported cases involving both electronic lighting emissions and immunity in building power systems are summarized according to basic interference mechanisms. To illustrate the potential complexities of this problem, the article describes a case where high-efficiency lighting interfered with a hearing aid. The discussion of the case includes a field survey, laboratory investigations, and recommended solutions to the problem. To conserve energy, electric utilities have carried out demand-side management (DSM) programs that include installing electronic lighting in commercial and government buildings. Millions of electronic ballasts and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) have been installed. Several cases of new electronic lighting interfering with other appliances have been documented and are being studied by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Power Electronics Applications Center (PEAC). This research will help to determine how appliances interact with radiated and conducted emissions from ballasts. Although these cases do not represent a large percentage of installations, lighting manufacturers have risen to the challenge of identifying design solutions to several of the problems that have been identified.     

Reduction of noise emitted from exhaust paths of gas turbine units equipped with heat recovery boilers

The values by which noise emitted from exhaust paths of different gas-turbine units equipped with heat recovery boilers exceeds the levels prescribed by sanitary standards are calculated. Measures to reduce noise emitted from the exhaust paths of gas-turbine units with heat recovery boilers are discussed, and design solutions developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute for suppressing this noise are described.     

The influence of the maximally rapid heating and ignition of powdered Kuznetsk coals on the integrated operational efficiency of power-generating boilers

A technology for staged combustion of Kuznetsk coals is considered, the use of which allows the amount of nitrogen oxides generated in the furnace chamber to be reduced considerably while keeping a low level of incomplete combustion. The results obtained from practical implementation of the proposals suggested by specialists of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute on retrofitting boilers that fire Kuznetsk coals are presented.     

锅炉“烟塔合-技术”条件下脱硝系统的设计特点

阐述了大唐哈尔滨第一热电厂2台300Mw机组新建工程烟气脱硝的必要性，以及脱硝工艺的选择、脱硝工艺系统和脱硝后污染物排放分析，认为采用的选择性催化还原方法对锅炉排放烟气脱除NOx，能够满足环保排放标准要求。     

火电厂环保设施及烟气污染物排放实时监控系统研究与建设

根据国家节能减排和奥运保障的相关政策与要求,进行了火电厂环保设施及烟气污染物排放实时监控系统的研究与建设,采集电力企业环保设施及烟气污染物相关生产数据,利用电力系统调度专用网络进行传输,实时监测河北南部电网所有燃煤发电机组的烟气排放数据和环保设施运行状况,为环保部门加强燃煤电厂烟气治理设施运行监督和为燃煤机组脱硫电量和脱硫电价核算提供有力支撑;同时有利于减少烟气污染物排放,降低电力企业对环境的污染。     

Noise silencers on discharge lines of steam from power-generating boilers

The characteristics of well-known designs of steam noise silencers are analyzed. New steam noise silencers designed at Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MEI) are described, and results of tests of them carried out at different facilities are presented. It is shown that the MEI silencer can be used in a wide range of dump steam parameters and be applied in power units for both subcritical and supercritical steam conditions.     

内蒙古电网变电设备在线监测系统运行情况分析

总结了内蒙古电网变电设备在线监测系统总体运行情况,以变压器油中溶解气体在线监测为例,对变电设备在线监测装置的接入率、数据误差率、异常率以及供货商现场服务质量指标进行分析。分析认为变电站站控系统频繁故障是目前在线监测系统整体数据异常率高和接入率低的首要原因。对此提出进行站控系统改造,提高系统运行稳定性;加强在线监测系统入网监测、现场验收和运行评估;提高对在线监测数据的利用和分析水平等改进措施。     

建立系统的人力资源预测与甄选体系提高专业化人力资源管理水平

中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院在企业人力资源管理实践中,以企业发展战略为指导,运用人力资源管理的模型理论,建立了系统的人力资源预测与甄选体系。通过企业人力资源规划与管理的专业化,建立企业系统化的人才识别、选取、发掘体制,造就符合企业要求、具备潜在发展能力、具有团队合作精神、追求高品质工作质量、注重持续改进的企业员工队伍。     

Automated chemical monitoring in new projects of nuclear power plant units

The development of automated chemical monitoring systems in nuclear power plant units for the past 30 years is briefly described. The modern level of facilities used to support the operation of automated chemical monitoring systems in Russia and abroad is shown. Hardware solutions suggested by the All-Russia Institute for Nuclear Power Plant Operation (which is the General Designer of automated process control systems for power units used in the AES-2006 and VVER-TOI Projects) are presented, including the structure of additional equipment for monitoring water chemistry (taking the Novovoronezh 2 nuclear power plant as an example). It is shown that the solutions proposed with respect to receiving and processing of input measurement signals and subsequent construction of standard control loops are unified in nature. Simultaneous receipt of information from different sources for ensuring that water chemistry is monitored in sufficient scope and with required promptness is one of the problems that have been solved successfully. It is pointed out that improved quality of automated chemical monitoring can be supported by organizing full engineering follow-up of the automated chemical monitoring system’s equipment throughout its entire service life.     

Study of the possibility of thermal utilization of contaminated water in low-power boilers

The utilization of water contaminated with oil products is a topical problem for thermal power plants and boiler houses. It is reasonable to use special water treatment equipment only for large power engineering and industry facilities. Thermal utilization of contaminated water in boiler furnaces is proposed as an alternative version of its utilization. Since there are hot-water fire-tube boilers at many enterprises, it is necessary to study the possibility of thermal utilization of water contaminated with oil products in their furnaces. The object of this study is a KV-GM-2.0 boiler with a heating power of 2 MW. The pressurized burner developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, National Research University, was used as a burner device for supplying liquid fuel. The computational investigations were performed on the basis of the computer simulation of processes of liquid fuel atomization, mixing, ignition, and burnout; in addition, the formation of nitrogen oxides was simulated on the basis of ANSYS Fluent computational dynamics software packages, taking into account radiative and convective heat transfer. Analysis of the results of numerical experiments on the combined supply of crude oil and water contaminated with oil products has shown that the thermal utilization of contaminated water in fire-tube boilers cannot be recommended. The main causes here are the impingement of oil droplets on the walls of the flame tube, as well as the delay in combustion and increased emissions of nitrogen oxides. The thermal utilization of contaminated water combined with diesel fuel can be arranged provided that the water consumption is not more than 3%; however, this increases the emission of nitrogen oxides. The further increase in contaminated water consumption will lead to the reduction of the reliability of the combustion process.