Effect of electrode surface roughness on breakdown conditioning under non-uniform electric field in vacuum

Breakdown (BD) characteristics in vacuum are strongly dependent on the electrode surface conditions, such as surface roughness. However, there is little known concerning the details of the relationship between the surface roughness and BD conditioning effect. In practical application, it is important to clarify how the surface roughness affects the breakdown conditioning characteristics, especially for the non-uniform field configuration. This paper discusses the effect of surface roughness on breakdown conditioning characteristics under non-uniform electric field in vacuum under applications of negative standard lightning impulse voltage. For this purpose, we examined the BD conditioning of a rod-to-plane electrode made of SUS304 and Cu-Cr. The surface roughness of R_a is controlled from 0.3 to 2.5 mum. Experimental results revealed that the enhancement of surface roughness of electrodes increases the number of BD to complete the conditioning effect. We explained the results from the observed results of the electrode surface. Consequently, we could clarify the effect of surface roughness on the conditioning effect under non-uniform electric field in vacuum quantitatively.     

Charging characteristics and electric field distribution on alumina as affected by triple junctions in vacuum

This paper describes the dependence of the charging characteristics on the electric field distribution on the alumina (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) surface as affected by the triple junction in vacuum. For HV electrical insulation design of vacuum interrupter, surface flashover in vacuum is very important problem to be solved. Attention should be paid to the fact that the insulation characteristics on the dielectric surface are strongly influenced by field emission of electrons from the triple junction and the accumulated charges on the dielectric surface. In order to clarify the charging mechanism, we measured the charging characteristics for various types of triple junctions. In particular, we focused on the influence of the electric field distribution along the solid dielectrics and near the cathode triple junction (CTJ) on the charging characteristics. The results confirmed that the electric field distribution strongly affected the 2-dimensional (2D) distribution of the surface charge on the dielectric sample. Consequently, it was found that positive charging was generated on alumina, when the incident angle of the electric line of force on the alumina surface became >60/spl deg/.     

The relation of trap distribution of alumina with surface flashover performance in vacuum

Alumina ceramic samples prepared under different sintering temperatures and varied additives were measured to indicate the trap density and trap energy located in alumina materials by using thermally stimulated current (TSC). The surface charges on alumina in vacuum after applying a negative pulse voltage (0.7/4 /spl mu/s), and flashover performances of the materials in vacuum also were measured. We found that the trap distribution in alumina has a correlation with surface charges and flashover performances in vacuum. It is shown that the higher is the trap density in the material, the higher is the surface charge density, and the lower is the flashover voltage on alumina surface. It is believed that the trapping and de-trapping mechanisms of carriers could play an important role during the development of the discharge processes, together with the secondary electron emission mechanism.     

真空中氧化铝陶瓷表面耐压试验研究

为提高真空中陶瓷绝缘子的整体耐压水平．对真空中氧化铝陶瓷的沿面闪络行为进行研究,选用95氧化铝陶瓷和掺锰铬氧化铝陶瓷进行表面耐压试验,结果表明：测试过程对陶瓷绝缘子沿面闪络电压有较大影响;在相同条件下,掺锰铬瓷的沿面耐压能力明显比95氧化铝陶瓷高;同时,真空中原始表面较磨加工表面具有更高的耐压强度。     

表面粗糙度对绝缘材料真空闪络特性的影响

在高电场作用下,在真空、气体或液体介质中常常会发生沿固体绝缘表面的破坏性放电现象,即表面闪络,而发生闪络的电压往往远低于固体和氛围介质本身的击穿电压,其中尤以真空中的闪络现象最为严重.本文针对真空条件下PTFE和可加工陶瓷在冲击电压下的沿面闪络现象进行了观测和研究.发现改变绝缘材料粗糙度对其闪络特性有明显的影响,并对这些现象进行合理解释.     

Influence of surface roughness on the charging of insulating spacers in vacuum

This paper describes the charging phenomena of cylindrical insulators made of PMMA, PTFE, or Al₂O₃ under ramped and stepped dc voltage. It is primarily concerned with the influence of surface roughness on the formation of charging for various insulating spacers. By using an electrostatic probe located on the cathode, we conducted real‐time observations of the electric field induced by the surface charge. It was found that the surface roughness positively affects the charging, which becomes more pronounced in insulators polished to a higher degree. Furthermore, polished insulators are characterized by a shorter time lag. These results show the importance of surface treatment for insulating spacers in vacuum. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 16–25, 2001     

High-blocking-voltage UMOSFETs with reformed electric field distribution

A high-performance vertical GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a U-shaped gate (UMOSFET) and high blocking voltage is proposed. The main concept behind this work is to reform the electric field distribution to achieve high blocking voltage. The proposed structure includes p-regions in the drift region, which we call reformed electric field (REF) regions. Simulations using the two-dimensional SILVACO simulator reveal the optimum doping concentration, and width and height of the REF regions to achieve the maximum depletion region at the breakdown voltage in the drift region. Also, the electric field distribution in the REF-UMOSFET is reformed by producing additional peaks, which decreases the common peaks under the gate trench. We discuss herein the impact of the height, width, and doping concentration of the REF regions on the ON-resistance (R_ON) and blocking voltage. The blocking voltage, specific ON-resistance, and figure of merit \( \left( {{\text{FOM}} = \frac{{V_{{{\text{BR}}}}^{2} }}{{R_{{{\text{ON}}}} }}} \right) \) are 1140 V, 0.587 mΩ cm² (V_GS = 15 V, V_DS = 1 V), and 2.214 GW/cm², respectively. The blocking voltage and FOM are increased by about 72 % and 171 % in comparison with a conventional UMOSFET (C-UMOSFET).     

Flashover from surface charge distribution on alumina insulators invacuum

Surface charge distributions of disk type aluminas held between a backside electrode (alumina holder) and a needle electrode to be excited by an impulse voltage (rise time 64 μs, wave tail 700 μs) were measured. The measurement of surface charge distribution on the whole surface area of alumina YSA998 and UHA99 after impulse voltage application revealed that the surface charging can be initiated either from the anode or from the cathode triple junction. The charging initiated from the anode triple junction (for positive polarity) produced positive charge at the anode region and the density is dependent on the applied voltage, while the charging initiated from the cathode triple junction region (for negative polarity) produced negative charge around the cathode region. For positive polarity, the critical values of charge density to the flashover for alumina YSA998 and UHA98 are 5.70 and 17.2 μC/m², respectively     

伞裙表面覆水对35kV支柱绝缘子电场分布的影响

变电站支柱绝缘子长期暴露在空气中易引发闪络故障,进而导致电网发生严重的停电事故.为研究支柱绝缘子伞裙表面覆水对绝缘子附近电场分布的影响,以FZSW-35-6型复合支柱绝缘子为研究对象,采用三维制图软件SolidWorks和有限元仿真软件COMSOL对伞裙表面存在覆水的支柱绝缘子附近的电场分布进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明...     

Nonlinear analysis of field distribution in electric motor with periodicity conditions

Contents Numerical analysis of electromagnetic field distribution in linear motion tubular electric motor has been performed with the aid of finite element method. Two Fortran programmes for the solution of DBBF and BF large linear symmetric equation systems have been developed for purposes of this analysis. A new iterative algorithm, taking into account iron nonlinearity and periodicity conditions, has been introduced. Final results of the analysis in the form of induction diagrammes and motor driving force and directly useful for motor designers.

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Nichtlineare Analyse der Feldverteilung im Elektrischen Motor mit Berücksichtigung der Periodizitätsbedingungen

Übersicht Es wurde eine numerische Analyse der Verteilung des elektromagnetischen Feldes im linearen röhrenförmigen elektrischen Motor mittels der Methode der Finiten Elemente durchgeführt. Zwei Fortran-Programmen zur Lösung großer Systeme der Lineargleichungen mit DBBF und BF Koeffizientmatrizen wurden für diese Analyse entwickelt. Ein neuer Iterationsalgorithmus berücksichtigt die Nichtlinearität des Eisens und die Periodizitätsbedingungen. Resultate der Analyse — d. h. Diagramme der magnetischen Induktion und der Schubkraft des Motors-sind unmittelbar anwendbar beim Entwurf elektrischer Motore.

     

Effect of semicon-dielectric interface on conductivity and electric field distribution

Development of solid dielectric dc transmission class cable has become a priority throughout much of the world. Interdiffusion between the semiconducting electrode materials and the dielectric inevitably causes variations in conductivity of the dielectric near the semicon which results in distortion of the electric field and space charge formation under dc conditions. Analytical approximations and numerical computations provide a basis for analyzing space charge measurements, and based on such space charge measurements and the analysis, we estimate the field distortion for several material systems.     

支柱绝缘子表面电场分布特性研究

为研究支柱绝缘子表面电场分布特性,经理论分析建立其有限元计算模型,获得了工程设计中所关心部位的电场强度分布。计算了3种典型支柱绝缘子理想情况下表面电场强度分布,并与增爬裙计算结果进行比较分析,结果表明,绝缘子两端电场强度较大,中间部位较低;增爬裙对其电场强度分布的改善没有明显的作用,电力线走向发生一定改变。     

Polarization and electric field distribution in thermally poledPVDF and FEP

In the present paper, heat wave (LIMM) and pressure step (PPS) measurements of the spatial polarization and electric field distributions in nonuniformly thermally poled α-PVDF and Teflon FEP films are reported. The spatial distributions obtained by the two methods are compared over the entire thickness range, and a satisfactory agreement is found. For PVDF the results of both methods are in accordance with literature data for similarly poled specimens of similar material, the so-called `thermal profile', a polarization peak near the anode. Furthermore, in the LIMM experiments we found a small peak near the cathode, which can be explained by a positive compensation charge layer extending ≈2 μm in depth. For the first time, LIMM spectra of FEP are published. The space charge distribution in the FEP sample is nearly homogeneous inside the sample. Near the anode side an accumulation of negative charges appear. Near both surfaces a positive compensation charge was found with a thickness of ~1 μm. It is demonstrated that by means of our deconvolution the spatial distribution can be determined simultaneously with two thermal parameters, the diffusivity of the sample material and the heat transfer coefficient between sample and sample holder     

基于砂带表面磨粒分布的螺杆曲面重复磨削区域表面粗糙度预测

为提高螺杆转子磨削效率开发螺杆同步磨削装置,分别采用不同方式对螺杆凹凸两面进行磨削,由此会在连接处产生重复磨削区域。为保证重复磨削区域表面质量满足螺杆使用要求,对该区域表面粗糙度进行预测。首先基于瑞利分布建立砂带表面磨粒分布模型;在此基础上,根据磨削去除机理及螺杆廓形对磨削后的螺杆表面形貌进行预测;其次,依据表面粗糙轮廓度定义得到不同工艺参数下的表面粗糙度预测值。最后通过螺杆磨削及测量实验验证提出算法的准确性。实验结果表明提出的算法平均误差为6.27%,最低误差为0.16%,因此提出的算法可为螺杆转子砂带磨削表面粗糙度预测提供理论依据。     

GIS内置式特高频传感器电场分布研究

内置式特高频传感器植入GIS腔体时,会对原有电场产生畸变,从而影响设备的安全运行。通过对内置式特高频传感器的不同植入位置进行电场计算,得到了不同植入位置时传感器对原有电场的畸变情况,在此基础上提出了内置式传感器的植入原则。结果表明：当传感器平面与GIS外壳呈水平或处于GIS预留腔体内时,传感器对原电场的影响可忽略不计。综合灵敏度的考虑,可将传感器平面与腔体外壳呈水平布置。     

Electrode conditioning characteristics in vacuum under impulse voltage application in nonuniform electric field

In this paper, we quantitatively investigated the impulse conditioning mechanism under nonuniform electric field electrodes in a vacuum. A negative standard lightning impulse voltage was applied between rod and plane electrodes whose materials were Cu-Cr, stainless steel and Cu and the gap lengths were d=5 and 10 mm, respectively. Experimental results revealed the transition of the breakdown (BD) sport region on the rod electrode and the corresponding BD field strength in the conditioning process. As a result, we found that the BD spot region started at the tip of the rod electrode and moved to the wider region of the rod electrode with lower electric field as the shots of the voltage application increased before the saturation of the BD voltage. Finally, by analyzing the results with an electric field strength, we propose that "the conditioning degree" along the electrode surface distributed directly proportional to the electric field distribution under a nonuniform electric field in a vacuum, irrespective of the electrode materials     

Condensed metal vapor on alumina ceramic in vacuum interrupters

Investigations have been carried out on the dielectric performance of the ceramic (high-purity alumina, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) surface in vacuum interrupters after switching. In order to examine the influence of the shielding on the protection of the ceramic surface against metal vapor condensation different types of vacuum interrupters (VIs) have been tested: VIs with and without shielding. Additionally, two contact materials CuCr: 75:25 wt% and WCAg: 56:4:40 wt% have been investigated to compare the adhesion of different metal vapors to alumina ceramic surfaces. After having performed a HV conditioning of the VIs, dc arcs with arbitrary arcing times were triggered between the contacts simulating the generation of metal vapor during high current interruption and load break switching. Between the arcing tests the insulation levels of all VIs have been tested by means of HV ac source. Afterwards the VIs were opened and the microstructure of the metallic condensate on the inner ceramic surface was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The integral chemical composition of the metallic film was investigated by inductive coupled plasma (ICP).     

Relationship between electrode surface roughness and impulse breakdown voltage in vacuum gap of Cu and Cu-Cr electrodes

The relationship between the impulse breakdown voltage of vacuum gaps and electrode surface roughness was investigated for the purpose of controlling the surface roughness on HV conductors. The roughness of mechanically polished Cu and Cu-Cr electrodes was measured with a roughness meter, and the relationship between the breakdown voltage and surface roughness was obtained for plate-to-plate gaps. The discharge-conditioning effect increased with reduction in the surface roughness. The breakdown voltage depended not only on the roughness of the cathode but also on the anode surfaces. Reducing the surface roughness was found not to be an effective way to increase the breakdown voltage for non-uniform field gaps after discharge conditioning.     

球体内外静电场分布的研究

为了研究静电荷所形成电场分布规律,探讨电场和电势的之间的关系;理清电荷分布和场强之间的内在关系;巧妙利用镜像电荷求解的方法,进行简化求解,得到了可以比较的简洁面的电荷密度关系式,从而比较了球体内面电荷密度的分布强弱,进而推证了场强的分布强弱。同时巧妙构造几何求解回路,利用保守场的特性,利用反证法分析论证,推出了面电荷密度分布规律,很好解释了球外电场分布特点。以上研究结果为进一步探讨电磁屏蔽都是很有益的先行探索。     

重载电气化铁路钢轨电位监测系统

重载高速电气化铁路区段由于牵引电流大和钢轨对地漏泄电阻高,导致的钢轨电位偏高对人身和设备安全造成威胁.本文阐述了钢轨电位的产生机理,分析了其基本特性,并用实测波形和仿真数据验证了钢轨电位偏高情况频繁发生.提出了研究钢轨电位监测系统的必要性,从监测系统中的采集系统、GPS授时同步系统、抗干扰技术进行了详细分析,最后从技术可行性和经济可行性上分析得到,建立高速重裁电气化铁路钢轨电位监测系统可行.