严重事故下安全壳卸压箱隔间氢气浓度场模拟

根据MELCOR程序对全厂断电诱发的严重事故下安全壳内各隔间的氢气浓度分布的计算结果,参考美国联邦法规关于氢气控制和风险分析的标准,分析安全壳内氢气的燃烧风险。结果表明：安全壳内平均氢气浓度不会导致整体性氢气燃烧,但存在局部燃烧的风险。通过CFD程序对氢气浓度较高的卸压箱隔间进行氢气释放和空间气体流动过程的模拟,得到更细致的卸压箱隔间内氢气浓度场分布,给出氢气聚集区域的准确位置,为采取严重事故缓解措施,设计氢复合器布置方案提供了参考依据。     

基于Gasflow程序的非能动安全压水堆氢气行为计算和分析

本文利用Gasflow程序对非能动压水堆发生假想的严重事故后,安全壳内的氢气流动、分布和积聚行为进行了计算和分析,对安全壳内各房间的氢气风险进行了评价并给出了降低氢气燃烧风险的建议。计算结果表明,在发生大破口事故中,安全壳内氢气浓度较高的区域为破损蒸汽发生器隔间,内置换料水箱隔间和上部隔间,需要设置消氢系统来降低隔间内的氢气浓度。     

基于CFD的氢气扩散火焰燃烧分析

日本福岛核事故后,氢气风险对于安全壳完整性的挑战成为反应堆安全设计的热点问题.当前的氢气风险分析普遍采用一体化分析程序,对于局部区域氢气扩散火焰的分析存在缺陷和不足.本文依托CFD程序,建立了安全壳内局部隔间的CFD氢气扩散火焰燃烧的分析方法,研究了扩散火焰的燃烧特性,获得了严重事故下的安全壳温度载荷.研究结果表明,安...     

严重事故下安全壳内氢气行为与风险分析

福岛事故后的核电厂安全审评过程中,国家核安全局对于严重事故下的氢气安全问题提出了更高的要求,从满足当前高标准的氢气安全要求的角度出发,有必要对安全壳内氢气行为开展更为细致深入的研究,开展氢气的三维分析,为集总参数程序的分析结果提供有益补充。本文采用一体化严重事故分析程序和流体力学程序对国产先进压水堆核电厂进行系统建模,选取大破口触发的严重事故序列,对严重事故工况下的氢气行为及氢气控制系统性能进行分析评价。首先采用一体化严重事故分析程序计算氢气产生源项、氢气产生速率和安全壳内氢气浓度分布等,评价安全壳隔间内的氢气风险。并采用计算流体力学程序,进一步对安全壳内重要隔间的氢气分布进行三维分析,研究安全壳内氢气和水蒸汽的行为,获得重要隔间内的流场、温度场、压力场、氢气分布及浓度变化等计算结果。CFD程序在计算气体分布方面要比集总参数程序更加精确和详细,通过更精细地模拟安全壳内的氢气行为,可以为集总参数程序的计算结果提供补充,为氢气控制系统的设计优化和严重事故氢气风险管理等提供有力的支持。     

秦山二期核电厂严重事故下安全壳内氢气浓度分布及风险初步分析

采用模块化严重事故计算工具,对秦山二期核电厂大破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)、小破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)和全厂断电(SBO)诱发的严重事故序列以及安全壳内的氢气浓度分布进行了计算分析.在此基础之上,参考美国联邦法规10CFR关于氢气控制和风险分析的标准,对安全壳的氢气燃烧风险进行了初步研究.分析结果表明:大破口严重事故导致的安全壳内的平均氢气浓度接近10%,具有一定的整体性氢气燃烧风险,小破口失水和全厂断电严重事故可能不会导致此类风险,但仍然存在局部氢气燃烧的可能.     

严重事故下氢气风险及氢气控制系统的初步分析

采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对600MWe压水堆核电厂严重事故下氢气风险及拟定的氢气控制系统进行分析。结果表明：相对于小破口失水始发事故和全厂断电始发事故工况,大破口失水始发严重事故堆芯快速熔化,在考虑100%锆 水反应产氢量的条件下,大破口失水始发事故氢气风险较大,有可能发生氢气快速燃烧;在氢气控制系统作用下,发生大破口失水始发严重事故时,安全壳内平均氢气浓度和隔间内氢气浓度低于10%,未达到氢气快速燃烧和爆炸的条件,满足美国联邦法规10CFR中关于氢气控制和风险分析的准则,认为该氢气控制系统是可行、有效的。     

AP1000核电厂氢气点火器功能分析

采用集总参数分析程序对AP1000核电厂安全壳内氢气点火系统功能进行了分析和验证。在定义的包络事故工况下,氢气最大瞬时释放速率达300kg/min。计算表明：在无点火措施情况下,AP1000安全壳局部隔间的氢气浓度较高,隔间内的气体处于可燃状态,且接近爆燃向爆炸转变（DDT）状态;在实施点火措施情况下,氢气浓度得到有效控制,氢气点火系统能消除严重事故下氢气所引起的风险。     

先进压水堆核电站氢气风险分析

核电厂在严重事故期间会产生大量氢气并释放到安全壳内,威胁安全壳的完整性。应用氢气风险分析程序GASFLOW对先进压水堆核电站在大破口失水事故叠加应急堆芯冷却系统失效导致的严重事故期间的氢气行为及风险进行分析。结果表明,当气体释放源位于蒸汽发生器隔间时,氢气流动的主要路径为"蒸汽发生器隔间—穹顶空间—操作平台以下隔间";破口隔间的氢气体积浓度分布与源项氢气体积浓度及射流形态有关,非破口区域的氢气体积浓度呈层状分布,在扩散作用下,层状分布向下推移;蒸汽发生器隔间存在着火焰加速(FA)的可能性,但基本可排除燃爆转变(DDT)的可能性,穹顶区域基本可排除FA和DDT的可能性。     

先进压水堆核电厂氢气控制策略分析研究

新建核电厂的设计必须做到"实际消除"早期与大量放射性释放的可能性,氢气燃爆导致的安全壳失效是必须要"实际消除"的严重事故工况之一。因此对各种消氢措施的特点进行分析研究,建立联合消氢策略评价方法,可为先进压水堆核电厂氢气控制策略选择设计评价提供支持手段。根据严重事故管理中对氢气控制策略的考虑,研究安全壳内局部位置的可燃性是相关设计评价的关键问题。根据可燃性准则、火焰加速准则、燃爆转变准则,本文使用三维CFD程序对典型严重事故工况下安全壳蒸汽发生器隔间内的可燃性及氢气风险进行模拟分析。研究结果表明,虽然喷放源项中有大量水蒸气,蒸汽发生器隔间中仍有较大区域处于可燃限值以内,合理布置的点火器能在设计中点燃并消除氢气。本研究建立的分析方法能用于对核电厂氢气控制策略选择设计的评价。     

基于氢气风险分析的ADS手动卸压策略研究

先进非能动压水堆设计采用自动卸压系统(ADS)对一回路进行卸压,严重事故下主控室可手动开启ADS,缓解高压熔堆风险。然而ADS的设计特点可能导致氢气在局部隔间积聚,带来局部氢气风险。本文基于氢气负面效应考虑,对利用ADS进行一回路卸压的策略进行研究,为严重事故管理提供技术支持。选取全厂断电始发的典型高压熔堆严重事故序列,利用一体化事故分析程序,评估手动开启第1~4级ADS、手动开启第1~3级ADS、手动开启第4级ADS 3种方案的卸压效果,并分析一回路卸压对安全壳局部隔间的氢气负面影响。研究结果表明,3种卸压方案均能有效降低一回路压力。但在氢气点火器不可用时,开启第1~3级ADS以及开启第1~4级ADS卸压会引起内置换料水箱隔间氢气浓度迅速增加,可能导致局部氢气燃爆。因此,基于氢气风险考虑,建议在实施严重事故管理导则一回路卸压策略时优先考虑采用第4级ADS进行一回路卸压。     

先进压水堆核电厂氢气控制策略分析研究

新建核电厂的设计必须做到“实际消除”早期与大量放射性释放的可能性,氢气燃爆导致的安全壳失效是必须要“实际消除”的严重事故工况之一。因此对各种消氢措施的特点进行分析研究,建立联合消氢策略评价方法,可为先进压水堆核电厂氢气控制策略选择设计评价提供支持手段。根据严重事故管理中对氢气控制策略的考虑,研究安全壳内局部位置的可燃性是相关设计评价的关键问题。根据可燃性准则、火焰加速准则、燃爆转变准则,本文使用三维CFD程序对典型严重事故工况下安全壳蒸汽发生器隔间内的可燃性及氢气风险进行模拟分析。研究结果表明,虽然喷放源项中有大量水蒸气,蒸汽发生器隔间中仍有较大区域处于可燃限值以内,合理布置的点火器能在设计中点燃并消除氢气。本研究建立的分析方法能用于对核电厂氢气控制策略选择设计的评价。     

GOTHIC局部氢气风险三维分析研究

Integrated severe accident code is used to analyze the hydrogen risk in current safety assessment. After Fukushima accident, higher requirements are placed on hydrogen risk analysis. In order to supplement the lumped parameter analysis, three dimension hydrogen risk analysis method using GOTHIC is studied. Local three dimension hydrogen risk model is constructed by GOTHIC. Based on model validation, typical severe accident cases are chosen to analyze the hydrogen distribution. The results show that, hydrogen and other gas are mixed well in the upper compartment of the containment, and hydrogen stratification phenomenon is not obvious. For DVI rupture accident in PXS-B, the lower area of the break is flooded, and the hydrogen concentration for the upper area of the break is large, however, the hydrogen risk is little.     

GOTHIC局部氢气风险三维分析研究

目前的氢气风险分析中,主要采用一体化严重事故分析程序进行分析计算。日本福岛事故后,对氢气风险分析提出了更高的要求。为了实现对集总参数程序的有益补充,本文开展了GOTHIC程序氢气风险三维分析的研究。利用GOTHIC建立了局部氢气风险三维分析模型,在模型验证的基础之上,对典型严重事故序列下的氢气风险进行三维分析研究。研究表明:安全壳上部空间气流混合较好,氢气分层并不是非常明显;对于核电厂压力容器直接注射(DVI)管道破口所在的非能动堆芯冷却系统隔间B(PXS-B),由于破口以下部分区域被水淹没,破口以上区域的氢气浓度较高,但氢气风险较小。     

AP1000安全壳外环廊氢气风险分析

本文采用MAAP程序对AP1000核电厂的环廊区域进行建模,计算严重事故下的氢气浓度,以合理评估壳外氢气爆炸风险。分析结果表明：AP1000核电厂所设置的氢气点火器和氢气复合器能很好地控制环廊氢气浓度,防止壳外氢气风险的发生。只有在氢气点火器和氢气复合器均不可用,且产氢量很大的极限工况下,才可能在环廊区域内出现较高的氢气浓度,威胁安全壳的完整性。     

Effects of obstacle position and number on the overpressure of hydrogen combustion in a semi-confined compartment

During a severe accident in a pressurized water reactor, large quantities of hydrogen can be produced and released into the containment. The hydrogen mixed with air may be ignited. Rapid pressure rise is likely to occur during hydrogen combustion in a semi-confined compartment because the length–diameter ratio of the compartment is relatively large and there generally are some devices and components in the compartment. Obstacle position and number have a significant and complex effect on combustion pressure. In this paper, a numerical analysis of the effects of obstacle position and number on the overpressure of hydrogen combustion in a semi-confined compartment was carried out to identify the arrangement of obstacles that can decrease the pressure loads generated by hydrogen combustion. The overpressure in the compartment with a single obstacle was found first increases to a maximum value and then decreases as the obstacle moving from the closed end to the open end. When there are multiple obstacles existing in the compartment, minimize the obstacle spacing and number is likely to reduce the maximum overpressure of hydrogen combustion. In addition, intentionally adjust the length of obstacle array may help for reducing the maximum overpressure.     

Severe accident analysis of a 1300 MWe PWR to address the hydrogen issue

The behaviour of the potentially large quantity of hydrogen generated during a severe accident has been recognised as an issue of importance since the accident at Three Mile Island. In this article, we describe a severe accident analysis for the Neckarwestheim 2 1300 MWe PWR “Konvoi” plant, performed primarily to investigate the behaviour of hydrogen in the containment, and draw conclusions regarding the need for hydrogen control systems (igniters). The Modular Accident Analysis Program (MAAP) developed by IDCOR in the United States, and the Westinghouse COMPACT multi-compartment containment code were used. The study investigated the generation, release to containment, distribution within containment and potential combustion of hydrogen produced during two severe accident sequences. Results are summarized which show that hydrogen mixing in containment is generally good and that even without hydrogen control systems, hydrogen combustion, although possible, does not threaten containment integrity.     

Three-dimensional behaviors of the hydrogen and steam in the APR1400 containment during a hypothetical loss of feed water accident

During a hypothetical severe accident in a nuclear power plant (NPP), hydrogen is generated by an active reaction of the fuel-cladding and the steam in the reactor pressure vessel and released with the steam into the containment. In order to mitigate hydrogen hazards which could possibly occur in the NPP containment, a hydrogen mitigation system (HMS) is usually adopted. The design of the next generation NPP (APR1400) developed in Korea specifies that 26 passive autocatalytic recombiners and 10 igniters should be installed in the containment for a hydrogen mitigation. In this study, an analysis of the hydrogen and steam behavior during a total loss of feed water (LOFW) accident in the APR1400 containment has been conducted by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code GASFLOW. During the accident, a huge amount of hot water, steam, and hydrogen is released into the in-containment refueling water storage tank (IRWST). The current design of the APR1400 includes flap-type openings at the IRWST vents which operate depending on the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the IRWST. It was found from this study that the flaps strongly affect the flow structure of the steam and hydrogen in the containment. The possibilities of a flame acceleration and a transition from deflagration to detonation (DDT) were evaluated by using the Sigma–Lambda criteria. Numerical results indicate that the DDT possibility was heavily reduced in the IRWST compartment by the effects of the flaps during the LOFW accident.     

Strategy evaluation for fire spray system on Advanced Passive PWR Severe Accident Management Guideline

The fire spray system (FSS) of the Advanced Passive PWR, as a part of the fire protection system, can provide a non-safety related containment spraying function for severe accident mitigation which is included in the Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMG) of the Advanced Passive PWR when dealing with severe accidents. The effectiveness of the FSS is investigated on three effects for severe accident mitigation which are controlling the containment condition, washing out fission product and injecting into the containment through three representative severe accident scenarios analysis with integral accident analysis code since there is no sufficient data support, besides the negative impact is also discussed. Results show that the FSS can be effective for controlling the containment condition, washing out fission product and injecting into the containment, however the effect is limited due to system limitation: the FSS can only cool the containment atmosphere for a short term; the flow rate of FSS cannot fulfill the success criteria given in the PRA report of the Advanced Passive PWR. Meanwhile, the hydrogen concentration and the containment water level should be the long-term monitored because actuating the FSS may cause hydrogen risk in the containment and containment flooding. Despite its limitation and negative impact, the FSS can be effective as an alternative severe accident mitigation measurement for postponing the process of accidents for safety system recovery.