《夹紧心轴三则》

<正> 图示的心轴既适用于车削加工,也适用于磨削加工,对夹紧脆性工件的内孔非常适用。采用这种心轴,工件在切削加工中不会像其它夹紧方法那样常常产生变形。工件的加工精度取决于心轴和压环的制造精度以及工件内孔的实际公差。心轴的径向和轴向精度以及重复定位性能都很好,安全夹紧能力也十分可靠。操作方法如下:拧紧内六角头螺钉,将压环向里推以压缩橡胶套,并利用橡胶套的膨胀来夹紧工件。采用这种夹紧方法,在切削加工中能够防止工件在心轴上滑移。     

夹具夹紧方案优化设计

综合分析夹具夹紧误差的各种影响因素及其影响方式,并根据影响方式归纳产生夹紧变形的两大原因,即由夹紧副变形导致的工件位置误差与由外力导致的工件变形,由此建立夹紧副变形与工件位置误差的通用关系模型;以工件位置误差最小为目标,建立了夹紧力的优化模型,可以同时实现夹紧力大小与作用点的稳健优化设计。最后用一典型实例说明了夹紧力的优化结果。所介绍的方法不仅适用于夹具设计,而且对机器人多手指抓取规划同样适用。     

《夹紧心轴三则》——胀性软心轴

图示的心轴既适用于车削加工,也适用于磨削加工,对夹紧脆性工件的内孔非常适用。采用这种心轴,工件在切削加工中不会像其它夹紧方法那样常常产生变形。工件的加工精度取决于心轴和压环的制造精度以及工件内孔的实际公差。心轴的径向和轴向精度以及重复定位性能都很好,安全夹紧能力     

基于MATLAB优化算法的汽车缸盖多重夹紧力的优化分析

首先通过分析缸盖与夹具定位元件、夹紧元件之间的接触特点,建立了相应的接触副模型。在假定夹具夹紧点的布局位置以及夹紧顺序固定的基础上,以定位元件与工件接触区域半弹性变形所导致的工件最小位移为第一目标函数,同时以接触点变形最小总余能为第二目标函数。根据工件的具体加工过程静力平衡列出约束条件,构建了夹紧力的多目标优化模型。最后,根据多目标优化模型得到相应的结果。夹具的多重夹紧力经过该模型优化后,对应所需的夹紧力显著降低,这对提高加工精度和减少成本具有重要的意义。     

铝合金车轮精加工用弹性减振装置

在精车或者镜面车加工过程中，夹具的稳定性至关重要。本文旨在推荐一种适用于精车和镜面车的能够防止工件振动的弹性夹具。     

机械加工中加工精度的影响因素与控制

为了能够确保在进行机械加工过程中更好控制加工精度,通过实例分析的方法,结合电机壳体工件实际加工过程,准确分析影响加工精度的因素。研究表明:夹紧力变形、材料应力变形、工件让刀变形等均会对工件加工精度产生影响,在实际加工过程中应当通过优化加工工艺线路、严控加工温度、优化夹具以及设置合理的切削参数等措施,对工件加工精度进行控制。通过对上述因素严格地控制,加工后的工件进行精度检测,尺寸、圆度等精度均符合设计标准要求。     

汽车主模型薄壁件加工防变形夹具设计与研究

针对汽车检测工具主模型薄壁部分切削加工过程中工件容易变形的问题,设计了薄壁件加工防变形夹具,利用浮动的辅助支撑杆对工件进行支撑,可以在磁流变液浮力的作用下与工件表面自适应贴合。设计了真空吸盘和定位装置对工件夹紧与定位,滑动定位装置可实现夹具在空间区域进行定位,采用真空吸盘装置的夹紧方案可以快速更换加工工件,不影响表面加工质量且方便稳定。柔性体现在夹具能够自适应调整以适用于不同类型主模型薄壁件的切削加工,从而节省夹具的制造成本。利用计算机辅助软件算出夹紧点的合理位置,能保证工件在加工中不产生位移和变形;利用磁流变液锁紧装置可快速改变辅助支撑杆的松紧状态;提高了工件的装夹效率,节省工时,实现加工要求。     

夹紧力的施加顺序对薄壁机匣件装夹变形的影响

航空发动机机匣是典型的复杂薄壁件,具有尺寸大、壁厚小和零件的结构刚性较差等特点。为了保证工件加工过程的顺利进行,通常需要采用多个夹具。当夹紧元件对工件施加夹紧力时,由于施加夹紧力的顺序不同可能导致定位元件、夹紧元件与工件接触处发生变化,从而使工件变形。以航空发动机薄壁机匣件为研究对象,利用数学建模的方法分析夹紧力的施加顺序与工件产生变形的关系,建立有限元装夹模型,进一步分析对其变形的影响,运用实际装夹试验验证有限元模型的准确性。结果表明,施加夹紧力的顺序对薄壁件的装夹变形存在明显影响,且对与夹紧力直接接触表面的变形影响较大。     

基于有限元对箱体装夹变形的分析研究与实践

通过采用有限元技术,对箱体加工过程中的铣削力、夹紧力、夹紧布局对发动机箱体加工变形的影响进行分析,以及对相应的变形控制技术进行研究。在优化的夹紧布局下通过变化夹紧力,研究夹紧力大小对工件加工变形的影响,最终得出夹紧布局及夹紧力对工件加工变形的影响规律,获得了较奸的夹紧布局和恰当的夹紧力参数,为大型框架式壳体件加工质量提供了可靠保证。     

超声振动铣削光学玻璃材料铣削力研究

工件材料在切削加工过程中所产生的铣削力对加工稳定性、加工的成品率以及工件质量有着十分重要的影响。对光学玻璃这种典型的硬脆性材料,使用传统的铣削方式难以得到高效精密的加工,超声铣削加工是一种特别适用于非金属材料以及难加工材料的加工方式。首先建立了超声振动铣削光学玻璃材料的平均铣削力模型,从理论上得出超声振动铣削加工可有效的降低加工过程中的铣削力这一结论,并用实验验证了这一结论。实验结果表明,与普通铣削加工相比,超声铣削加工明显的降低了切削加工过程中产生的切削力,提高了加工的稳定性等。     

Modeling and analysis of workpiece stability based on the linear programming method

After being located on a machine bed, a workpiece will be subject to gravity and cutting forces during the machining operation. In order to keep the locating precision as well as the production safety, it is necessary to maintain the workpiece stability. In this paper, a linear programming method is proposed for stability analysis of the workpiece. Based on the linear approximation of the friction cone, a quantitative criterion is established to verify the workpiece stability in association with the rationality of the clamping sequence, magnitude of clamping forces and clamping placement. This criterion allows designers to plan reasonably the clamping sequence, magnitude of clamping forces as well as clamping placement. Compared with existing methods, the main advantage of this approach lies in that the sophisticated computing of contact forces between fixture elements and the workpiece is avoided. In this work, both friction and frictionless cases can be easily taken into account in stability analysis. Mathematical formulations of the method are given and some numerical tests are finally demonstrated to validate the proposed method.     

Development of a finite element analysis tool for fixture design integrity verification and optimisation

Machining fixtures are used to locate and constrain a workpiece during a machining operation. To ensure that the workpiece is manufactured according to specified dimensions and tolerances, it must be appropriately located and clamped. Minimising workpiece and fixture tooling deflections due to clamping and cutting forces in machining is critical to machining accuracy. An ideal fixture design maximises locating accuracy and workpiece stability, while minimising displacements.The purpose of this research is to develop a method for modelling workpiece boundary conditions and applied loads during a machining process, analyse modular fixture tool contact area deformation and optimise support locations, using finite element analysis (FEA). The workpiece boundary conditions are defined by locators and clamps. The locators are placed in a 3-2-1 fixture configuration, constraining all degrees of freedom of the workpiece and are modelled using linear spring-gap elements. The clamps are modelled as point loads. The workpiece is loaded to model cutting forces during drilling and milling machining operations. Fixture design integrity is verified. ANSYS parametric design language code is used to develop an algorithm to automatically optimise fixture support and clamp locations, and clamping forces, to minimise workpiece deformation, subsequently increasing machining accuracy. By implementing FEA in a computer-aided-fixture-design environment, unnecessary and uneconomical “trial and error” experimentation on the shop floor is eliminated.     

A combined contact elasticity and finite element-based model for contact load and pressure distribution calculation in a frictional workpiece-fixture system

Contact forces between workpiece and fixture define fixture stability during clamping and influence workpiece accuracy during machining. In particular, forces acting in the contact region are important for understanding deformation of the workpiece at the contact region. This paper presents a model that combines contact elasticity with finite element methods to predict the contact load and pressure distribution at the contact region in a workpiece-fixture system. The objective is to determine how much clamp forces can be applied to generate adequate contact forces to keep the workpiece in position during machining. The model is able to predict the normal and tangential contact forces as well as the pressure distribution at each workpiece-fixture contact in the fixturing system. Model prediction is shown to be in good agreement with known industry practice on clamp force determination. The presented method has no limits on the types of materials that can be analyzed.     

弱刚度工件夹紧顺序与夹具布局的同步优化

针对弱刚度工件在定位、夹紧过程中易变形的问题,建立了夹紧顺序与接触力及节点位移增量之间关系的数学模型,给出了各夹紧步骤中工件夹具系统的静力平衡方程;在此基础上,根据最小余能原理及库仑摩擦定律,构建了装夹方案优化模型,提出了基于遗传算法的夹具布局与夹紧顺序同步优化方法。算例结果表明,该方法有效降低了由于装夹所引起的工件变形。提高了加工精度。     

Optimal Fixture Design Accounting for the Effect of Workpiece Dynamics

This paper presents a fixture layout and clamping force optimal synthesis approach that accounts for workpiece dynamics during machining. The dynamic model is based on the Newton– Euler equations of motion, with each fixture–workpiece contact modelled as an elastic half-space subjected to distributed nor-mal and tangential loads. The fixture design objective in this paper is to minimise the maximum positional error at the machining point during machining. An iterative fixture layout and clamping force optimisation algorithm that yields the "best" improvement in the objective function value is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed optimis-ation approach produces significant improvement in the work-piece location accuracy. Additionally, the method is found to be insensitive to the initial fixture layout and clamping forces.     

Machining fixture layout design using ant colony algorithm based continuous optimization method

In any machining fixture, the workpiece elastic deformation caused during machining influences the dimensional and form errors of the workpiece. Placing each locator and clamp in an optimal place can minimize the elastic deformation of the workpiece, which in turn minimizes the dimensional and form errors of the workpiece. Design of fixture configuration (layout) is a procedure to establish the workpiece–fixture contact through optimal positioning of clamping and locating elements. In this paper, an ant colony algorithm (ACA) based discrete and continuous optimization methods are applied for optimizing the machining fixture layout so that the workpiece elastic deformation is minimized. The finite element method (FEM) is used for determining the dynamic response of the workpiece caused due to machining and clamping forces. The dynamic response of the workpiece is simulated for all ACA runs. This paper proves that the ACA-based continuous fixture layout optimization method exhibits the better results than that of ACA-based discrete fixture layout optimization method.     

基于多重夹紧的工件—夹具间接触力的预测方法

在夹具设计过程中,工件-夹具之间的接触力是工件稳定性分析和加工精度估算的关键因素.为此,根据多重夹紧力对工件的作用过程,建立了接触力与多重夹紧力的大小、作用点以及夹紧顺序之间的接触力模型.基于总余能原理,提出了接触力模型的求解算法.最后通过典型实例,详细说明了接触力的分析预测过程.     

Fixture Clamping Force Optimisation and its Impact on Workpiece Location Accuracy

Workpiece motion arising from localised elastic deformation at fixture-workpiece contacts owing to clamping and machining forces is known to affect significantly the workpiece location accuracy and, hence, the final part quality. This effect can be minimised through fixture design optimisation. The clamping force is a critical design variable that can be optimised to reduce the workpiece motion. This paper presents a new method for determining the optimun clamping forces for a multiple clamp fixture subjected to quasu-static machining forces. The method uses elastic contact mechanics models to represent the fixture-workpiece contact and involves the formulation and solution of a multi-objective constrained oprimisation model. The impact of clamping force optimisation on workpiece location accuracy is analysed through examples involving a 3-2-1 type milling fixture.     

高温合金薄壁盘复杂零件加工变形控制方法

薄壁盘由于材料刚性较差等原因难以确保零件加工精度，容易引起变形，对此，提出了高温合金薄壁盘复杂零件加工变形控制方法。分析零件加工过程中产生的变形因素，包括夹装方式、刀具性能参数、工件自身因素、机床定位精度不够以及温度控制不佳等；确立所有工序历史误差源集合，生成误差传递矩阵，构建变形误差源诊断模型；针对不同误差源，提出针对性控制方法，通过最小二乘多项式拟合算法计算让刀误差，并对其补偿；通过有限元分析法建立工件几何模型，设立刚度控制函数，弥补工件自身缺陷；针对机床定位精度和温度分别设计控制函数，实现零件加工变形的综合控制。实验结果表明，所提方法明显减少了零件加工变形现象，保证了切削力平稳，提高了零件质量。     

Error Compensation of Thin Plate-shape Part with Prebending Method in Face Milling

Low weight and good toughness thin plate parts are widely used in modern industry, but its flexibility seriously impacts the machinability. Plenty of studies focus on the influence of machine tool and cutting tool on the machining errors. However, few researches focus on compensating machining errors through the fixture. In order to improve the machining accuracy of thin plate-shape part in face milling, this paper presents a novel method for compensating the surface errors by prebending the workpiece during the milling process. First, a machining error prediction model using finite element method is formulated, which simplifies the contacts between the workpiece and fixture with spring constraints. Milling forces calculated by the micro-unit cutting force model are loaded on the error prediction model to predict the machining error. The error prediction results are substituted into the given formulas to obtain the prebending clamping forces and clamping positions. Consequently, the workpiece is prebent in terms of the calculated clamping forces and positions during the face milling operation to reduce the machining error. Finally, simulation and experimental tests are carried out to validate the correctness and efficiency of the proposed error compensation method. The experimental measured flatness results show that the flatness improves by approximately 30 percent through this error compensation method. The proposed method not only predicts the machining errors in face milling thin plate-shape parts but also reduces the machining errors by taking full advantage of the workpiece prebending caused by fixture, meanwhile, it provides a novel idea and theoretical basis for reducing milling errors and improving the milling accuracy.