挤压筒摩擦对正挤压成形影响的研究

在对正挤压摩擦特点分析的基础上,采用Deform-2D对挤压筒与坯料之间的摩擦在挤压成形中的影响进行了研究.结果表明:挤压筒不动的情况下两者之间的摩擦是成形的阻碍;但挤压筒随挤压杆同向运动且形成有效摩擦时,可以降低成形力,改善金属的流动,有利于提高挤压件的质量和模具的使用寿命.     

挤压工艺参数对拐角长悬臂空心铝型材出口截面流速和温度分布的影响

以拐角长悬臂空心铝型材为例,使用Hyper Xtrude分析软件对其挤压过程进行数值模拟,设计正交试验研究了挤压速度、棒料预热温度、挤压筒预热温度、模具预热温度、棒料直径、棒料长度等工艺参数对型材出口截面流速均方差(SDV)和温度均方差(SDT)的影响规律。结果表明:通过极差分析及再次模拟确定最优方案为:挤压速度1 mm·s~(-1),棒料预热温度440℃,挤压筒预热温度420℃,模具预热温度400℃,棒料直径Φ150 mm,棒料长度450 mm,对应的SDV与SDT分别仅为1.3680和1.9130,保证挤出型材获得高的综合质量。通过方差分析得到挤压速度对SDV的影响度及棒料预热温度对SDT的影响度分别高达67.50%和76.41%,定量地表明挤压速度和棒料预热温度分别是影响型材外观质量和内部组织的最主要工艺参数。工厂挤压出的合格产品验证了最优方案的可靠性。     

A three-dimensional steady-state finite element analysis of square die extrusion by using automatic mesh generation

Steady-state finite element analysis is made for three-dimensional hot extrusion of sections through square dies by using an automatic mesh generator which can generate three-dimensional meshes by shifting two-dimensional meshes. In industrial practice, the design of extrusion dies is still an art rather than science, especially for complicated profiles, because the die design for a new extrusion is developed from previous experience and in-plant trials. The objective of this study is to develop a steady-state finite element method for hot extrusion through square dies, and to provide a theoretical basis for an optimal die design and process control for the extrusion technology. In the present investigation, steady-state assumption is used for both the analyses of deformation and temperature. The analysis of temperature distribution includes heat transfer, and is carried out by decoupling from the analysis of deformation. Convection link element is adopted for the heat transfer analysis between the billet and the container, and also between the billet and the die. Computations are carried out for solid and hollow extrusion of several sections. The present method of analysis has been shown to provide good results comparable with the non-steady-state method with reduced computation time. Distributions of temperature, effective strain rate, velocity and mean stress are discussed for effective design of an extrusion die.     

UBET analysis of process of extruding aluminum alloy ribbed thin-wall pipes through a porthole die

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国外铝挤压技术及其装备的进展

介绍了国外挤压机在工艺、机械、液压和自动控制方面的技术发展,着重叙述等温挤压、高速挤压、挤压工艺参数优化和反向挤压等先进技术以及为实现等温挤压和高速挤压所采取的铸锭梯温加热、挤压减速控制、模具冷却等措施。对先进挤压机的结构、计算机控制系统等作了简要介绍。     

铝合金挤压时的摩擦与摩擦因数

对挤压铝合金时锭坯与工模具接触面上摩擦的性质和行为进行了研究。结果表明，由于铝锭坯与粘附在挤压筒内壁、穿孔针和模具工作带上的铝套或铝层是同种金属，粘着变形使得接触表面微结构自发地趋于相称，从而导致很大的摩擦；其摩擦因数与铝合金的牌号和变形抗力有关。建立了摩擦因数与变形抗力的关系式。     

小规格TiNiNb管材的反向挤压成形工艺参数

针对44 mm×10.5 mm小规格Ti Ni Nb管材反挤压成形试验的工艺参数确定和模具设计问题,采用有限元热力耦合数值模拟和单因素轮换法,分析在满足制件成形质量(挤出温度低于共晶熔点)的前提下,挤压力与凹模模角和定径带长度、凹模和挤压筒温度、毛坯初始温度、挤压速度及摩擦因子等工艺参数和模具结构参数之间的关系,确定影响挤压力的主要工艺参数和模具结构参数分别为凹模模角、初始坯料温度、挤压速度和摩擦因子,并给出上述参数的取值范围。通过基于数值模拟的正交试验方法,得到了主要工艺参数和模具结构参数的最佳组合,即在保证润滑效果的前提下,取凹模模角110°、毛坯初始温度为950℃、挤压速度为50 mm/s。利用铅和45号钢毛坯在6.5 MN多向模锻挤压液压机上进行了验证实验。     

模芯角度对镁合金静液挤压过程的作用

文章通过DEFORM-3D软件模拟了不同的挤压速度与初始坯料温度条件下,模芯的角度（90°, 120°, 150°）对管材静液挤压成形过程的影响。模拟结果显示,静液挤压过程中大角度模芯的压力峰值明显高于小角度模芯的压力峰值,同时随着模芯角度的增大管材的速度场分布不均性增加。     

Using contrast material techniques to determine metal flow in screw extrusion of aluminium

Screw extrusion is a new continuous solid state processing method for aluminium. In this process, small pieces of aluminium are continuously inserted into a container wherein a rotating screw pushes the material forward. The material is heated, consolidated and extruded through a die in front of the end of the screw in one single continuous process. Understanding the material flow and the pressure generating mechanism is vital for optimizing screw, container and die designs, thereby increasing capacity, material quality and process stability. Full scale experiments using a prototype extruder were chosen as the means of investigation. In this paper, it is reported on the development of a novel contrast material technique to visualize material flow in the screw channels and the extrusion chamber. Extrusion of Ø 10 mm aluminium profiles was performed using both single and double flight screws. The experimental technique provided a means for evaluating the frictional conditions between the aluminium and the surface of the extruder. Different feeding schemes were used to identify regions of high material flow rate together with dead metal zones in the screw channels and in the extrusion chamber. It is demonstrated how newly fed material interacts with and displaces material already present and how the screw pushes material into the extrusion chamber. The instantaneous extrusion velocity was measured and significant variations were detected for all feed rates. An explanatory model of the extrusion pressure generating mechanism in the extrusion chamber and the screw channel is presented linking the material flow and the consolidation process to the extrusion velocity variations.     

FEM simulation of extrusion of 3003 alloy tubes

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Isothermal extrusion speed curve design for porthole die of hollow aluminium profile based on PID algorithm and finite element simulations

The isothermal extrusion process of hollow aluminium profile was investigated using incremental proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control algorithm and finite element simulations. The range of extrusion speed was determined by considering the maximum extrusion load and production efficiency. By taking the optimal solution temperature of the secondary phase as the target temperature, the extrusion speed–stroke curve for realizing the isothermal extrusion of the aluminium profile was obtained. Results show that in the traditional constant extrusion speed process, the average temperature of the cross-section of the aluminium profile at the die exit rapidly increases and then slowly rises with the increase in ram displacement. As the extrusion speed increases, the temperature difference at the die exit of the profile along the extrusion direction increases. The exit temperature difference between the front and back ends of the extrudate along the extrusion direction obtained by adopting isothermal extrusion is about 6.9 °C. Furthermore, the heat generated by plastic deformation and friction during extrusion is balanced with the heat transfer from the workpiece to the container, porthole die and external environment.     

有限体积数值模拟技术在型材挤压变形规律研究中的运用

对基于欧拉描述的金属成形有限体积数值模拟技术进行了概括，通过6063铝合金坯料在挤压模具中变形的过程模拟，分别得到不同时刻的、与实际情况接近的材料变形的速度场、温度场等；该模拟结果反映了挤压时金属的实际变形规律，这表明有限体积数值模拟技术适合解决如挤压这种大变形的三维模拟问题。     

Numerical modelling of the material flow during extrusion of aluminium alloys and transverse weld formation

A comprehensive numerical model of the hot extrusion process for aluminium alloys has been developed and validated. Reflecting the complex thermomechanical changes effected in the alloys during extrusion, the model incorporated heat flow and plastic deformation during extrusion. This paper presents the overall numerical development of a hot extrusion process for AA3003 and validation of the numerical model, by comparison to industrial data. The plasticity module was developed using a commercial finite element package, DEFORM^®, a 2-D transient Lagrangian model which couples the thermal and deformation phenomena and is able to predict the temperature, strain rate and strain distribution in the billet/extrudate at any position in the container and die. A new algorithm using MATLAB was also developed so that details of the material flow and formation of the transverse weld and how it is affected by the feeder geometry could be quantified. Validation of the DEFORM model and the MATLAB algorithm of the material flow against industrial data indicated that it gave excellent predictions of the pressure and temperature history during extrusion as well as material flow effects such as surface cladding as one billet is fed in after another through the die. The results indicated that the die feeder design has a significant effect on the transverse weld formation with tapered dies showing lower transverse weld lengths compared to regular feeder plates.     

不同参数对铝合金枝杈类构件金属流线的影响及优化

通过有限元模拟软件,分析了不同参数对某铝合金枝杈类构件金属流线的影响,分析了该构件在成形过程中金属流线缺陷形成的原因.通过对坯料的高径比、挤压速度和摩擦因子3个参数进行优化,确定了最佳金属流线分布的成形方案.研究结果表明:适当增大坯料与模具之间的摩擦,可控制后期径向金属流动量和流动速度,从而有效地避免穿流缺陷的产生;较...     

FE analysis of extrusion defect and optimization of metal flow in porthole die for complex hollow aluminium profile

To solve the defects of bottom concave appearing in the extrusion experiments of complex hollow aluminium profiles, a 3D finite element model for simulating steady-state porthole die extrusion process was established based on HyperXtrude software using Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) algorithm. The velocity distribution on the cross-section of the extrudate at the die exit and pressure distribution at different heights in the welding chamber were quantitatively analyzed. To obtain an uniformity of metal flow velocity at the die exit, the porthole die structure was optimized by adding baffle plates. After optimization, maximum displacement in the Y direction at the bottom of profile decreases from 1.1 to 0.15 mm, and the concave defects are remarkably improved. The research method provides an effective guidance for improving extrusion defects and optimizing the metal flow of complex hollow aluminium profiles during porthole die extrusion.     

铝及铝合金型材等温挤压关键技术研究进展

介绍了等温挤压工艺的原理及优点,分析了铝型材挤压过程中的热量变化,指出了挤压制品出口温度的影响因素,并以此为基础介绍了实现铝型材等温挤压工艺的几种方法,包括先进的铝型材挤压技术——温度和速度闭环控制的等温挤压原理及实现方法。     

基于有限元技术的大型6061无缝管挤压温度变化规律研究

分析了铝锭坯在挤压容室的热量变化情况,采用有限元软件对大型6061无缝管材挤压过程进行了三维热力耦合数值模拟,得到了不同挤压速度下力与行程的关系曲线以及铝管在模具出口处的温度和挤压行程的关系曲线.在模拟的基础上提出了将挤压速度沿挤压行程分段,通过挤压制品出口温度反馈,采用比例调节系统闭环调节挤压速度,实现特大铝型材等温挤压的新方法.在100MN油压双动铝挤压机上采用模拟的参数进行了生产验证.     

连续挤压轮槽塑变区应力分析及几何参数的确定

本文通过实验研究, 确定了轮槽中坯料变形温度的分布, 在此基础上, 考虑变形温度和变形速度对流动应力的影响, 采用逐次单元法推导出轮槽中接触应力的计算公式, 首次确定了轮槽中塑性变形区的几何参数和轮槽间隙区中溢余分布的几何形态, 为连续挤压设备的设计提供了理论依据。     

TB10钛合金筒体反挤压成形的有限元模拟

通过热模拟实验得到TB10钛合金的流动应力-应变曲线,应用DEFORM-3D软件建立材料模型.基于刚塑性有限元法,对TB10钛合金筒体反挤压过程进行数值模拟.分析了挤压过程的载荷-行程曲线,以及坯料内部的温度、速度、应力、应变等的分布,并对模拟过程中的误差来源做了分析.研究表明,在摩擦因子较小(m=0.1)的情况下,挤压载荷较为稳定,筒壁处金属流动速度均匀,但局部变形不均和应力集中可能在表面形成裂纹.     

块体材料连续变断面循环挤压形状参数的优化

采用连续变断面循环挤压(Continuous Variable Cross-section Recycled Extrusion,CVCE)法对矩形截面的铸态铅块进行挤压和回复镦粗变形,研究了原始坯料高径比、挤压角度等形状参数对块体变形后的外部形状和内部金属流动规律的影响。结果表明:经CVCE工艺镦粗后的试样,由于金属的径向流动和侧面金属翻平的共同作用,导致上底面面积增大,这种变形自上而下依次渗透并逐层减少;坯料在竖直方向上受到挤压而产生的变形有传递的作用,自上而下,各层的压缩量逐渐减少。当挤压角度为6°、原始坯料高径比为1.83时,循环挤压回复到原始形状的效果最好,且制品表面质量更好,内部金属流动较为均匀。