碘掺杂聚苯胺催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以碘(I2)掺杂聚苯胺(PAn)为催化剂,采用正交试验法,通过苯甲醛和乙二醇反应合成了苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛。考察了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量及反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验结果表明,在n(苯甲醛):n(乙二醇)=1:1.5,I2/PAn催化剂用量占反应物料总质量的0.60%,带水剂为环己烷,反应时间为1.0h条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛收率可达85.3%。     

H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2-SiO_2催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

以H4Si W12O40/Ti O2-Si O2为催化剂、丁醛和乙二醇为原料合成了丁醛乙二醇缩醛。探讨了H4Si W12O40/Ti O2-Si O2对缩醛反应的催化活性,考察了醛醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。试验表明:H4Si W12O40/Ti O2-Si O2是合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛的优良催化剂;在固定丁醛0.2 mol、n(丁醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1.0∶1.6、催化剂用量占反应物总质量的0.6%、带水剂环己烷8 m L、反应时间45 min的最佳条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达84.9%。     

SiO_2负载全氟磺酸树脂催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

将回收全氟磺酸离子交换膜制成全氟磺酸树脂溶液,用溶胶-凝胶法得到全氟磺酸树脂/二氧化硅复合催化剂,并用FTIR、DSC-TGA、BET对其进行表征。将该催化剂用于合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛,考察了物料量比、反应时间、催化剂用量对苯甲醛与乙二醇反应的影响规律,最佳反应条件为n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.8、催化剂用量为反应物总质量的6%、环己烷为带水剂、反应时间1.0 h时,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率达82.41%。     

硅钨酸催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以硅钨酸为催化剂,对以苯甲醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明:硅钨酸是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂,较系统地研究了醛醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对收率的影响。最佳反应条件为:n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶2.1,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.0%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间60min。上述条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达83.9%。     

单质碘催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

报道了以单质碘为催化剂,通过苯甲醛和乙二醇反应合成了苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛。系统考察了醛醇物质量比,催化剂用量,以及反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。确定的适宜工艺条件为n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.8,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.3%,带水剂环己烷8mL,反应时间1.0h。在此反应条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达84.9%.     

光固化环氧丙烯酸酯涂料的改性进展

二氧化硅负载磷钨酸(H3PW12O40/SiO2)为催化剂,苯甲醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛。探讨H3PW12O40/SiO2对缩醛反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H3PW12O40/SiO2是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂;在n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.5,催化剂用量占反应物量总质量的0.8%,环己烷为带水剂8mL,反应时间45min的最佳条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达60.6%。     

磷钨钼杂多酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

用自制的磷钨钼杂多酸作催化剂,以丁醛和乙二醇反应合成了丁醛乙二醇缩醛.研究了原料物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间对产品收率的影响.结果表明,磷钨钼杂多酸对合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛有较好的催化活性,适宜的反应条件如下:n(丁醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.6、催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.4%、带水剂环己烷用量为10 mL、反应时间为60 min.在此优化条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达68.1%.     

H3PW12O40/SiO2催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以二氧化硅负载磷钨酸(H3PW12O40/SiO2)为催化剂,苯甲醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛。探讨H3PW12O40/SiO2对缩醛反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H3PW12O40/SiO2是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂;在n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.5,催化剂用量占反应物量总质量的0.8%,环己烷为带水剂8mL,反应时间45min的最佳条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达60.6%。     

固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-MoO3-La2O3催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-MoO3-La2O3为多相催化剂,对以苯甲醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的反应条件进行了研究.实验表明:固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-MoO3-La2O3是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂,较系统地研究了醛醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对收率的影响.最佳反应条件为:n(苯甲醛):n(乙二醇)=1:1.6,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.5%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间60 min.上述条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达84.6%.     

磷钨酸掺杂聚苯胺催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

以自制的磷钨酸(H3PW12O40)掺杂聚苯胺(PAn)H3PW12O40/PAn为催化剂,以丁醛和乙二醇为原料合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛,探讨了磷钨酸掺杂聚苯胺催化剂对缩醛反应的催化活性,用正交实验法研究了原料量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明:磷钨酸掺杂聚苯胺是合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂,在n(丁醛):n(乙二醇)=1.0:1.1,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.75%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间1.0h的优化条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达84.1%。     

Interactions between shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and cement paste's pore solution

Shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) have been developed to combat shrinkage cracking in concrete elements. While SRA has been shown to have significant benefits in reducing the magnitude of drying and autogenous shrinkage, it has been reported that SRA may cause a negative side effect as it reduces the rate of cement hydration and strength development in concrete. To examine the influence of SRA on cement hydration, this study explores the interactions between SRA and cement paste's pore solution. It is described that SRA is mainly composed of amphiphilic (i.e., surfactant) molecules that when added to an aqueous solution, accumulate at the solution-air interface and can significantly reduce the interfacial tension. However, these surfactants can also self-aggregate in the bulk solution (i.e., micellation) and this may limit the surface tension reduction capacity of SRA. In synthetic pore solutions, SRA is observed to form an oil-water-surfactant emulsion that may or may not be stable. Specifically, at concentrations above a critical threshold, the mixture of SRA and pore fluid is unstable and can separate into two distinct phases (an SRA-rich phase and an SRA-dilute phase). Further, chemical analysis of extracted pore solutions shows that addition of SRA to the mixing water depresses the dissolution of alkalis in the pore fluid. This results in a pore fluid with lower alkalinity which causes a reduction in the rate of cement hydration. This may explain why concrete containing SRA shows a delayed setting and a slower strength development.     

Influence of bleed water reabsorption on cement paste autogenous deformation

The effects of bleed water reabsorption and subsequent early age expansion on observed autogenous deformation are investigated in this research. Bleeding was induced by varying superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixture dosages and by increasing the water-to-cement ratio. This research revealed that significant early age expansion occurs with increasing chemical admixture dosages and higher water-to-cement ratios, as expected, due to increasing bleeding of those samples. When samples were rotated, negligible early age expansion was observed. Thus, bleed water reabsorption is shown to be the primary mechanism causing initial expansion in sealed autogenous deformation samples. Thermal dilation and ettringite growth appear to have a minimal influence on the observed expansion. Rotating the samples during setting eliminates the potential for bleed water reabsorption and is recommended for all autogenous deformation testing.     

La掺杂(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.82(K0.5Bi0.5)0.18TiO3系统无铅压电陶瓷的制备工艺探讨

采用传统陶瓷工艺，研究了制备[（Na0.5Bi0.5）0.82（K0.5Bi0.5）0.18]1-xLaxTiO3（x=0．00，0．01，0．03，0．05，0．10）无铅压电陶瓷的工艺条件对陶瓷的物相组成、显微结构和压电性能的影响。利用XRD、SEM等技术分析结果表明，合成温度的提高有利于主晶相的形成，且此系统烧成温度范围较窄，故需控制在合适的烧成温度下才能得到高致密度的陶瓷。同时，研究了极化工艺条件对材料压电性能的影响，结果表明，提高极化电场强度、控制适当的极化温度有利于提高材料的压电性能。     

La掺杂(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.82)(K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.18)TiO_3系统无铅压电陶瓷的制备工艺探讨

采用传统陶瓷工艺,研究了制备[(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.82(K0.5Bi0.5)0.18]1-xLaxTiO3(x=0.00,0.01,0.03,0.05,0.10)无铅压电陶瓷的工艺条件对陶瓷的物相组成、显微结构和压电性能的影响。利用XRD、SEM等技术分析结果表明,合成温度的提高有利于主晶相的形成,且此系统烧成温度范围较窄,故需控制在合适的烧成温度下才能得到高致密度的陶瓷。同时,研究了极化工艺条件对材料压电性能的影响,结果表明,提高极化电场强度、控制适当的极化温度有利于提高材料的压电性能。     

Chemical model for cement-based materials: Thermodynamic data assessment for phases other than C-S-H

In the context of waste confinement, concrete may be used both as a confinement and as a building material. Concerning radwaste, the heat released during radioactive decay will modify the equilibrium constants of the minerals forming the concrete. The present work aims to elucidate the temperature dependency of the thermodynamic functions related to minerals from the concrete or associated with some of its degradation products. A large set of experimental data has been collected, for the chemical systems SO₃-Al₂O₃-CaO-CO₂-Cl-H₂O and SiO₂-Al₂O₃-CaO-H₂O, including iron and magnesium bearing phases. Most of the data collected concern experiments in aqueous media but results from calorimetric studies were also included, when available. Based on selected thermodynamic properties for each phase, predominance diagrams were drawn for the chemical elements listed above. Phase relations reported into predominance diagram appear rather consistent with most of the literature results. The case of katoite has been especially discussed, because it shows inconsistencies with respect to a hydrogarnet-grossular solid solution and with respect to phase relations reported into already published works. Finally, we underline the chemical compatibility of Portland cement pastes with carbonate aggregates, compared to silicates, for long-term storage applications.     

An investigation of microstructure evolution in cement paste through setting using ultrasonic and rheological measurements

The response of hydrating cement paste through setting are monitored using rheological measurements and ultrasonic reflection measurements. Increases in the elastic modulus and yield stress of cement paste with time are obtained from the rheological measurements. Ultrasonic measurements are performed using horizontally polarized shear waves (SH) reflected off of the hydrating cement paste. Changes in the ultrasonic signal through setting are related with changes in the porosity and stiffness of an equivalent water-filled poroelastic material, which provides identical acoustic impedance. The measured changes in the shear modulus obtained from ultrasonic measurement are shown to correlate well with increase in elastic modulus obtained from rheological measurements. The increase in the shear modulus of the porous material obtained from the ultrasonic measurements is shown to correspond well with the observed increase in the yield stress of the cement paste. By combining the information from rheological and ultrasonic measurements, it is found that even in the fluid stage there is sufficient structural integrity in the arrangement of cement grains to support low-amplitude shear stress and the evolution of a continuously connected network of cement particles within the paste is coincident with a rapid increase in the shear modulus of the porous skeleton.     

Nonlinear ultrasonic evaluation of load effects on discontinuities in concrete

The presence of discontinuity surfaces in concrete structures, i.e. two or more layers in contact, may be an existing situation with evident relapses on damage formation and progression. Differences occur depending on the type of discontinuity, which could be a thin weaker layer or a pre-existing crack. The behavior of pre-existing interfaces is here studied by means of the Scaling Subtraction Method, a Nonlinear Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Technique, that revealed to be effective in describing the mechanical evolution of concrete samples with discontinuity surfaces under the effects of compressive loads.     

Assessment of the long-term stability of cementitious barriers of radioactive waste repositories by using digital-image-based microstructure generation and reactive transport modelling

Cement-based grout plays a significant role in the design and performance of nuclear waste repositories: used correctly, it can enhance their safety. However, the high water-to-binder ratios, which are required to meet the desired workability and injection ability at early age, lead to high porosity that may affect the durability of this material and undermine its long-term geochemical performance.In this paper, a new methodology is presented in order to help the process of mix design which best meets the compromise between these two conflicting requirements. It involves the combined use of the computer programs CEMHYD3D for the generation of digital-image-based microstructures and CrunchFlow, for the reactive transport calculations affecting the materials so simulated. This approach is exemplified with two grout types, namely, the so-called Standard mix 5/5, used in the upper parts of the structure, and the “low-pH” P308B, to be injected at higher depths.The results of the digital reconstruction of the mineralogical composition of the hardened paste are entirely logical, as the microstructures display high degrees of hydration, large porosities and low or nil contents of aluminium compounds.Diffusion of solutes in the pore solution was considered to be the dominant transport process. A single scenario was studied for both mix designs and their performances were compared. The reactive transport model adequately reproduces the process of decalcification of the C-S-H and the precipitation of calcite, which is corroborated by empirical observations. It was found that the evolution of the deterioration process is sensitive to the chemical composition of groundwater, its effects being more severe when grout is set under continuous exposure to poorly mineralized groundwater. Results obtained appear to indicate that a correct conceptualization of the problem was accomplished and support the assumption that, in absence of more reliable empirical data, it might constitute a useful tool to estimate the durability of cement-based structures.     

Wavelet-based analysis of ultrasonic longitudinal and transverse pulses in cement-based materials

Ultrasonic pulse velocity has been used for decades to detect localized damage and to estimate concrete properties. More recent applications aim at diffuse damage characterization, such as environmental and mechanical damage. In most applications the methodology to calculate pulse speed is a very important issue. This work, applying continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to construct time-frequency signal representations, calculates frequency-dependent velocity of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic pulses using wavelet scales. The method is applied to a total of 14 specimens of 5 different mixes and frequency-dependent velocities are calculated using four wavelet families. The CWT capability to decompose the inquiring pulse spectrum and analyze phase velocities is discussed with regard to wavelet, pulse type, and mixture. Frequency-dependent velocity of longitudinal pulses at lower frequencies (from 100 kHz up to 250 kHz) was proven to be much more sensitive to mix proportions than transverse pulses.