Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

EFFECT OF INTRAMOLECULAR INTERACTION ON MOLECULE CONFORMATION STABILITY AND CRYSTAL PACKING OF POLYNITROCOMPOUNDS（英）

In study of polynitrocompounds it is found that a dense crystal mustnot necessarily be constructed from dense molecules,and the main factors affecting thecrystal structure are the electronic structure of their molecules.The correlation betweenthe value of non-bonded intramolecular contact and the magnitude of the respective inter-molecular contact seems to be unusual for this kind of Compounds.Alkoxydiazene-N-oxide and 1, 1, 4, 4,-tetranitrobutanediol-2,3 derivatives weretaken as examples in this study.The obtained results concluded that the intramolecularinteraction can stabilize the crystal conformation,while the increase in the intermolecularcontact decreases the crystal density.     

METHOD FOR MAKING EXPLOSIVE CHARGES BY FILTERING LIQUID EXPLOSIVE（英）

The process of sensitive explosive charges making is dangerous and re-quires complicated technological equipment.In multi-component composition making,different mixing devices necessary cause mechanical effects on the processed material,which can lead to ignition and even to explosion.In St-Petersburg Technological Insti-tute a new method which is free of these shortcomings is worked out for making explo-sive charge of powerful crystal explosive with melt explosive or liquid polymer.     

The Critical Diameter of Detonation of PETN Single Crystal Explosive

The plot of detonation velocity vs. inverse radius curves and critical diameters (d_cr) were obtained for PETN single crystals shocked parallel[001]and[110]crystal planes.d_cr was found dependent on the detonation wave orientation,being 11~14 mm for the …     

Research on Microcrack Extension Mechanism of SiCp/Al in the Machining Process

The generation and development of microcracks of SiCp/Al materials in the machining process were researched, and the forming causes and mechanism of the cut surface morphology for ap=0.2 mm or ap=0.4 mm and at 2 m/min～10 m/min were systematically analyzed. The supporting and "floor"roles of aluminum are wake at a shallower cutting depth and a lower speed, the SiC particles are shed under the role of cutting force, and the microcrack size of cut surface is larger. With the increase in the cutting depth and the cutting speed, the cutting temperature increases, the supporting and "floor" roles of aluminum are enhanced, the shedding and fracture of the reinforcement particles are flexible under the action of the cutting force, the fracture of cutting transforms from brittle to ductile, and the expansion of microcrack on the entire surface tends to balance with a smaller size. A curve between the cutting force and the cutting speed was plotted, a microcrack form of the cut surface was given, and some theoretical basis is provided for the mechanical processing and the surface quality.     

Design Method of Equipment Optimization Development Based on Standardization Theory

The matters of equipment optimization development are usually discrete, fuzzy and non-quantitative. It is difficult directly to optimize the equipment development with a mathematical model. A set of methods for designing the equipment optimization development with six di- mensions and eight main elements is established based on the theory and method of standardization. The top-tier design space of systematic development of equipment is built up by the relations of basic models, series and model spectrums. The relations of time and space for equipment optimization development are established. The design processes of a six dimension systematic space are expounded. The connotation of each plan in the main system space is analyzed. A design method for an entire equipment is established with standardization theory. The coordinating design methods of equipment technical system and the optimization design methods of equipment integration are discussed. The design methods for universalization and serialization of components and parts are established. The design methods of equipment optimization development highlight the relations of the basic model of platform, the serialization of platform basic models, the modularization of equipment functions, the model spectrum of variant equipment, and the universalization and serialization of components and parts.     

Design and Implementation of One Missile Visual Simulation System Based on OpenGL

The implementation of a missile＇s visual simulation system is explained that is developed with OpenGL（open graphic library） and the flight path and flight carriage in different stages of the missile are displayed. The establishment problems of the 3D scene are circumstantiated including the construction and redeployment of the model, creation of the virtual scene, setting of the multi-viewports and multi-windows etc. The missile＇s data driver, system flow, the modules and their mutual relations of the missile visual simulation system are discussed. The missile flight simulation results and effect of the scenes are given.     

Research on Switched Reluctance Motor for Automobile Starter/Generator System

A self-designed and developed 12/10 switched reluctance motor（SRM）is chosen as the object of study and a prototype of 2.5 kW switched reluctance starter/generator with fly-wheel is designed based on the requirements of the selected engine （Changan Aotooc three-cylinder engine wagon） for the starter, generator and drive. The 36 V/42 V DC source system is applied to establishing the simulation-analyzing model of the motor. A finite-element （FE） analysis of its two-dimensional electromagnetic field is conducted to obtain the exact model of the motor. Systematic simulation is carried out combining with its power conversion circuit and control element. Meanwhile the starting process and performance of the system are studied and analyzed with special efforts. Satisfactory result is derived from the testing of the prototype： theoretical analysis is basically matched with the tested data, which proves the rationality and feasibility of the design procedures, systematic modeling and control strategies. Therefore, the new 12/10-structure scheme is put forward based on the development and analysis of various SRM and it meets the requirements of the researched motor in terms of the structural parameters.     

Analysis on Stochastic Passage Characteristics for Gun Barrel in Shooting Domain

Aiming at some weapon systems with shooting domain,the stochastic passage characteristics of the barrel were studied.On the basis of the exact definition of the stochastic passage characteristics,its opportunity-awaiting time,residence time and stochastic passage period were given by using the transition probability matrix,and they all obeyed the geometry distributions.Their means and variances were also derived,and the relations between the time indexes and the structure and parameters of weapon control system were established.Finally,the creditability of the conclusions was verified by the test data of weapon system in proving ground.     

Experiment and Calculation for Expansion Process of Ablation Plasma Jets in Liquid

The expansion process of ablation plasma jet in liquid was experimentally investigated by using high speed digital camera. The sequential pictures show that, in the initial stage of the jet, the Taylor cavity expands in the axial and radial directions simultaneously, and then, is subjected to the constraint of chamber wall, in axial direction mainly. The maximum axial speed of the cavity's head ranges from 240m/s to 280m/s. Some strong heat conduction and mass transmission effects can be found in the surface of Taylor cavity, where the plasma cools down and condenses as solid particles while the liquid vaporizes as gas. Compared the expansion processes of the cavities among the different discharge energies and the nozzle diameters, it can be seen that the expansion speed of the cavity is directly proportional to the discharge energy and inversely to the nozzle diameter, and the effect of the discharge energy is stronger than that of the nozzle diameter. A set of equations describing the expansion process of ablation plasma jet was derived under the assumption of momentum conservation. The calculated results by use of the equations coincide with the experimented results better.     

芳香族化合物绿色硝化反应研究进展

芳香族化合物的硝化反应是重要的亲电取代反应,为替代传统工艺而进行的绿色硝化技术研究成为该领域的热点.本文综述了近年来芳香族化合物的绿色硝化反应的研究进展,包括采用固体酸作催化剂的液相绿色硝化、液体酸/硝酸盐体系的绿色硝化、固体酸作催化剂的气相绿色硝化、Lewis酸催化液相绿色硝化、离子液体催化绿色硝化等主要的绿色硝化技术.简要评论了这些方法的特点及反应机理,并展望了绿色硝化的研究方向.     

2-甲基-6-硝基苯胺的合成工艺研究

研究了2-甲基-6-硝基苯胺的合成方法及工艺.以邻甲苯胺为原料,改进了原有乙酰化、硝化一锅煮的方法,采用乙酰化和硝化反应分步实施的路线进行合成.用红外、核磁、质谱等对2-甲基-6-硝基苯胺及其中间体2-甲基乙酰苯胺进行了结构表征.结果表明,改进方法工艺稳定,硝化反应温度容易控制,2-甲基-6-硝基苯胺产率最高为59.4%,纯度为99.68%.     

硝酸酯的绿色合成

评述了N2O5为硝化剂制备硝酸酯类含能材料的绿色合成技术,分析了N2O5-有机溶剂硝化、N2O5-固体载体硝化和引入保护基硝化等三种体系工艺的过程和特点,展望了各硝化体系的发展前景。并以N2O5为硝化剂考察了环氧丙烷类化合物开环硝化过程,探讨了取代基的电子效应和立体效应对环氧丙烷类化合物开环硝化过程的影响规律。     

四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷水解硝化反应研究

研究了四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷在稀硝酸/催化剂介质中的水解硝化。在催化剂存在条件下,四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷可在硝酸溶液中进行水解硝化,以95%以上得率制得纯度高于99%的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷。同时也找到了一种制备六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷的新方法。     

含供电基团的吡啶/吡嗪类化合物硝化反应研究

以2,6-二氨基吡啶和2,6-二甲氧基吡嗪为典型底物,研究含供电基团的氮杂环芳烃吡啶/吡嗪类化合物的硝化反应。探讨不同硝化体系对2,6-二氨基吡啶和2,6-二甲氧基吡嗪硝化收率的影响,确定了适合难硝化的吡啶/吡嗪类底物的硝化体系;在此基础上主要对硝化体系中硝酸用量、反应温度、超酸比例等重要因素进行研究,得到了最优工艺条件,硝化反应收率分别提高到65%和90%以上。最后通过量子化学手段进行模拟,从电子云密度和零点能的角度分析硝化反应的难易和氮杂环芳烃活泼性的内在联系。研究结果表明：随着芳环上N原子个数的增加,C原子上的电子云密度呈下降趋势,氮杂环芳烃活泼性减弱,导致硝化反应难以进行;而供电子基团的引入,则能使环上碳原子的电子云密度增大,从而硝化反应容易进行。     

表面活性剂催化间二甲苯的硝化反应研究

为了研究表面活性剂在硝化反应中的作用,以间二甲苯为研究对象,在混酸硝化体系中,考察了表面活性剂种类、用量、表面活性剂存在时的混酸强度和反应温度等因素对硝化反应的影响。结果表明,加入表面活性剂后,间二甲苯硝化的区域选择性和转化率明显提高,产物中的2,4-二甲基硝基苯与2,6-二甲基硝基苯的比例提高到11.8,转化率达到100%。     

乙酰苯胺选择性硝化及影响因素的分析

通过正交设计实验研究了乙酰苯胺的选择性硝化，并用灰色关联分析对影响选择性硝化的因素作了分析。     

甲苯催化硝化反应研究进展

综述了近年来国内外甲苯催化硝化反应的研究进展,主要包括硝化剂的研究,催化剂的研究两个方面,简要评论了这些方法的优缺点。在此基础上,分析了甲苯催化硝化反应在可持续发展方面的需求,并展望了其研究方向。指出以五氧化二氮为硝化剂的甲苯酸式盐催化硝化是一种极具工业化应用前景的绿色硝化方法。     

乙酰苯胺混酸硝化速率常数的测定

通过紫外－可见光谱法测定乙酰苯胺混酸硝化反应过程中硝基乙酰苯胺的浓度测定了乙酰苯胺在硝酸混酸中的硝化反应速率常数，并证明此反应为二级反应。     

新型酸性离子液体催化下甲苯的选择性硝化

用HNIL-NO_3~-和HNIL·HSO_4~-新型酸性离子液体为Lewis酸催化剂,考察了催化剂种类、用量、硝化反应时间、温度、醋酐等因素对甲苯选择性硝化反应的影响,并研究了催化剂的循环使用效果.结果表明,醋酐存在条件下,以CCl_4为溶剂、95%发烟硝酸为硝化剂,温度控制在55℃,反应60 min,3.0 g HNIL·HSO_4~-新型酸性离子液体催化剂对甲苯硝化表现出较强的区域选择性,产物收率达到99.4%,硝化产物邻位和对位异构体的重量比达1.12,较硝硫混酸的1.67显著降低.该催化剂可循环使用5次,催化活性变化很小.