湿热处理法制备慢消化淀粉及其性质研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,采用湿热处理法制备慢消化淀粉,并研究了其性质。研究出湿热处理制备慢消化淀粉的优化工艺为:淀粉体系的水分含量35%(w/w),温度120℃,时间为10h,慢消化淀粉含量达9.25%。扫描电镜照片显示,湿热处理后淀粉颗粒表面出现了裂纹和凹坑,淀粉糊化温度升高,峰值粘度降低。     

Slowly digestible starch from heat-moisture treated waxy potato starch: Preparation,structural characteristics,and glucose response in mice

Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) was optimised to increase the formation of slowly digestible starch (SDS) in waxy potato starch, and the structural and physiological properties of this starch were investigated. A maximum SDS content (41.8%) consistent with the expected value (40.1%) was obtained after 5 h 20 min at 120 °C with a 25.7% moisture level. Differential scanning calorimetry of HMT starches showed a broadened gelatinization temperature range and a shift in endothermal transition toward higher temperatures. After HMT, relative crystallinity decreased with increasing moisture level and X-ray diffraction patterns changed from B-type to a combination of B- and A-types. Hollow regions were found in the centres of HMT waxy potato starches. HMT intensity significantly influenced SDS level. This study showed that HMT-induced structural changes in waxy potato starch significantly affected its digestibility and the blood glucose levels of mice who consumed it.     

湿热改性处理对大米粉性质影响

研究湿热改性处理前后大米粉中直链淀粉含量、大米粉溶解度、膨胀度、糊化性质、凝胶性质的影响。实验结果表明:湿热改性处理后,大米粉的直链淀粉含量有明显增加;大米粉的溶解度、膨胀度均较湿热改性处理前有明显降低,且随着水浴温度的升高差异越显著;快速黏度仪测量大米粉的起糊温度较处理前明显升高,而峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值都明显降低;质构仪测量大米粉的凝胶黏度较处理前有明显降低,而凝胶硬度有明显增强,凝胶弹性也有一定程度的增加。     

湿热处理对高粱淀粉理化性质的影响

以高粱种子为原料制备高粱淀粉,在4个不同含水量(20%、25%、30%和35%)条件下,110℃湿热处理16 h对淀粉进行改性,进而分析湿热处理对其理化性质的影响。结果表明:湿热处理没有改变高粱淀粉典型的A型晶体结构,但相对结晶度从21.1%显著增加到36.6%;湿热处理后,淀粉颗粒表面形态有明显变化,吸水性和淀粉糊化温度的增加也与处理的水分含量呈正相关,最高值分别为HMT-35的1.7 m L/g和76.7℃;同时淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度、吸油性、峰值黏度和热焓变值(ΔH)随着处理水分含量的提高而显著降低。证明湿热处理能有效改变高粱淀粉结构和理化性质,可以提高其热稳定性,扩大其在食品工业及其他行业的应用范围。     

湿热处理技术对淀粉理化特性影响的研究进展

随着人们对变性淀粉需求量的增加,湿热处理技术成为了变性淀粉研究的热点之一。湿热处理是用于生产变性淀粉的一种物理手段,不带来任何化学试剂残留,属于环境友好型新技术。湿热处理可以改变淀粉的形态、结晶性、热学性质、淀粉胶性质,增加缓慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量。为了促进湿热处理技术的研究、应用以及使人们对该技术有一个全面而清晰的认识,综述了湿热处理对淀粉理化性质和功能特性的影响,以及湿热处理淀粉在工业中的应用与发展前景。     

湿热处理对板栗淀粉结构及理化性质的影响

以板栗淀粉为对象,采用湿热处理方法对板栗淀粉进行物理改性,通过控制湿热处理的时间(2~18 h)、温度(80~120℃)、含水量(10%~30%),制得不同处理条件下的板栗淀粉。随着湿热处理程度的加强,板栗淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度均减小,其中,处理温度的影响较大;湿热处理后板栗淀粉的透光率下降;板栗原淀粉颗粒的表面光滑,多数呈椭圆形、梨形等;湿热处理后,淀粉颗粒大部分保持原状,但部分颗粒表面出现轻微的凹陷和破损;X-射线衍射图谱显示虽然淀粉结晶型仍为C型,但淀粉颗粒内部有新的结构出现。     

Effect of heat-moisture treatment on the structure and physicochemical properties of legume starches

Native green arrow pea (GAP), eston lentil (EL), othello pinto bean (PB), black bean (BB) and express field pea (FP) starches were heat-treated at 100 °C for 16 h at a moisture content of 30%. The heat treatment did not change granule size and shape. The surfaces of GAP and EL were modified after heat treatment. Heat treatment decreased amylose leaching (GAP > FP˜EL > BB˜PB) and the swelling factor (EL ˜ FP > GAP > BB ˜ PB). The X-ray diffraction intensities increased in GAP starch, but decreased in the other starches (FP > BB > PB > EL). However, the X-ray pattern of all starches remained unchanged after heat treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry of the heat-treated samples showed a broadening of the gelatinization temperature range and a shifting of the endothermal transition towards a higher temperature (EL-EP>BB-PB). However, the gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) of all starches remained unchanged. The susceptibility towards hydrolysis by porcine pancreatic -amylase increased on heat treatment (BB > EL > FP > PB > GAP). The action of -amylase on the starches decreased ΔH in EL and FP. However, ΔH decreased only marginally in PB and BB. Acid hydrolysis (2.2 N HCl) increased on heat treatment (BB>FP˜EL˜PB>GAP). The results showed that bonding forces within the amorphous regions of the granule, crystallite orientation and the granule surface (in GAP and EL) are altered during heat treatment, the magnitude of these changes being dependent upon the starch source.     

In vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties of Arenga pinnata starch-chitosan following heat-moisture treatment

In vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties of chitosan (CS)-modified Arenga pinnata starch (APS) after heat-moisture treatment (HMT) were evaluated. HMT would limit the enzymatic hydrolysis of APS and the digestion rate of HMT-APS-CS was further reduced with the decrease of CS molecular weight. CS and HMT inhibited the solubility (SOL) and swelling power (SP) of APS, and the inhibition effect was more obvious with the decrease in CS molecular weight. Changes in the pasting properties of the CS-modified APS indicated that the initial structure of the APS granules was destroyed with the formation of a denser structure. The increase of the relative crystallinity and the aggregation of the APS granules were related to starch cross-linking confirmed by Fourier transform infrared. The interactions between CS and APS granules after HMT greatly altered granular morphology and internal structure of APS. Therefore, the improvements of SDS and RS of HMT-APS-CS were mainly related to CS covering the surface of the APS granules, granule aggregation and HMT-induced changes in the internal structure of the starch granule.     

退火处理对慢消化淀粉形成及性质影响

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,研究退火处理方法对慢性消化淀粉(SDS)形成影响,并对性质和机理进行研究。结果表明,淀粉样品在水分含量60%、温度55℃、处理时间24 h条件下SDS含量达8.01%;经退火处理后淀粉颗粒整体结构变化不大,但在淀粉颗粒表面出现不同程度凹坑、裂纹和碎片,偏光十字依旧清晰,结晶晶形为A形;由于热量和水分长时间作用,使淀粉颗粒内部结晶结构更完美,提高SDS含量,降低淀粉消化性。     

Microstructural and physicochemical properties of heat-moisture treated waxy and normal starches

Starches from normal rice (21.72% amylose), waxy rice (1.64% amylose), normal corn (25.19% amylose), waxy corn (2.06% amylose), normal potato (28.97% amylose) and waxy potato (3.92% amylose) were heat-treated at 100 °C for 16 h at a moisture content of 25%. The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties of those starches was investigated. The HMT did not change the size, shape, and surface characteristics of corn and potato starch granules, while surface change/partial gelatinization was found on the granules of rice starches. The X-ray diffraction pattern of normal and waxy potato starches was shifted from B- to C-type by HMT. The crystallinity of the starch samples, except waxy potato starch decreased on HMT. The viscosity profiles changed significantly with HMT. The treated starches, except the waxy potato starch, had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosity. The differences in viscosity values before and after HMT were more pronounced in normal starches than in waxy starches, whereas changes in the pasting temperature showed the reverse (waxy > normal). Shifts of the gelatinization temperature to higher values and gelatinization enthalpy to lower values as well as biphasic endotherms were found in treated starches. HMT increased enzyme digestibility of treated starches (except waxy corn starch); i.e., rapidly and slowly digestible starches increased, but resistant starch decreased. Although there was no absolute consistency on the data obtained from the three pairs of waxy and normal starches, in most cases the effects of HMT on normal starches were more pronounced than the corresponding waxy starches.     

Effects of ozone treatment on physicochemical properties of Korean wheat flour

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ozone treatment on the physicochemical properties of Korean wheat flour. Wheat flour samples were treated with ozone gas at 120 ppm for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Color b value, pH, and mold of flour decreased as exposure time to ozone increased. The water absorption index, peak viscosity, and final viscosity of flour increased by ozone treatment. Photomicrographs of flour suspensions under polarized light showed granules tended to lose birefringence owing to ozone during swelling. The result of SDS-PAGE showed that the intensity of protein bands at low molecular weights slightly increased in ozone-treated flours compared to the intensity in the control flour. The results of this study showed ozone gas affected the starch and protein of wheat flour, suggesting a need for further investigation on structural changes in starch and protein by ozone.     

湿热处理对大米淀粉理化性质及其米线品质的影响

以大米淀粉为原料,研究湿热处理对大米淀粉理化性质以及米线品质的影响。结果表明:与未处理大米淀粉相比,湿热处理后,大米淀粉的热学特性中T_0、T_P、T_C、T_C_T0、ΔH均增大;淀粉晶型仍为A型,结晶度增加4.14%;淀粉溶解率和膨润力显著降低,直链淀粉含量显著升高;淀粉糊化黏度、衰减值和回生值明显降低;淀粉凝胶硬度、弹性和耐咀嚼性增强;淀粉白度由89.7降低至80.3;添加20%湿热处理大米淀粉制作的米线感官品质和质构特性得到显著改善,断条率和蒸煮损失率分别降低5.67%,10.13%;大米淀粉溶解率、膨润力、溶解率、凝胶特性和糊化特性可有效预测米线品质。     

过热蒸汽处理对全麦粉理化特性的影响

研究不同温度下过热蒸汽处理对全麦粉热特性和理化性质的影响。结果表明,随着处理温度的升高,全麦粉吸水率逐渐增大;155~170 ℃,全麦面团的形成时间和稳定时间显著增大（P<0.05）,C2、C3和C4扭矩明显提高（P<0.05）,经过热蒸汽处理后,全麦面团形成更强的面筋网络,能够抵抗更强的机械能和热能,全麦粉发生部分糊化。过热蒸汽处理后全麦粉的峰值黏度,谷值黏度和最终黏度显著升高（P<0.05）,在180~190 ℃呈下降趋势。糊化温度和糊化焓随着温度的升高逐渐降低。L值随着温度的升高逐渐减小,a值、b值和ΔE逐渐增大。多酚、烷基间苯二酚和植酸的含量和多酚氧化酶的活性随着温度的升高逐渐降低。适当的过热蒸汽处理可以提高全麦粉的加工特性。     

出粉率对小麦粉理化特性及面条品质的影响

从制粉生产线上取82种系统粉,并根据灰分含量和流量配制出粉率为55％、60％、65％、70％、75％、80％、88％、95％、100％等9种不同小麦粉.对不同出粉率小麦粉理化特性及面条品质进行研究,结果表明:出粉率为55％～70％时,小麦粉来源于胚乳,小麦粉理化特性及面条品质较好,且各类指标在较小范围内浮动;出粉率为7...     

湿热处理对发芽小麦粉品质影响的研究

小麦发芽过程中芽麦粉品质劣化,本文拟通过湿热处理或热液处理(heat moisture treatment,HMT)对芽麦粉进行处理,研究其对芽麦粉品质的影响。实验以郑麦366为原料,经过发芽处理后制粉,随后对其进行湿热处理,并测定湿热处理前后芽麦粉的品质变化。研究发现:发芽小麦经过湿热处理后白度和色泽变差;降落数值有明显的提升;蛋白质总含量轻微下降;损伤淀粉含量显著下降(p<0.05);糊化特性有明显的改善:峰值黏度有显著的提高(p<0.05),糊化温度升高明显;对湿热处理过的芽麦粉的热机械性质进行分析时发现,形成时间和稳定时间随水分含量、温度、时间增加呈现逐渐下降趋势,表明芽麦粉的蛋白质变性程度随着处理条件的加剧而增加。最佳处理条件为水分含量25%,处理温度100℃,处理时间60 min。结果表明,通过精确控制湿热处理条件,可显著改善芽麦粉中淀粉的糊黏度性质,同时避免热对蛋白质的激烈变性作用。      

Effects of hydrothermal treatment on the physicochemical properties of pregelatinized rice flour

Effects of hydrothermal treatment on the pasting, thermal and hydration properties of rice flour prepared from three Indica varieties of milled rice [Taichung Sen Glutinous (TCSW) 1, Taichung Sen (TCS) 10, and TCS 17], which contained 1.2, 17.9 and 28.8% amylose, were studied. Three hydrothermally-treated factors, soaking time, steaming temperature and steaming time were investigated. From the statistical results of an experimental design of L₂₇ orthogonal array, the soaking time is a significant factor that affects the pasting properties of three varieties of rice with various degrees of influence. However, the increase of pasting temperature, reduction of peak viscosity and elevation of final viscosity were investigated for all treated non-waxy rice and resulted in the reduction of its breakdown and total setback. The differences of pasting and hydration properties of treated rice flour were attributed to the changes of rigidity of starch granules under treatment. The results of DSC showed that the degree of gelatinization was higher in waxy rice than in non-waxy rice when subjected to the same hydrothermal conditions.     

去凝集素芸豆粉理化与功能特性的研究

研究去凝集素芸豆粉理化与功能特性。溶剂浸提法制备去凝集素芸豆粉,测定其基本营养成分、堆积密度、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水性、吸油性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性等理化及功能性质。实验表明,去凝集素处理能够显著降低芸豆粉中蛋白质、总糖含量、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水性、乳化性与起泡性(p<0.05),但对芸豆粉吸油能力、乳化稳定性及泡沫稳定性具有显著提高作用(p<0.05)。结果表明,去凝集素芸豆粉相对于普通芸豆粉仍保留了较好的营养成分组成及理化、功能特性,营养、理化及功能特性,可能更适用于复配杂粮膨化食品开发。