企业科技进步工作的基本认识

本文介绍了科学技术的概念，阐述了“科学技术是第一生产力”的含义，论述了企业科技进步的技术开发、技术改造，生产技术管理和技术革新四个组成部分．企业科技进步工作的核心内容是提高产品的市场竞争力，提高企业的劳动生产率。建立和健全企业技术创新体系是企业科技进步的关键保障。企业科技进步工作有量化指标。     

Stimulating Construction Innovation in Singapore through the National System of Innovation

This paper examines the national approach to the stimulation of innovation in construction. Based on a qualitative systems thinking approach, a model of the National System of Innovation (NSI) is structured with five main NSI actors: local contractors; suppliers; national research institutions; government; and foreign contractors. This model, established by the assumption that local contractors’ key motivation for innovation is based on profit maximization, highlights two main driving forces of construction innovation within the NSI: profit incentives and the social desirability of higher construction productivity and quality. The research findings indicate that high profit levels provide a higher number of growth momentums compared to the social desirability of innovation. Additionally, although social desirability of construction innovation is associated with a number of obstacles, high profit levels do not impose any significant hindrances. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that innovation policies should be focused on sustaining higher profit levels of contractors. The social desirability of innovation can be more efficiently utilized by regular reviews of national policies as the industry develops.     

The utility of the reasonable woman legal standard in hostile environment sexual harassment cases: A multimethod, multistudy examination.

The case of Ellison v. Brady (1991) was a landmark decision in establishing a new legal standard-the reasonable woman standard-for evaluating hostile environment allegations of sexual harassment and in relying, albeit indirectly, on social science evidence to support its decision. The authors review the legal standard in sexual harassment law, and the legal arguments and social science evidence underlying Ellison. The new standard could affect judgments broadly by sensitizing jurors to the situation of a female plaintiff, or it could affect judgments selectively by sensitizing only those people who might otherwise be especially insensitive to her situation. Five studies that focus on the effect of the reasonable woman standard on people's assessments of hostile environment sexual harassment indicate that the reasonable woman standard has modest, if any, effects on the judgments studied. Implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Kenneth B. Clark in the patterns of American culture.

Kenneth B. Clark is most well-remembered as the social scientist cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in footnote 11 of its decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. His presence in that decision came to symbolize the role that social science could play in changing social policy and public attitudes. As an African American social scientist who was prominent during a time of great turmoil over racial issues in the United States, Clark also became a "participant-symbol" in America's discussion of race. Clark contributed to this discussion in the three books he wrote for the general public: Prejudice and Your Child (Clark, 1955), Dark Ghetto (Clark, 1965), and Pathos of Power (Clark, 1974). In this article, the author discusses how these works document Clark's growing pessimism about the prospects for improving race relations. In addition, Clark's place in contemporary American debates about Brown v. Board of Education and the persistence of racial equality is considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The American Psychological Association's response to Brown v. Board of Education: The case of Kenneth B. Clark.

In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896) that was the foundation of school segregation in 17 states and the District of Columbia. Brown is arguably the most important Supreme Court decision of the 20th century in terms of its influence on American history. Moreover, it has a special significance for psychology because it marked the first time that psychological research was cited in a Supreme Court decision and because social science data were seen as paramount in the Court's decision to end school segregation. This article describes psychologist Kenneth B. Clark's role in that case and the response of the American Psychological Association to scientific psychology's moment in a great spotlight. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

科技进步与社会发展

从科技对人类社会的影响、社会制度与科学技术以及社会发展三者之间的联系分析了科学技术对人类社会发展的重要意义.同时,还从体制改革和科技成果转化的角度提出了科技进步的途径,这有利于进一步提高我国社会生产力,从而推动社会的发展和进步.     

Probing a model of educational productivity in high school science with national assessment samples.

Tested a psychological theory of educational productivity and explored the usefulness of the National Assessment of Educational Progress data for secondary analysis for policy purposes. The science achievement scores of 3,049 17-yr-old students were regressed on indexes of their socioeconomic status, motivation, quality (of instruction), class (social psychological environment), homework, and home conditions. Findings indicate that all measures of these productivity factors are significant in ordinary multiple regression equations when controlled for one another and race and gender, and the equation coefficients conform closely in sign and magnitude to theoretical values derived from C. W. Cobb and P. H. Douglas's (1928) theory of national economic productivity. Under a stringent causal probe, however, class and didactic quality of instruction appear to be the only unequivocal and potentially manipulable causes of science learning in the data. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Women, science, and technology.

Addresses 3 topics concerning women, science, and technology: the participation of women in science and technology; implications of research in the biological, behavioral, and social sciences for women; and the impact of technological change on women. It is argued that the lower participation rate of women in science and technology raises concerns regarding equity, effective human resource utilization, and decision making within science and technology. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Business and politics.

From the point of view of a student of political science, Bauer's article (Amer. Psychologist, 1960, 15, 650-655) ends on any but "a happy note." While business organizations undoubtedly share features with social and political systems in general, the differences are significant. Bauer has not given any attention to the differences in goals of business and political systems, and the consequent implications for organization. If we believe that it is possible for a society, as well as its members, to have goals not derived from its system of production, and that it is possible for such goals to take precedence over the values of business, including productivity, then we are not compelled to accept organizational studies as our picture of reality. We would be far happier in emphasizing the differences between business organizations and political societies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scientific method and the adversary model: Some preliminary thoughts.

Criticizes the use of the basic experimental method in an effort to demonstrate that it fails to yield certainty because of its application to the complex social human being. Limitations of the "experiment as science" concept include the impossibility of creating a social vacuum, difficulties in generalization from laboratory conditions, problems in specifying certain areas of study, and problems with imprecise human observers. Scientific methodology is related to 4 basic assumptions of the scientific enterprise: that human events occur in social and historical contexts; that intelligence attempts to make sense out of what it observes; that science is a social enterprise seeking to predict, understand, and manipulate behavior; and that the scientific enterprise adheres to an adversary model. Based on an analogy drawn between the features of this model and those of the legal model (e.g., proceedings, arguments, lines of evidence, and decision criterion), some suggestions for a stronger adversary model are proposed: (a) inclusion of an independent "adversary" on research teams to "cross-examine" evidence; (b) evaluation of an investigator's characteristic emotions, distortions, and fantasies by an independent person; and (c) compilation and classification of various types of evidence and possible inferences by an interdisciplinary research team. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social science data and the Supreme Court: Lockhart as a case in point.

In this article, an analysis is given of Lockhart v. McCree, a recent decision in which the Supreme Court held it was not unconstitutional in cases in which the prosecution was requesting capital punishment to exclude from trial jurors during the guilt phase of the prosecution those jurors who have moral or religious scruples against imposing the death penalty. At issue in the case was the scientific soundness of three decades of social science research that indicated that the absence of jurors with such scruples created a jury that was pro-prosecution and, therefore, conviction-prone. The ways in which those data were scrutinized by both the majority and the dissent in Lockhart are described. The case is used as an example of the use of social science data in constitutional decision making and of the need to conduct methodologically rigorous, highly relevant research if psychologists are to genuinely influence judicial opinion on controversial issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

冶金流程工程学的典型应用

 钢铁是经济社会发展不可或缺的重要基础材料,钢铁产业是国民经济的重要基础产业。分析研究了钢铁制造流程的物理本质和主要特征,以冶金流程工程学的观点阐述了现代钢铁制造流程功能拓展的重大意义。阐述了钢铁冶金工程知识体系及其发展演化进程,论述了基础科学、技术科学和工程科学知识体系的形成与发展历程,指出冶金流程工程学是宏观冶金学,是面向钢铁冶金全流程和产业层次的工程科学。研究分析了在冶金流程工程学指导下现代钢铁冶金工程设计体系和方法的创新,阐释了概念设计、顶层设计和动态精准设计的理念、内涵和方法;介绍了首钢京唐钢铁厂的工程设计创新及其应用实绩。     

The psychology of science: Review and integration of a nascent discipline.

Disciplines that study science are relatively well established in philosophy, history, and sociology. Psychology of science, by comparison, is a late bloomer but has recently shown signs of codification. The authors further this codification by integrating and reviewing the growing literature in the developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychology of science. Only by integrating the findings from each of these perspective can the basic questions in the study of scientific behavior be answered: Who becomes a scientist and what role do biology, family, school, and gender play? Are productivity, scientific reasoning, and theory acceptance influenced by age? What thought processes and heuristics lead to successful discovery? What personality characteristics distinguish scientists from nonscientists and eminent from less eminent scientists? Finally, how do intergroup relations and social forces influence scientific behavior? A model that integrates the consensual empirical findings from the psychology of science is proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bridging science and values: A unifying view of mind and brain.

The traditional dichotomy that has separated science and value judgment and set corresponding limitations to the domain and role of science is challenged in the context of recent developments in the concept of consciousness and mind-brain relations. A conceptual explanatory model for psychophysical interaction has emerged during the past decade that changes the scientific status of subjective experience and negates many mechanistic, deterministic, and reductionistic features of prior materialist-behaviorist doctrine. Subjective values, conceived in the present terms, transcend their neural components in brain function to become causal determinants per se with objective consequences. The strategic control power of human values functioning as universal cerebral determinants in all social decision making is emphasized, along with logical indications for a more active involvement therein on the part of science. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neural network modeling of risk assessment in child protective services.

The advantages of using neural network methodology for the modeling of complex social science data are demonstrated, and neural network analysis is applied to Washington State Child Protective Services risk assessment data. Neural network modeling of the association between social worker overall assessment of risk and the 37 separate risk factors from the State of Washington Risk Assessment Matrix is shown to provide case classification results superior to linear or logistic multiple regression. The improvement in case prediction and classification accuracy is attributed to the superiority of neural networks for modeling nonlinear relationships between interacting variables; in this respect the mathematical framework of neural networks is a better approximation to the actual process of human decision making than linear, main effects regression. The implications of this modeling advantage for evaluating social science data within the framework of ecological theories are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of behavioral and social science on public health policymaking.

Public health policies are important guiding principles that serve to shape the well-being of individuals, groups, and society. Behavioral and social scientists can play key influential roles in public health policymaking. The actors and processes involved in setting public health policy are described, and several substantive examples of public health decision making are discussed, emphasizing HIV prevention policy experiences at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The significant influence of behavioral and social science in each of these examples is identified and critiqued. Challenges to further integration of behavioral science and public health policy are identified, and potential solutions are proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The problem of "helpfulness" in applying Daubert to expert testimony: Child custody determinations in family law as an exemplar.

In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , (1993), the U.S. Supreme Court considered the meaning of Federal Rule of Evidence (FRE) 702 in regard to the admissibility of scientific evidence. In this article, the authors argue that the relevance, reliability, and helpfulness framework adopted by the Court offers little guidance to judges on how to apply its interpretation of FRE 702's admissibility standard. Using child custody decision making as an exemplar, the authors highlight the difficulties inherent in applying the Daubert standard to social science testimony and find no reason to assume that other topics in the behavioral and social sciences will operate differently under Daubert scrutiny. The article concludes by recommending steps that courts can take to improve the ability of judges to apply Daubert to scientific information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Child custody resolution: A study of social science involvement and impact.

To explore the use of mental health professional expertise in the legal system, legal professionals' sources of social science information, and the legal profession's perspectives on the appropriate roles of mental health professionals in the process, we solicited information from attorneys and judges on (a) the extent to which they actively seek the involvement of mental health professionals in child custody cases, (b) the factors that influence such involvement, and (c) the degree to which these attitudes and practices are influenced by social science data or theory. Among the most striking features of these results was the report by the overwhelming majority of legal professionals that they did not consider either social science data or mental health professionals' involvement or recommendations in child custody cases as critical to their practice of family law. Specifically, mental health participation was rarely solicited, and when it was, this decision rested primarily on the paradigmatic regularities of the legal system or practical needs of the case rather than on a view that such involvement was central to the client's or child's mental health. The implications of these findings for collaboration between the mental health and legal disciplines in the area of family policy are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The 1954 Social Science Statement and school desegregation: A reply to Gerard.

Comments on H. B. Gerard's (see record 1984-07868-001) attack on the Social Science Statement that influenced the 1954 US Supreme Court desegregation decision. The present author asserts that Gerard misrepresented the content of the statement and was misleading in his appraisal of school desegregation. Although social science has been underutilized in the development and implementation of public policy, it is suggested that its actual and potential role is more extensive than Gerard claimed. (74 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The social impact of majorities and minorities.

Reviews 2 traditional lines of research on social influence processes—research on conformity, which looks at the influence of the majority on a passive minority, and research on innovation, which considers the influence of active minorities on a silent majority. A new theory of social impact is examined that views social influence as resulting from forces operating in a social force field. It proposes that influence by either a majority or a minority will be a multiplicative function of the strength, immediacy, and number of its members. It is suggested that social impact theory offers a general model of social influence processes that integrates previous theoretical formulations and empirical findings and accounts for the reciprocal influence of majorities and minorities. Thus, by viewing social influence as a unitary concept, social impact theory permits comparisons between conformity and innovation and predicts the relative magnitude of their effects. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)