多孔微通道流动沸腾换热特性的实验研究

本文通过实验的方法对烧结的多孔微通道和铜基微通道的沸腾换热性能和流动不稳定进行研究.实验工质选用去离子水,采用的铜粉粒径分别为30μm、50μm、90 μm,烧结底厚为200 μm和400 μm.采取控制变量的方式,研究改变入口温度、铜粉粒径大小、入口流量对多孔微通道和铜基微通道换热性能的影响.研究表明:多孔微通道最优的厚度粒径比在2～5之间,在此区间的多孔微通道可以提高沸腾传热的性能.其中厚度粒径比为2和4的多孔微通道的最大换热系数是铜基微通道的换热系数的5倍.多孔微通道相对于铜基微通道有更好的换热能力,有着较低的壁面温度.     

疏水表面对微通道换热和压降性能的影响

通过搭建的微通道两相沸腾流换热实验台,利用高速摄像仪拍摄其工质两相流流型,研究了接触角分别为48.2°、140°的普通微通道和疏水微通道的压降特性、换热性能,并结合工质流型图阐述其变化规律机理。实验采用的微通道尺寸为0.55 mm×0.55 mm×80 mm,工质质量流量范围为1983～3636 kg/(m~2·s),两相流进口干度为0～0.45。研究结果表明,疏水微通道的压降在所有实验干度区间均显著大于普通微通道的压降,在低干度区间,疏水微通道的换热性能高于普通微通道的换热性能。     

常压下狭缝流动沸腾传热的研究

以蒸馏水为工质，在常压下，对间隙为1mm的环形狭缝通道中的流动传热进行了实验研究。分别将狭缝通道中的单相强制对流和过冷沸腾的实验数据与传统的Dittus-Boelter型关系式的计算结果进行了比较。通过分析狭缝通道中流动沸腾的传热特性认为，过冷沸腾传热比单相强制对流传热加强；质量流速对狭缝通道中的流动沸腾传热有较大影响。     

分液冷凝强化传热的实验验证

阐述了分液冷凝强化冷凝传热的原理,从理论上分析了该技术能同时实现强化传热和降低压降的可行性。该结论在微通道平行流冷凝器上得到了实验证实:与常规的微通道平行流冷凝器(PFMC)对比表明,在当量直径为1.05 mm、管内工质的质量流量为633~770 kg/(m~2·s)的微通道中,当冷凝温度分别为45和50℃时,微通道分液冷凝器(LSMC)的管内传热系数分别提高了3.7%~6.7%和2.3%~6.1%,压降分别降低了45.5%~49.5%和51.9%~52.6%,惩罚因子(Fp)分别降低了46.5%~52.7%和52.6%~56.7%。当进口流量达到一定值时,分液冷凝技术器能同时实现强化传热和降低流阻,有较好的综合热力性能。     

压电泵驱动闭式水冷环路传热实验研究

设计并研制全金属双腔串联有阀压电泵,利用压电泵驱动水工质在闭式环路内循环稳定流动。水冷环路热端设计为微通道结构,微通道结构能显著增强液相工质流动过程中与壁面换热速率。在压电泵驱动下,工质在微通道热端吸热,冷端放热,实现热量从热端到冷端高效传递。搭建实验测试系统,研究压电泵工作性能以及压电泵驱动水冷环路传热性能。结果表明,压电泵在开放系统和闭式系统工作性能一致。压电泵驱动电压越大,回路内液相工质流动速度越快,传热速率越高,系统热阻越低。双腔串联压电泵在120V驱动电压下,泵水流量达到167 mL/min,水冷环路热阻达到0.12℃/W。压电泵驱动闭式水冷环路具有热阻小,结构紧凑,能耗低,智能控制等优点,能更好地应用于大功率电子器件散热领域。     

圆管内间隔插入交叉半椭圆片传热与流动的数值模拟

为了改善粘性流体在换热管内的流动传热性能,以水为工质,在管内有间隔地插入交叉半椭圆片,建立了相应的物理和数学模型,并对其传热与流动特性进行了数值模拟,同时与光滑管传热性能进行对比。研究结果表明:在圆管内插入交叉半椭圆片可以有效的提高综合传热性能,其综合性能评价因子PEC在1.1-1.95之间。     

微尺度通道内流动沸腾研究综述

阐述了微尺度通道内传热问题出现的工程背景——高密度微电子器件的冷却。对当前国内外微尺度通道内流动沸腾换热特性的研究现状进行了归纳。突出分析了工质种类、微尺度通道的几何参数和工质的工况参数等对微尺度通道内流动沸腾换热特性的影响。同时分析了微尺度通道内流动沸腾换热的强化机理、流动阻力特性、压降关联式和沸腾换热关联式的理论和实验研究。最后根据分析对今后的工作提出了一些建议。     

倾角对复合中空热管传热性能的影响

为了研究倾角对复合中空热管传热性能的影响,建立了复合中空热管传热性能实验装置,对相同充液比(33％)不同倾角(分别为60°、75°、90°)和不同工质(分别为纯水和无水乙醇)复合中空热管的传热性能进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:对于充液比为33％,工质为纯水和无水乙醇的复合中空热管,倾角为90°时传热性能最佳.实验研究为复合中空热管换热器的工业应用提供基础.     

锯齿形细通道内乙醇流动沸腾特性研究

采用数值模拟的方法对通道宽度为2mm的竖直布置的锯齿形细通道内乙醇流动沸腾及传热特性展开研究.通过UDF编程的方法对相界面的传热传质过程进行控制,重点考察了气泡的生长特性及其对系统压差和换热系数的影响.结果表明:锯齿形细通道内起始汽化核心均位于内侧突起点附近,且在漂移区和泡底微层共同作用下,该区域工质平均流速高达主流流速的5 ～ 10倍,使得该处的气泡生长速度最快,换热增强.系统压差随加热时间呈上升趋势,并在一定范围内震荡.传热系数随干度增大而下降,并将模拟结果与实验数据进行了对比分析,阐述了流型和通道几何结构对于传热系数的影响.     

纵向涡发生器几何参数对微通道流动传热特性的影响研究

为增强微通道的流动和换热特性,对微通道结合纵向涡发生器进行了数值模拟,分析不同雷诺数下纵向涡发生器的长度、横向间隙对微通道流动与换热性能指标的影响。结果表明:在进口速度为0.5～2 m/s时,雷诺数的增加会引起微通道内的换热性能增强,摩擦因子减小及综合传热性减小;涡发生器长度对换热影响较小,但增加涡发生器长度会引起阻力增加,横向间距对阻力影响较小,但增加横向间距会引起换热性能提高;涡发生器长度为0.30～0.40 mm时综合因子为0.94～1.21,横向间隙为0.1～0.5 mm时综合因子为0.88～1.17;纵向涡发生器长度为0.3 mm和横向间隙为0.5 mm时,有利于综合传热性能的提高。在低雷诺数时微通道结合纵向涡发生器的强化传热和综合传热因子要比高雷诺数时好。     

Heat pump dryer Part 1: Simulation of the models

Heat pump dryer is a complex system because of the interaction of heat and mass transfer of the working fluids. Since the system cannot be completely close, ambient conditions (temperature and humidity) influence the performance of the system. To investigate the performance of the heat pump dryer thoroughly, simulation models of heat pump dryer components have been developed. The finite-difference method was employed in the simulation to examine the state of the working fluids and heat and mass transfer. The simulation of each component can be used to construct different system configurations the results of which are reported in Part 2.     

Effect of Serpentine Grooves on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Microchannel Heat Sink with Different Nanofluids

An experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal performance of three different nanofluids ethylene glycol‐based CuO, water‐based CuO, and Al₂O₃ is done in a serpentine‐shaped micorchannel heat sink. The microchannels considered ranged from 810 μm to 890 μm in hydraulic diameter and were made of copper material. The experiments were conducted with the Reynolds number ranging from approximately 100 to 1300. The forced convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids shows that there is an improved heat transfer rate compared to base fluids water and ethylene glycol. The experimental results also confirm that there is an earlier transition from laminar to turbulent flow in microchannels. The results prove that as the hydraulic diameter decreases there is increased pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient increases for both the base fluids and nanofluids. The flow characteristics are discussed based on the pressure drop. While investigating the heat transfer coefficient of the three different nanofluids the nanofluid CuO/EG has the highest heat transfer coefficient as a result of the material's property. This research also will encourage young researchers to work on nanofluids of varying nanoparticle size and concentration to discover new results.     

Numerical simulation of heat transfer enhancement in wavy microchannel heat sink

In this paper, heat transfer and water flow characteristics in wavy microchannel heat sink (WMCHS) with rectangular cross-section with various wavy amplitudes ranged from 125 to 500 μm is numerically investigated. This investigation covers Reynolds number in the range of 100 to 1000. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using the finite-volume method (FVM). The water flow field and heat transfer phenomena inside the heated wavy microchannels is simulated and the results are compared with the straight microchannels. The effect of using a wavy flow channel on the MCHS thermal performance, the pressure drop, the friction factor, and wall shear stress is reported in this article. It is found that the heat transfer performance of the wavy microchannels is much better than the straight microchannels with the same cross-section. The pressure drop penalty of the wavy microchannels is much smaller than the heat transfer enhancement achievement. Both friction factor and wall shear stress are increased proportionally as the amplitude of wavy microchannels increased.     

Comparison of methanol-based working fluid combinations for a bubble pump-operated vapour absorption refrigerator

Miniaturization of an alcohol-based absorption refrigerator requires an air-cooled absorber and condenser and the replacement of customary solution pumps by the bubble pump. Evaluation of such a refrigerator requires thermodynamic (specific heat and heat of mixing) and thermophysical (vapour pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension and solubility) properties of refrigerant–absorbent solution. These property correlations for five alcohol-based working combinations, majority of them obtained by curve fitting, have been complied and presented in this paper along with their validity ranges and percentage of error. The working fluids have been analyzed and compared with reference to the solution density governing the hydrostatic height, viscosity and specific heat affecting the heat and mass transfer and solubility to avoid crystallization. Further the variations of performance parameters like cut-off temperature, circulation ratio, coefficient of performance and efficiency ratio of these working fluids with respect to various operating conditions are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical computation of fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels

Three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena inside heated microchannels is investigated. The steady, laminar flow and heat transfer equations are solved using a finite-volume method. The numerical procedure is validated by comparing the predicted local thermal resistances with available experimental data. The friction factor is also predicted in this study. It was found that the heat input lowers the frictional losses, particularly at lower Reynolds numbers. At lower Reynolds numbers the temperature of the water increases, leading to a decrease in the viscosity and hence smaller frictional losses.     

Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Nitrogen in Mini-/Microchannels

Flow and heat transfer of liquid nitrogen in mini-/microchannels have many particular characteristics and are very important for many cooling applications. In this study, the investigation of flow and heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in mini-/microchannels is presented by summarizing the experimental studies carried out in the author's group. In addition, some recent results about flow and heat transfer of liquid nitrogen in microchannel heat sink are also presented. It is found that small viscosity of liquid nitrogen enables the single-phase liquid flow in mini-/microchannels to be turbulent state, which proves that the classical theory for pressure drop is still valid if the surface roughness of the passage is properly taken into consideration. Experiments of flow boiling of liquid nitrogen are conducted under both adiabatic and diabatic conditions. It is shown that confinement number can be applicable in classifying the heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in macro- and microchannels. Flow visualization in microchannels at low temperatures poses big challenges on experimental aspects, which have been subtly overcome and clear images have been obtained. The flow patterns and flow regimes of two-phase flow of liquid nitrogen exhibit different features from the room-temperature fluids. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) flow visualization by only one high-speed camera is conducted to obtain more detailed information of flow patterns. Finally, the experiments of flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in microchannel heat sink are also presented and discussed.     

The effect of geometrical parameters on heat transfer characteristics of microchannels heat sink with different shapes

The effect of geometrical parameters on water flow and heat transfer characteristics in microchannels is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of 100–1000. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using finite volume method. The computational domain is taken as the entire heat sink including the inlet/outlet ports, wall plenums, and microchannels. Three different shapes of microchannel heat sinks are investigated in this study which are rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular. The water flow field and heat transfer phenomena inside each shape of heated microchannels are examined with three different geometrical dimensions. Using the averaged fluid temperature and heat transfer coefficient in each shape of the heat sink to quantify the fluid flow and temperature distributions, it is found that better uniformities in heat transfer coefficient and temperature can be obtained in heat sinks having the smallest hydraulic diameter. It is also inferred that the heat sink having the smallest hydraulic diameter has better performance in terms of pressure drop and friction factor among other heat sinks studied.     

Predicting Methods for Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of a Non-Azeotropic Mixture Inside a Single Microchannel

At this time, a widely accepted model that can predict flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels with different fluids, geometries, and operative conditions is still missing. Depending on the working fluid, a predicting correlation can lead to accurate estimation or give rise to errors up to 50% and higher. The situation is further complicated when the working fluid is a zeotropic mixture of two components, due to the additional mass transfer resistance that must be estimated. In the recent years much attention has been paid to the possible use of fluorinated propene isomers in substitution for high-global-warming-potential refrigerants. The available hydrofluoroolefins cannot cover all the air-conditioning, heat pump, and refrigeration applications when used as pure fluids because their thermodynamic properties are not suitable for all the operating conditions, and therefore some solutions may be found using blends of refrigerants, to satisfy the demand for a wide range of working conditions. The adoption of new mixtures poses the problem of how to extend the correlations developed for pure fluids to the case of flow boiling of mixtures in microchannels. In this work, a mixture of R1234ze(E) and R32 (0.5/0.5 by mass) has been considered: The local heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling of this mixture in a single microchannel with 0.96 mm diameter has been measured at a pressure of 14 bar, which corresponds to a bubble temperature of around 26°C. This flow boiling database, encompassing more than 300 experimental points at different values of mass velocity, heat flux, and vapor quality, is compared with available correlations in the literature. The introduction of a correction to account for the additional mass transfer resistance is discussed, and such correction is found to be necessary and proper to provide a correct sizing of the evaporator.     

Experimental comparative study of heat pipe performance using CuO and TiO2 nanofluids

In recent years, developing an energy efficient conventional heat pipe is more important because of the development of electronics and computer industries. To enhance the thermal performance of heat pipe, different nanofluids have been widely used. In this paper, an experimental investigation of heat transfer performance of heat pipe has been conducted using three different working fluids such as DI water, CuO nanofluid and TiO₂ nanofluid. The heat pipe used in this study is made up of copper layered with two layers of screen mesh wick for better capillary action. The Parameters considered in this study are heat input, angle of inclination and evaporator fill ratio. The concentration of nanoparticle used in this study is of 1.0 wt.%. From the experimental results, comparisons of thermal performance were made between the heat pipes using various working fluids. Among various fill ratio charged, the heat pipe shows good thermal performance when it is operated at 75% fill ratio for all working fluids. However, the heat pipe operated with CuO nanofluid showed higher results compared with TiO₂ nanofluid and DI water. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Major applications of heat pipe and its advances coupled with sorption system: a review

Heat pipe utilizes continuous phase change process within a small temperature drop to achieve high thermal conductivity. For decades, heat pipes coupled with novel emerging technologies and methods (using nanofluids and self-rewetting fluids) have been highly appreciated, along with which a number of advances have taken place. In addition to some typical applications of thermal control and heat recovery, the heat pipe technology combined with the sorption technology could efficiently improve the heat and mass transfer performance of sorption systems for heating, cooling and cogeneration. However, almost all existing studies on this combination or integration have not concentrated on the principle of the sorption technology with acting as the heat pipe technology for continuous heat transfer. This paper presents an overview of the emerging working fluids, the major applications of heat pipe, and the advances in heat pipe type sorption system. Besides, the ongoing and perspectives of the solid sorption heat pipe are presented, expecting to serve as useful guides for further investigations and new research potentials.