环形等离子体激励器的温升效应

等离子体强化燃烧的机理主要表现为3种效应:热效应、化学效应和气动效应.基于等离子体气体放电的基本理论,结合工程实际需要,设计了一种环形等离子体激励器.在冷态条件下,研究了环形等离子体激励器的温升效应.重点分析了距离、空气流量、脉冲频率、占空比和氩气流量对温升的影响.结果表明,等离子体放电能够产生有效的温升,但是与燃烧产生的温升相比相对较小;距离等离子体激励器越远温升越小;空气流量增大,温升越小;放电频率在600,Hz左右时,温升效果较好;占空比越大,温升量更高,温升速度更快;加入一定量的氩气能够提升放电强度,温升量有所增加.与气流静止的放电相比,气流流动时,放电均匀性有较为明显的提升.     

发动机稀燃条件下纳秒脉冲等离子体助燃甲烷/空气的数值模拟

纳秒脉冲放电可产生非平衡等离子体实现辅助燃烧．通过耦合零维等离子体动力学和燃烧反应动力学,建立了发动机纳秒脉冲放电等离子体助燃甲烷/空气的模型．研究表明：相同放电能量条件下纳秒脉冲放电可在上止点附近成功点燃当量比为0.5的稀混合气,而火花放电只能导致最高温度升高124 K,无法点燃缸内混合气．在纳秒脉冲放电条件下,低温时放电产生的激发态N₂(A³Σ_u⁺)和O(1D)促进了O原子的生成．放电后期,累积的N₂振动激发态在驰豫过程释放出了较多的热量,有利于稀燃条件下的点火．电流密度的增大提高了放电过程中激发态、自由基的浓度,发动机最高燃烧温度升高,点火延迟时间缩短,燃烧相位提前．     

低温等离子体对甲烷/氧反扩散火焰影响的实验研究

为探究低温等离子体对甲烷/氧反扩散火焰的影响,通过对同轴式喷注器环缝甲烷射流施加介质阻挡放电产生甲烷等离子体,综合采用多种测量手段实验研究了多种工况下该低温等离子体特性及火焰关键参数的变化。结果显示,放电击穿电压随混合比增大而减小,电流脉冲数量和幅值则随混合比增大而先增加后减小;甲烷等离子体呈灰白色,低电压下提高气体流量则放电有所减弱;受等离子体气动效应作用,放电后甲烷射流角有所增大,且电压越高射流角越大,增幅则逐渐减小,过高激励强度下射流发生失稳;等离子体通过改变燃料和氧化剂的掺混而影响甲烷/氧反扩散火焰的形态,使得火焰中心高度总体有所下降,特征长度缩短,释热强度则有所增加,其中小流量、低混合比条件下作用效果更明显;喷注器功率则随混合比上升而先增大后减小。     

放电参数对高频纳秒脉冲多流注点火的影响

在可视化定容燃烧弹中,采用高频纳秒脉冲驱动沿面介质阻挡放电(SDBD)等离子体发生系统,研究了不同放电脉冲间隔和脉冲数下多流注放电的形态与能量特性及其点火助燃效果．放电试验表明：所开发的等离子体发生系统单脉冲能量约为5 mJ,平均功率超过10 kW;脉冲间隔为50μs的40个脉冲能产生环绕中心电极分布的8个流注通道,流注长度超过12 mm;随着脉冲频率或脉冲数的减少,流注长度减小．点火试验表明：脉冲间隔为50μs的30个脉冲能产生环绕中心电极的8个火核,火核初始火焰半径超过4 mm;随着脉冲频率或脉冲数的减少,火核数量和火焰半径减小,燃烧相位也明显推迟．脉冲频率和脉冲数的改变对SDBD等离子体的能量和形态影响很大,改变放电参数可以实现对燃烧相位的调整．     

汽油机利用非平衡等离子体强化燃烧的数值模拟

将低温等离子体作为点火技术应用于汽油机,需要克服高压环境放电不均匀的限制。高压纳秒脉冲放电可在汽油机内形成大面流注通道,扩大点火空间。该文研究了高压纳秒脉冲放电等离子体辅助汽油机点火的过程。利用放电动力学模型计算了内燃机环境下燃气混合物的放电过程,得到放电产生的组分及活性自由基的信息。并借助多区模型计算了放电产生的活性自由基对汽油燃烧的影响。结果表明:放电形成的自由基O、H能明显促进汽油的燃烧,缩短点火延迟时间,对提高稀燃极限有很大潜力。     

汽轮机低压缸末级非定常流动的数值模拟

采用商用化计算流体软件CFX对某汽轮机低压缸末三级和排汽缸的耦合流道进行数值模拟,获得不同质量流量下的内部流动数据。在25%设计流量下,叶片受到两种形式的气动激励。通过非定常的数值模拟,验证了整圈定常计算对非定常汽流力的预测能力以及气动激励的存在形式。     

激光诱导火花点火和电火花点火着火过程的对比研究

应用高速纹影成像技术研究调Q Nd:YAG纳秒脉冲激光诱导火花点燃汽油/空气混合气的火核发展过程,并与传统电火花点火的火核发展过程相对比,详细阐述了激光诱导火花点火过程中有别于电火花点火过程的球形火核发展的三瓣结构火核的形成机理。进一步研究了0.1MPa、363K条件下,激光诱导火花、电火花点燃不同当量比下的汽油/空气混合气的着火概率。研究结果表明:激光诱导火花点火可以提高燃烧速度,并且能扩展稀燃极限,其在点燃当量比0.6(电火花点火稀燃极限)的稀混合气时,着火概率达65%~70%。     

燃烧器角度对W型火焰锅炉空气动力场的影响研究

对配备直流缝隙式燃烧器的法国Stein公司360MW机组的W型火焰锅炉进行了冷态模型的空气动力特性研究。利用热线风速仪测量改变燃烧器角度前后炉内的流场速度,得出了不同工况下炉内W型气流的流场图,并对不同工况下的流场气流速度分布规律、炉内气流的充满度、气流行程、炉膛出口处的气流速度偏差等进行了分析,研究了炉内空气动力场的特性和变化规律。     

脉冲放电等离子体处理含甲苯废气的实验研究

采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体技术,建立了一套等离子体降解VOCs的装置,选取甲苯为代表物质进行实验研究,考察放电电压、含甲苯废气流量、甲苯初始浓度对甲苯降解率的影响。结果表明,当放电电压为11. 5 kV,气流速率为12 L/h,甲苯初始浓度为500. 0 mg/m3时,甲苯去除率为85. 6%,脉冲电晕等离子体处理低浓度有机废气效果更好。     

改造W型火焰锅炉结构的实验研究

针对引进的法国Stenin公司360MW的W型火焰锅炉进行了冷态模型的空气动力特性研究．利用热线风速仪测量结构改变前后的炉内流场速度,得出了不同工况下炉内W型气流的流场图,并对不同工况流场的气流速度分布规律、炉内气流的充满度、气流行程、炉膛出口处的速度偏差等进行了分析,研究了炉内空气动力场的特性和变化规律。     

Ignition of hydrogen–air mixtures using pulsed nanosecond dielectric barrier plasma discharges in plane-to-plane geometry

Ignition of preheated (400–500 K) H₂–air mixtures at low pressures (80–100 torr) excited by pulsed nanosecond dielectric barrier discharges is investigated through experiments and simulations. Time resolved absolute OH concentration and temperature data are obtained using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. Ignition is achieved in the decaying plasma after a burst of discharge pulses (repetition rate 10–40 kHz), with the time delay inferred from sudden rise in OH^* emission. One-dimensional simulations are performed to obtain information about the plasma generated radicals and heat release across the discharge gap. A plasma fluid formulation is used with ions and neutral species at gas temperature, and electrons in non-equilibrium. An accurate reduced chemistry mechanism is developed through sensitivity analysis to expedite the plasma simulations. The model predictions show excellent agreement with experimental measurements, validating the numerical framework and chemistry data. The input pulse energy and ignition characteristics are found to be highly sensitive to uncertainties in dielectric properties. Ignition delay exhibits a threshold-like dependence on input plasma energy, and increases steeply as the number of pulses in the burst is reduced. The nanosecond plasma assisted ignition is achieved through a two-step process. Firstly, the burst of discharge pulses produce a large pool of radicals and provide an average temperature rise of ∼1–2 K/pulse. In the next step, if the temperature exceeds a threshold value of ∼700 K, significant heat release from partial fuel oxidation is triggered. The process becomes self-sustaining and the temperature continues to rise even after the plasma source is switched off, accelerating the conventional H₂–O₂ chain branching pathways and leading to ignition. We provide conclusive evidence of large volume ignition with nanosecond plasma as opposed to thermal ignition at a hot-spot. Ignition is first observed at the center of the discharge gap, but the kernel expands rapidly to the entire volume, except near walls where heat losses keep the temperature low. It is demonstrated that the ignition occurs independently at different locations due to local plasma chemistry effects and heat transport does not play a significant role.     

水电厂励磁系统智能化应用研究与实践

本文结合水电厂励磁系统智能化研究与应用,介绍了水电厂励磁系统智能化设计,如智能调节器、智能功率柜、智能灭磁柜和转子绝缘优化等设计.同时介绍了IEC 61850通信规约、红外测温系统、内部通信光纤化、光纤脉冲传输技术等先进技术在励磁系统中的应用.最后将智能综合信息管理系统(SIMS)建设作为水电厂智能化建设的重要组成部分...     

Computational and experimental study of nanosecond laser ablation of crystalline silicon

In this paper, a numerical model of nanosecond laser ablation of crystalline silicon has been established. Based on the highly nonlinear model of heat transfer and phase change in crystalline silicon after absorbing laser light, heat transfer equation is solved by using finite element method implemented in ANSYS. The simulation of ablation depth of crystalline silicon is obtained under different conditions of laser fluence and pulse overlap. Comparing with the ablation morphology obtained from SEM observations, the computational results and experimental data show good agreement.     

一种基于TMS320F28335的励磁控制器

介绍了一种基于TMS320F28335的励磁控制器,利用DSC片上外设实现了测频、控制脉冲输出等实时任务。给出了励磁控制器的部分硬件框图和软件流程,讨论了实现这些方法的原因。该控制器已在电厂实际运行,实践表明应用效果良好。     

Online impedance spectrum measurement of fuel cells based on Morlet wavelet transform

An online impedance calculation method for fuel cells is proposed in this paper. A periodic square wave is selected as the standard excitation current and injected into a fuel cell. Then, the impedance spectrum is obtained by converting the excitation current and response voltage to the frequency domain with the Morlet wavelet. The accuracy of the calculated impedance is firstly tested offline under the stand excitation current condition, and the relative errors of the real part and imaginary part are within 5% and 10%, respectively. To calculate the impedance automatically, a search method is proposed to locate the position of the translation parameters autonomously. Besides, this paper investigates the effects of the stable time and the excitation current form on the calculation results and recommends the excitation current parameters. Finally, an implementation scheme for online impedance measurement is given.     

游梁式抽油机异步电动机矢量空间节能研究

提出游梁式抽油机异步电动机矢量控制最小励磁电流控制规律，对取得定子电流最小值的方法进行了证明。该节能控制方案不增加系统硬件成本，根据电动机的负载状态对励磁电流进行调节，使定子电流达到最小值，从而达到电动机自身节能的目的。基于MATLAB／SIMULINK仿真软件进行仿真研究，结果表明本文控制方案不仅能使游梁式抽油机异步电动机轻载运行时节能，还使其电磁转矩振荡减小。该控制方法可以推广到一般中小容量异步电动机变频调速系统。     

大型水轮发电机转子动偏心电磁振动仿真

针对转子动偏心状态下某大型水轮发电机在不同励磁电流工况下的电磁振动问题,采用ANSYS Rmxprt组件建立2D瞬态电磁仿真模型,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法分别求出水轮发电机定子铁芯齿端在25%、50%、75%、100%四种不同励磁电流激励下所受的电磁力密度频域分布;最后将电磁力密度各阶谐波加载到3D定子系统齿端,通过2D电磁与3D结构谐响应耦合分析获得转子动偏心状态下水轮发电机定子支座在空载变励磁工况下的振动频域分布。研究发现,水轮发电机转子偏心工况下电磁力波主要集中在一倍转频上,而电磁振动以一倍转频为主,同时随着励磁电流减少,电磁力密度和电磁振动逐渐降低。     

大型水轮发电机转子动偏心电磁振动仿真

针对转子动偏心状态下某大型水轮发电机在不同励磁电流工况下的电磁振动问题,采用ANSYSRmxprt组件建立2D瞬态电磁仿真模型,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法分别求出水轮发电机定子铁芯齿端在25%、50%、75%、100%四种不同励磁电流激励下所受的电磁力密度频域分布;最后将电磁力密度各阶谐波加载到3D定子系统齿端,通过2D电磁与3D结构谐响应耦合分析获得转子动偏心状态下水轮发电机定子支座在空载变励磁工况下的振动频域分布。研究发现,水轮发电机转子偏心工况下电磁力波主要集中在一倍转频上,而电磁振动以一倍转频为主,同时随着励磁电流减少,电磁力密度和电磁振动逐渐降低。     

A static exciter with interleaved buck converter for synchronous generators

In this study, an interleaved buck converter based static excitation system is proposed for large-scale synchronous generators where thyristor controlled systems are widely used. The proposed system removes the slow response drawback of the thyristor controlled systems even for dynamic load conditions. The finite element analysis based model of the synchronous generator's electromagnetic system is obtained and co-simulations of the modeled generator and proposed interleaved buck converter are performed. Results obtained from simulation results show that, the proposed system offers better performance in terms of step response and inductor current ripple. The simulation results are validated with experimental studies. All measurement, monitoring and control processes have been performed with field programmable gate array called NI CompactRIO platform and LabVIEW software.     

基于ARM的同步发电机励磁控制器

基于传统的PID算法,设计了以PHILIPS公司ARM7TDMI—S型LPC2138芯片为核心处理器的励磁控制系统,介绍了该系统的数据采集以及脉冲触发的基本方案。试验结果表明,利用ARM调节器可使编程操作简单,调节速度快,主要性能指标均达到或优于国家标准。